1
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Liu F, Geng Q, Zhao C, Ren SM, Yu HL, Xu JH. Colorimetric high-throughput screening method for directed evolution of prazole sulfide monooxygenase. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200228. [PMID: 35639013 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are important biocatalysts for the enzymatic synthesis of chiral sulfoxides, including chiral sulfoxide-type drugs proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. However, native BVMOs are not yet suitable for practical application due to their unsatisfactory activity and thermostability. Although protein engineering approaches can help address these issues, few feasible high-throughput methods are available for the engineering of such enzymes. Herein, a colorimetric detection method to distinguish sulfoxides from sulfides and sulfones was developed for prazole sulfide monooxygenases . Directed evolution enabled by this method has identified a prazole sulfide monooxygenase CbBVMO variant with improved activity and thermostability in catalyzing the asymmetric oxidation of lansoprazole sulfide. A 71.3% increase in conversion and 6°C enhancement in the melting point were achieved compared with the wild-type enzyme. This new method is feasible for high-throughput screening of prazole sulfide monooxygenases variants with improved activity, thermostability, and/or substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Liu
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, 130 Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Qiang Geng
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Chen Zhao
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Shi-Miao Ren
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- East China University of Science and Technology, Biotechnology, No 130, Meilong Road, 200237, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Jian-He Xu
- East China University of Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, CHINA
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2
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Hu Y, Xu W, Hui C, Xu J, Huang M, Lin X, Wu Q. The mutagenesis of a single site for enhancing or reversing the enantio- or regiopreference of cyclohexanone monooxygenases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9356-9359. [PMID: 32672300 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03721d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mutagenesis of a "second sphere" switch residue of CHMOAcineto could control its enantio- and regiopreference. Replacing phenylalanine (F) at position 277 of CHMOAcineto into larger tryptophan (W) enabled a significant enhancement of enantio- or regioselectivity toward structurally diverse substrates, moreover, a complete reversal of enantio- or regiopreference was realized by mutating F277 into a range of smaller amino acids (A/C/D/E/G/H/I/K/L/M/N/P/Q/R/S/T/V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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3
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Schmidt S, Bornscheuer UT. Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases: From protein engineering to biocatalytic applications. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:231-281. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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4
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Fürst MJLJ, Gran-Scheuch A, Aalbers FS, Fraaije MW. Baeyer–Villiger Monooxygenases: Tunable Oxidative Biocatalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J. L. J. Fürst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Gran-Scheuch
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical and Bioprocesses Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Friso S. Aalbers
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747AG, The Netherlands
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5
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Efficient Synthesis of Methyl 3-Acetoxypropionate by a Newly Identified Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00239-19. [PMID: 30926727 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00239-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are an emerging class of promising biocatalysts for the oxidation of ketones to prepare corresponding esters or lactones. Although many BVMOs have been reported, the development of highly efficient enzymes for use in industrial applications is desirable. In this work, we identified a BVMO from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans (BVMORp) with a high affinity toward aliphatic methyl ketones (Km < 3.0 μM). The enzyme was highly soluble and relatively stable, with a half-life of 23 h at 30°C and pH 7.5. The most effective substrate discovered so far is 2-hexanone (k cat = 2.1 s-1; Km = 1.5 μM). Furthermore, BVMORp exhibited excellent regioselectivity toward most aliphatic ketones, preferentially forming typical (i.e., normal) products. Using the newly identified BVMORp as the catalyst, a high concentration (26.0 g/liter; 200 mM) of methyl levulinate was completely converted to methyl 3-acetoxypropionate after 4 h, with a space-time yield of 5.4 g liter-1 h-1 Thus, BVMORp is a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionate from readily available biobased levulinate to replace the conventional fermentation.IMPORTANCE BVMOs are emerging as a green alternative to traditional oxidants in the BV oxidation of ketones. Although many BVMOs are discovered and used in organic synthesis, few are really applied in industry, especially in the case of aliphatic ketones. Herein, a highly soluble and relatively stable monooxygenase from Rhodococcus pyridinivorans (BVMORp) was identified with high activity and excellent regioselectivity toward most aliphatic ketones. BVMORp possesses unusually high substrate loading during the catalysis of the oxidation of biobased methyl levulinate to 3-hydroxypropionic acid derivatives. This study indicates that the synthesis of 3-hydroxypropionate from readily available biobased levulinate by BVMORp-catalyzed oxidation holds great promise to replace traditional fermentation.
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6
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Hu J, Li H, Chooi YH. Fungal Dirigent Protein Controls the Stereoselectivity of Multicopper Oxidase-Catalyzed Phenol Coupling in Viriditoxin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8068-8072. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Hu
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Hang Li
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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7
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Hu Y, Wang J, Cen Y, Zheng H, Huang M, Lin X, Wu Q. “Top” or “bottom” switches of a cyclohexanone monooxygenase controlling the enantioselectivity of the sandwiched substrate. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:2198-2201. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09951k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Single mutation F432I/L or L435A/G remarkably reversed the (−)-selectivity of WT CHMOAcineto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Hu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yixin Cen
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - He Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Meilan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Queen's University
- UK
| | - Xianfu Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Chemistry
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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8
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Li G, Garcia-Borràs M, Furst MJLJ, Ilie A, Fraaije MW, Houk KN, Reetz MT. Overriding Traditional Electronic Effects in Biocatalytic Baeyer-Villiger Reactions by Directed Evolution. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10464-10472. [PMID: 30044629 PMCID: PMC6314816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Controlling the regioselectivity of Baeyer-Villiger (BV) reactions remains an ongoing issue in organic chemistry, be it by synthetic catalysts or enzymes of the type Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs). Herein, we address the challenging problem of switching normal to abnormal BVMO regioselectivity by directed evolution using three linear ketones as substrates, which are not structurally biased toward abnormal reactivity. Upon applying iterative saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pocket of the thermostable BVMO from Thermocrispum municipale DSM 44069 (TmCHMO) and using 4-phenyl-2-butanone as substrate, the regioselectivity was reversed from 99:1 (wild-type enzyme in favor of the normal product undergoing 2-phenylethyl migration) to 2:98 in favor of methyl migration when applying the best mutant. This also stands in stark contrast to the respective reaction using the synthetic reagent m-CPBA, which provides solely the normal product. Reversal of regioselectivity was also achieved in the BV reaction of two other linear ketones. Kinetic parameters and melting temperatures revealed that most of the evolved mutants retained catalytic activity, as well as thermostability. In order to shed light on the origin of switched regioselectivity in reactions of 4-phenyl-2-butanone and phenylacetone, extensive QM/MM and MD simulations were performed. It was found that the mutations introduced by directed evolution induce crucial changes in the conformation of the respective Criegee intermediates and transition states in the binding pocket of the enzyme. In mutants that destabilize the normally preferred migration transition state, a reversal of regioselectivity is observed. This conformational control of regioselectivity overrides electronic control, which normally causes preferential migration of the group that is best able to stabilize positive charge. The results can be expected to aid future protein engineering of BVMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agriproduct Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Max-Planck-Institut fürKohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Maximilian J. L. J. Furst
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Ilie
- Max-Planck-Institut fürKohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K. N. Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut fürKohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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9
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Liu CH, Wang Z, Xiao LY, Mukadas, Zhu DS, Zhao YL. Acid/Base-Co-catalyzed Formal Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation Reaction of Ketones: Using Molecular Oxygen as the Oxidant. Org Lett 2018; 20:4862-4866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hua Liu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Li-Yun Xiao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mukadas
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhu
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yu-Long Zhao
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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10
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Improving catalytic activity of the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase-based Escherichia coli biocatalysts for the overproduction of (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid from ricinoleic acid. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10280. [PMID: 29980730 PMCID: PMC6035261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) can be used for the biosynthesis of lactones and esters from ketones. However, the BVMO-based biocatalysts are not so stable under process conditions. Thereby, this study focused on enhancing stability of the BVMO-based biocatalysts. The biotransformation of ricinoleic acid into (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid by the recombinant Escherichia coli expressing the BVMO from Pseudomonas putida and an alcohol dehydrogenase from Micrococcus luteus was used as a model system. After thorough investigation of the key factors to influence stability of the BVMO, Cys302 was identified as an engineering target. The substitution of Cys302 to Leu enabled the engineered enzyme (i.e., E6BVMOC302L) to become more stable toward oxidative and thermal stresses. The catalytic activity of E6BVMOC302L-based E. coli biocatalysts was also greater than the E6BVMO-based biocatalysts. Another factor to influence biocatalytic performance of the BVMO-based whole-cell biocatalysts was availability of carbon and energy source during biotransformations. Glucose feeding into the reaction medium led to a marked increase of final product concentrations. Overall, the bioprocess engineering to improve metabolic stability of host cells in addition to the BVMO engineering allowed us to produce (Z)-11-(heptanoyloxy)undec-9-enoic acid to a concentration of 132 mM (41 g/L) from 150 mM ricinoleic acid within 8 h.
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11
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Discovery of Two Native Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases for Asymmetric Synthesis of Bulky Chiral Sulfoxides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00638-18. [PMID: 29752270 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00638-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs), designated BoBVMO and AmBVMO, were discovered from Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum and Aeromicrobium marinum, respectively. Both monooxygenases displayed novel features for catalyzing the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky and pharmaceutically relevant thioethers. Evolutionary relationship and sequence analysis revealed that the two BVMOs belong to the family of typical type I BVMOs and the subtype ethionamide monooxygenase. Both BVMOs are active toward medium- and long-chain aliphatic ketones as well as various thioether substrates but are ineffective toward cyclohexanone, aromatic ketones, and other typical BVMO substrates. BoBVMO and AmBVMO showed the highest activities (0.117 and 0.025 U/mg protein, respectively) toward thioanisole among the tested substrates. Furthermore, these BVMOs exhibited distinct activity and excellent stereoselectivity toward bulky and prochiral prazole thioethers, which is a unique feature of this family of BVMOs. No native enzyme has been reported for the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky prazole thioethers into chiral sulfoxides. The identification of BoBVMO and AmBVMO provides an important scaffold for discovering enzymes capable of asymmetrically oxidizing bulky thioether substrates by genome mining.IMPORTANCE Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are valuable enzyme catalysts that are an alternative to the chemical Baeyer-Villiger oxidation reaction. Although BVMOs display broad substrate ranges, no native enzymes were reported to have activity toward the asymmetric oxidation of bulky prazole-like thioether substrates. Herein, we report the discovery of two type I BVMOs from Bradyrhizobium oligotrophicum (BoBVMO) and Aeromicrobium marinum (AmBVMO) which are able to catalyze the asymmetric sulfoxidation of bulky prazole thioethers (proton pump inhibitors [PPIs], a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production). Efficient catalysis of omeprazole oxidation by BoBVMO was developed, indicating that this enzyme is a promising biocatalyst for the synthesis of bulky and pharmaceutically relevant chiral sulfoxide drugs. These results demonstrate that the newly identified enzymes are suitable templates for the discovery of more and better thioether-converting BVMOs.
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12
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Fürst MJLJ, Martin C, Lončar N, Fraaije MW. Experimental Protocols for Generating Focused Mutant Libraries and Screening for Thermostable Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2018; 608:151-187. [PMID: 30173762 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many proteins are rapidly deactivated when exposed to high or even ambient temperatures. This cannot only impede the study of a particular protein, but also is one of the major reasons why enzyme catalysis is still widely unable to compete with established chemical processes. Furthermore, differences in protein stability are a challenge in synthetic biology, when individual modules prove to be incompatible. The targeted stabilization of proteins can overcome these hurdles, and protein engineering techniques are more and more reliably supported by computational chemistry tools. Accordingly, algorithms to predict the differences in folding energy of a mutant compared to the wild-type, ΔΔGfold, are used in the highly successful FRESCO workflow. The resulting single mutant prediction library consists typically of a few hundred amino acid exchanges, and after combining the most successful hits we so far obtained stabilized mutants which exhibited increases in apparent melting temperature of 20-35°C and showed vastly increased half-lives, as well as resistance to cosolvents. Here, we report a detailed protocol to generate these mutant libraries experimentally, covering the entire workflow from primer design, through mutagenesis, protein production and screening, to mutation combination strategies. The individual parts of the method are furthermore applicable to many other scenarios besides protein stabilization, and these protocols are valuable for any project requiring individual or semi high-throughput site-directed mutagenesis, protein expression and purification, or generation of mutant combination libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J L J Fürst
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Martin
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikola Lončar
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Pereira JPC, van der Wielen LAM, Straathof AJJ. Perspectives for the microbial production of methyl propionate integrated with product recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 256:187-194. [PMID: 29438919 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A new approach was studied for bio-based production of methyl propionate, a precursor of methyl methacrylate. Recombinant E. coli cells were used to perform a cascade reaction in which 2-butanol is reduced to butanone using alcohol dehydrogenase, and butanone is oxidized to methyl propionate and ethyl acetate using a Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO). Product was removed by in situ stripping. The conversion was in line with a model comprising product formation and stripping kinetics. The maximum conversion rates were 1.14 g-butanone/(L h), 0.11 g-ethyl acetate/(L h), and 0.09 g-methyl propionate/(L h). The enzyme regioselectivity towards methyl propionate was 43% of total ester. Starting from biomass-based production of 2-butanol, full-scale ester production with conventional product purification was calculated to be competitive with petrochemical production if the monooxygenase activity and regioselectivity are enhanced, and the costs of bio-based 2-butanol are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana P C Pereira
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk A M van der Wielen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie J J Straathof
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road 38, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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15
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Romero E, Gómez Castellanos JR, Gadda G, Fraaije MW, Mattevi A. Same Substrate, Many Reactions: Oxygen Activation in Flavoenzymes. Chem Rev 2018; 118:1742-1769. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Romero
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J. Rubén Gómez Castellanos
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gadda
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, and Center for Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-3965, United States
| | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “Lazzaro Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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16
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Balke K, Beier A, Bornscheuer UT. Hot spots for the protein engineering of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:247-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Molecular Basis for Converting (2S)-Methylsuccinyl-CoA Dehydrogenase into an Oxidase. Molecules 2017; 23:molecules23010068. [PMID: 29283425 PMCID: PMC6017585 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although flavoenzymes have been studied in detail, the molecular basis of their dioxygen reactivity is only partially understood. The members of the flavin adenosine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA oxidase families catalyze similar reactions and share common structural features. However, both enzyme families feature opposing reaction specificities in respect to dioxygen. Dehydrogenases react with electron transfer flavoproteins as terminal electron acceptors and do not show a considerable reactivity with dioxygen, whereas dioxygen serves as a bona fide substrate for oxidases. We recently engineered (2S)-methylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase towards oxidase activity by rational mutagenesis. Here we characterized the (2S)-methylsuccinyl-CoA dehydrogenase wild-type, as well as the engineered (2S)-methylsuccinyl-CoA oxidase, in detail. Using stopped-flow UV-spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based assays, we explain the molecular base for dioxygen reactivity in the engineered oxidase and show that the increased oxidase function of the engineered enzyme comes at a decreased dehydrogenase activity. Our findings add to the common notion that an increased activity for a specific substrate is achieved at the expense of reaction promiscuity and provide guidelines for rational engineering efforts of acyl-CoA dehydrogenases and oxidases.
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18
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Delgove MAF, Fürst MJLJ, Fraaije MW, Bernaerts KV, De Wildeman SMA. Exploring the Substrate Scope of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases with Branched Lactones as Entry towards Polyesters. Chembiochem 2017; 19:354-360. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. F. Delgove
- Maastricht University; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM); Brightlands Chemelot Campus; Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group; University of Groningen; Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Katrien V. Bernaerts
- Maastricht University; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM); Brightlands Chemelot Campus; Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
| | - Stefaan M. A. De Wildeman
- Maastricht University; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM); Brightlands Chemelot Campus; Urmonderbaan 22 6167 RD Geleen The Netherlands
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19
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Mthethwa KS, Kassier K, Engel J, Kara S, Smit MS, Opperman DJ. Fungal BVMOs as alternatives to cyclohexanone monooxygenase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 106:11-17. [PMID: 28859804 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FAD-dependent Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) have proven to be useful biocatalysts in the selective and specific oxygenation of various ketones. Despite the cloning, heterologous expression and characterization of close to 80 members of this enzyme family, some sub-groups of BVMOs still remain underrepresented and their evolutionary relationship uncertain. Until recently, very few fungal BVMOs have been described. Our previous investigations into BVMOs from the fungus Aspergillus flavus, yielded very little activity on simple cyclic ketones. Here we report on another four BVMOs from A. flavus that are more closely related to cyclohexanone monooxygenase (CHMO) from Acinetobacter sp. NCIMB 9871. Evolutionary analysis with other characterized BVMOs show their closest relationship to be with either cycloalkanone monooxygenase (CAMO) or 2-oxo-Δ3-4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-coenzyme A monooxygenase (OTEMO). The OTEMO-related BVMOAFL706 and BVMOAFL334 were heterologously expressed in E. coli, purified and shown to be able to convert a range of cyclic and substituted cyclic ketones. Of the unsubstituted cyclic ketones, cyclohexanone showed the highest conversion with maximum turnover frequencies reaching 4.3s-1 for BVMOAFL706. Unlike CHMOacinet, and many of the closely related BVMOs, no substrate inhibition was observed with cyclohexanone to a concentration of up to 30mM, creating the possibility for applications requiring high substrate loading. Aliphatic ketones were also readily converted with excellent regioselectivity. Similar to CHMOacinet, acetophenones were not converted and the oxidation of rac-cis-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one occurs enantiodivergently, with the (1R,5S) isomer converted to the "normal" lactone and the (1S,5R) isomer to the "abnormal" lactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katlego Siphamandla Mthethwa
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Karin Kassier
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Engel
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg, 21073, Germany
| | - Selin Kara
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg, 21073, Germany
| | - Martha Sophia Smit
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - Diederik Johannes Opperman
- Department of Biotechnology, University of the Free State, 205 Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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20
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Balke K, Bäumgen M, Bornscheuer UT. Controlling the Regioselectivity of Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases by Mutation of Active-Site Residues. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1627-1638. [PMID: 28504873 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO)-mediated regiodivergent conversions of asymmetric ketones can lead to the formation of "normal" or "abnormal" lactones. In a previous study, we were able to change the regioselectivity of a BVMO by mutation of the active-site residues to smaller amino acids, which thus created more space. In this study, we demonstrate that this method can also be used for other BVMO/substrate combinations. We investigated the regioselectivity of 2-oxo-Δ3 -4,5,5-trimethylcyclopentenylacetyl-CoA monooxygenase from Pseudomonas putida (OTEMO) for cis-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one (1) and trans-dihydrocarvone (2), and we were able to switch the regioselectivity of this enzyme for one of the substrate enantiomers. The OTEMO wild-type enzyme converted (-)-1 into an equal (50:50) mixture of the normal and abnormal products. The F255A/F443V variant produced 90 % of the normal product, whereas the W501V variant formed up to 98 % of the abnormal product. OTEMO F255A exclusively produced the normal lactone from (+)-2, whereas the wild-type enzyme was selective for the production of the abnormal product. The positions of these amino acids were equivalent to those mutated in the cyclohexanone monooxygenases from Arthrobacter sp. and Acinetobacter sp. (CHMOArthro and CHMOAcineto ) to switch their regioselectivity towards (+)-2, which suggests that there are hot spots in the active site of BVMOs that can be targeted with the aim to change the regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Balke
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Bäumgen
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe T Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Institute of Biochemistry, Universität Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Strasse 4, 17487, Greifswald, Germany
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21
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Li G, Fürst MJLJ, Mansouri HR, Ressmann AK, Ilie A, Rudroff F, Mihovilovic MD, Fraaije MW, Reetz MT. Manipulating the stereoselectivity of the thermostable Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase TmCHMO by directed evolution. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:9824-9829. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob02692g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The thermostable Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenase TmCHMO and evolved mutants are viable catalysts in stereoselective reactions of structurally different ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyue Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität
| | | | | | - Anna K. Ressmann
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Adriana Ilie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität
| | - Florian Rudroff
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry
- TU Wien
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | | | - Marco W. Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group
- University of Groningen
- 9747 AG Groningen
- The Netherlands
| | - Manfred T. Reetz
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung
- Mülheim an der Ruhr
- Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie
- Philipps-Universität
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