1
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Loke RYJ, Chin CF, Liang G, Wong BH, Galam DLA, Tan BC, Chua GL, Minegishi S, Morisawa N, Sidorov I, Heijs B, Titze J, Wenk MR, Torta F, Silver DL. Mfsd2a-mediated lysolipid transport is important for renal recovery after acute kidney injury. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100416. [PMID: 37467896 PMCID: PMC10424216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a global public health concern with high mortality and morbidity. In ischemic-reperfusion injury (IRI), a main cause of AKI, the brush border membrane of S3 proximal tubules (PT) is lost to the tubular lumen. How injured tubules reconstitute lost membrane lipids during renal recovery is not known. Here, we identified Mfsd2a, a sodium-dependent lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) transporter, to be expressed specifically in the basolateral membrane of S3 PT. Using an in vivo activity probe for Mfsd2a, transport activity was found to be specific to the S3 PT. Mice with haploinsufficiency of Mfsd2a exhibited delayed recovery of renal function after acute IRI, with depressed urine osmolality and elevated levels of histological markers of damage, fibrosis, and inflammation, findings corroborated by transcriptomic analysis. Lipidomics revealed a deficiency in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) containing phospholipids in Mfsd2a haploinsufficiency. Treatment of Mfsd2a haploinsufficient mice with LPC-DHA improved renal function and reduced markers of injury, fibrosis, and inflammation. Additionally, LPC-DHA treatment restored S3 brush border membrane architecture and normalized DHA-containing phospholipid content. These findings indicate that Mfsd2a-mediated transport of LPC-DHA is limiting for renal recovery after AKI and suggest that LPC-DHA could be a promising dietary supplement for improving recovery following AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy Y J Loke
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Cheen Fei Chin
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Gao Liang
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - Bernice H Wong
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Dwight L A Galam
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Bryan C Tan
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Geok-Lin Chua
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Shintaro Minegishi
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Norihiko Morisawa
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Iulia Sidorov
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Heijs
- Center of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jens Titze
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - Federico Torta
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, NUS, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS, Singapore
| | - David L Silver
- Signature Research Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore (NUS) Medical School, Singapore.
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2
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Behl T, Kaur D, Sehgal A, Singla RK, Makeen HA, Albratty M, Alhazmi HA, Meraya AM, Bungau S. Therapeutic insights elaborating the potential of retinoids in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:976799. [PMID: 36091826 PMCID: PMC9453874 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.976799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is perceived with various pathophysiological characteristics such oxidative stress, senile plaques, neuroinflammation, altered neurotransmission immunological changes, neurodegenerative pathways, and age-linked alterations. A great deal of studies even now are carried out for comprehensive understanding of pathological processes of AD, though many agents are in clinical trials for the treatment of AD. Retinoids and retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are pertinent to such attributes of the disease. Retinoids support the proper functioning of the immunological pathways, and are very potent immunomodulators. The nervous system relies heavily on retinoic acid signaling. The disruption of retinoid signaling relates to several pathogenic mechanisms in the normal brain. Retinoids play critical functions in the neuronal organization, differentiation, and axonal growth in the normal functioning of the brain. Disturbed retinoic acid signaling causes inflammatory responses, mitochondrial impairment, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration, leading to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. Retinoids interfere with the production and release of neuroinflammatory chemokines and cytokines which are located to be activated in the pathogenesis of AD. Also, stimulating nuclear retinoid receptors reduces amyloid aggregation, lowers neurodegeneration, and thus restricts Alzheimer’s disease progression in preclinical studies. We outlined the physiology of retinoids in this review, focusing on their possible neuroprotective actions, which will aid in elucidating the critical function of such receptors in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
- *Correspondence: Tapan Behl, ; Simona Bungau,
| | - Dapinder Kaur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Sehgal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India
| | - Rajeev K. Singla
- Institutes for Sytems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- iGlobal Research and Publishing Foundation, New Delhi, India
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Albratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim M. Meraya
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- *Correspondence: Tapan Behl, ; Simona Bungau,
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3
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Hudhud L, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Steib A, Pohóczky K, Kecskés A, Szőke É, Helyes Z. Synthetic Diphenylacetylene-Based Retinoids Induce DNA Damage in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells without Altering Viability. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030977. [PMID: 35164242 PMCID: PMC8840491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, plays a pivotal role in cell differentiation, proliferation and embryonic development. It is an effective therapy for dermatological disorders and malignancies. ATRA is prone to isomerization and oxidation, which can affect its activity and selectivity. Novel diphenylacetylene-based ATRA analogues with increased stability can help to overcome these problems and may offer significant potential as therapeutics for a variety of cancers and neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here, we investigated the effects of these retinoids on cell viability and genotoxicity in the widely used model system of the rapidly proliferating Chinese hamster ovary cell line. DC360 is a fluorescent ATRA analogue and DC324 is a non-active derivative of DC360. EC23, DC525, DC540, DC645, and DC712 are promising analogues with increased bioactivity. The cytotoxic activity of the compounds was evaluated by ATP assay and DNA damage was tested by comet assay. No cytotoxicity was observed in the 10−6–10−5 M concentration range. All compounds induced DNA migration similar to ATRA, but DC324, DC360 and EC23 did so to a greater extent, particularly at higher concentrations. We believe that retinoid receptor-independent genotoxicity is a general characteristic of these compounds; however, further studies are needed to identify the molecular mechanisms and understand their complex biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hudhud
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
| | - David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (D.R.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK; (D.R.C.); (A.W.)
| | - Anita Steib
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
| | - Krisztina Pohóczky
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Angéla Kecskés
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
| | - Éva Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Medical School & Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (L.H.); (A.S.); (K.P.); (A.K.); (É.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72536000 (ext. 35591) or +36-204501639
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Kimmel BR, Mrksich M. Development of an Enzyme-Inhibitor Reaction Using Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein II for One-Pot Megamolecule Assembly. Chemistry 2021; 27:17843-17848. [PMID: 34713526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an enzyme building block for the assembly of megamolecules. The system is based on the inhibition of the human-derived cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP2) domain. We synthesized a synthetic retinoid bearing an arylfluorosulfate group, which uses sulfur fluoride exchange click chemistry to covalently inhibit CRABP2. We conjugated both the inhibitor and a fluorescein tag to an oligo(ethylene glycol) backbone and measured a second-order rate constant for the protein inhibition reaction of approximately 3,600 M-1 s-1 . We used this new enzyme-inhibitor pair to assemble multi-protein structures in one-pot reactions using three orthogonal assembly chemistries to demonstrate exact control over the placement of protein domains within a single, homogeneous molecule. This work enables a new dimension of control over specificity, orientation, and stoichiometry of protein domains within atomically precise nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise R Kimmel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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5
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Tomlinson CWE, Cornish KAS, Whiting A, Pohl E. Structure-functional relationship of cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II interacting with natural and synthetic ligands. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2021; 77:164-175. [PMID: 33559606 PMCID: PMC7869897 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798320015247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the interactions between small-molecule ligands and their proposed binding targets is of the utmost importance for modern drug-development programs. Cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II (CRABPI and CRABPII) facilitate a number of vital retinoid signalling pathways in mammalian cells and offer a gateway to manipulation of signalling that could potentially reduce phenotypes in serious diseases, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Although structurally very similar, the two proteins possess distinctly different biological functions, with their signalling influence being exerted through both genomic and nongenomic pathways. In this article, crystal structures are presented of the L29C mutant of Homo sapiens CRABPI in complex with naturally occurring fatty acids (1.64 Å resolution) and with the synthetic retinoid DC645 (2.41 Å resolution), and of CRABPII in complex with the ligands DC479 (1.80 Å resolution) and DC645 (1.71 Å resolution). DC645 and DC479 are two potential drug compounds identified in a recent synthetic retinoid development program. In particular, DC645 has recently been shown to have disease-modifying capabilities in neurodegenerative disease models by activating both genomic and nongenomic signalling pathways. These co-crystal structures demonstrate a canonical binding behaviour akin to that exhibited with all-trans-retinoic acid and help to explain how the compounds are able to exert an influence on part of the retinoid signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. E. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katy A. S. Cornish
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Upper Mountjoy, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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6
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Chisholm DR, Hughes JG, Blacker TS, Humann R, Adams C, Callaghan D, Pujol A, Lembicz NK, Bain AJ, Girkin JM, Ambler CA, Whiting A. Cellular localisation of structurally diverse diphenylacetylene fluorophores. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:9231-9245. [PMID: 32966518 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01153c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent probes are increasingly used as reporter molecules in a wide variety of biophysical experiments, but when designing new compounds it can often be difficult to anticipate the effect that changing chemical structure can have on cellular localisation and fluorescence behaviour. To provide further chemical rationale for probe design, a series of donor-acceptor diphenylacetylene fluorophores with varying lipophilicities and structures were synthesised and analysed in human epidermal cells using a range of cellular imaging techniques. These experiments showed that, within this family, the greatest determinants of cellular localisation were overall lipophilicity and the presence of ionisable groups. Indeed, compounds with high log D values (>5) were found to localise in lipid droplets, but conversion of their ester acceptor groups to the corresponding carboxylic acids caused a pronounced shift to localisation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mildly lipophilic compounds (log D = 2-3) with strongly basic amine groups were shown to be confined to lysosomes i.e. an acidic cellular compartment, but sequestering this positively charged motif as an amide resulted in a significant change to cytoplasmic and membrane localisation. Finally, specific organelles including the mitochondria could be targeted by incorporating groups such as a triphenylphosphonium moiety. Taken together, this account illustrates a range of guiding principles that can inform the design of other fluorescent molecules but, moreover, has demonstrated that many of these diphenylacetylenes have significant utility as probes in a range of cellular imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Chisholm
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Joshua G Hughes
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK. and Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK and Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Thomas S Blacker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rachel Humann
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK and High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, UK
| | - Candace Adams
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK.
| | - Daniel Callaghan
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK.
| | - Alba Pujol
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK.
| | - Nicola K Lembicz
- High Force Research Limited, Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham DH6 5PF, UK
| | - Angus J Bain
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John M Girkin
- Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Carrie A Ambler
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK. and Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- LightOx Limited, 65 Westgate Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 1SG, UK. and Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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7
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Abstract
This chapter has been conceived as an introductory text to aid in the understanding of the key design strategies for the development of synthetic analogs of endogenous retinoids as ligands for the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The structure and binding characteristics of the endogenous retinoids are first explained to put the main chemical design challenges in context. Existing biochemical and structural data is then used to describe the guiding principles used to develop agonists and antagonists of the RARs and RXRs. In light of the increasing proliferation of biophysical methods that employ fluorescence measurements or molecular tags, we also examine the application of retinoids as probes and the chemical principles required to develop these tools.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, United Kingdom
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8
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Using the human CYP26A1 gene promoter as a suitable tool for the determination of RAR-mediated retinoid activity. Methods Enzymol 2020. [PMID: 32359660 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
We have used a shortened construct form of the CYP26A1 gene promoter, in a promoter-less vector with either luciferase (known as E4) or a red fluorescent protein, RFP (known as E4.2) as the reporter gene and examined their responses to retinoids in transfected HepG2 and HEK293T cells. The promoter responded linearly to a wide concentration range of at-RA in cells cotransfected with retinoic acid receptors (RAR). The promoter also responded quantitatively to retinol and various other retinoids. An isolated clonal line of HEK293T cells that was permanently transfected with the promoter driving the expression of RFP responded to both at-RA and retinol, and the responses could be measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The promoter was also used to assess the retinoid activity of 3 novel synthetic retinoid analogues. Among them, EC23 was shown to be more potent than at-RA at lower concentrations and also more stable than at-RA. The promoter was also used to estimate the retinoid activities of intact rat serum samples as well as extracts of rat liver and lung, using retinol and at-RA as the reference standards. The retinoid activities could be measured in control rat serum samples and were increased in the serum of at-RA-treated rats. The total retinol and at-RA levels in the rat liver and lung samples determined by this promoter-based assay were compared with total retinol levels determined by the UPLC as the conventional methods. This system should offer a biologically-based alternative to mass-based retinoid analysis.
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9
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Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors were discovered during early studies of the actions and mechanisms of essential vitamins. Vitamin A is metabolized in the body to retinoic acid (RA) which is a key compound in the control of many developmental processes in chordates. These functions are mediated by a subfamily of nuclear receptors, divided into two classes, the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and the retinoid X receptors (RXR). Each class is encoded by three closely related genes that are located on different chromosomes. The three proteins in each class are designated α, β and γ, respectively. A wealth of structural studies have shown that they all share the same architecture including a DNA-binding domain connected by a flexible linker to the ligand and co-activator binding domain. Retinoic acid incorporation into the ligand-binding domain leads to a conformational change enabling the formation of RAR homodimers or RAR/RXR heterodimers that in turn bind specifically to target DNA sequences. The consensus sequences located on the promotors of regulated genes are known as retinoic acid response elements (RARE). The activated RAR/RXR homodimers recruit co-activators with histone acetylase activity leading to an opening of the chromatin structure and enabling downstream transcription of regulated genes. These canonical pathways describe the control mechanism for the majority of developmental processes mediated by retinoic acid and its derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Department of Bioscience, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom; Biophysical Sciences Institute, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.
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10
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Abstract
Vitamin A and derivatives, the natural retinoids, underpin signaling pathways of cellular differentiation, and are key chromophores in vision. These functions depend on transfer across membranes, and carrier proteins to shuttle retinoids to specific cell compartments. Natural retinoids, ultimately derived from plant carotenoids by metabolism to all-trans retinol, are lipophilic and consist of a cyclohexenyl (β-ionone) moiety linked to a polyene chain. This structure constrains the orientation of retinoids within lipid membranes. Cis-trans isomerization at double bonds of the polyene chain and s-cis/s-trans rotational isomerization at single bonds define the functional dichotomy of retinoids (signaling/vision) and specificities of interactions with specific carrier proteins and receptors. Metabolism of all-trans retinol to 11-cis retinal, transfer to photoreceptors, and removal and recycling of all-trans retinal generated by photoreceptor irradiation, is the key process underlying vision. All-trans retinol transferred into cells is metabolized to all-trans retinoic acid and shuttled to the cell nucleus to regulate gene expression controlling organ, tissue and cell differentiation, and cellular homeostasis. Research methods need to address the potential of photoisomerization in vitro to confound research results, and data should be interpreted in the context of membrane-association properties of retinoids and physiological concentrations in vivo. Despite a century of research, there are many fundamental questions of retinoid cellular biochemistry and molecular biology still to be answered. Computational modeling techniques will have an important role for understanding the nuances of vitamin A signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris P F Redfern
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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11
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Tomlinson CW, Whiting A. The development of methodologies for high-throughput retinoic acid binding assays in drug discovery and beyond. Methods Enzymol 2020; 637:539-560. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Das BC, Dasgupta S, Ray SK. Potential therapeutic roles of retinoids for prevention of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1880-1892. [PMID: 31290437 PMCID: PMC6676868 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.259604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
All retinoids, which can be natural and synthetic, are chemically related to vitamin A. Both natural and synthetic retinoids use specific nuclear receptors such as retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors to activate specific signaling pathways in the cells. Retinoic acid signaling is extremely important in the central nervous system. Impairment of retinoic acid signaling pathways causes severe pathological processes in the central nervous system, especially in the adult brain. Retinoids have major roles in neural patterning, differentiation, axon outgrowth in normal development, and function of the brain. Impaired retinoic acid signaling results in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial malfunction, and neurodegeneration leading to progressive Alzheimer's disease, which is pathologically characterized by extra-neuronal accumulation of amyloid plaques (aggregated amyloid-beta) and intra-neurofibrillary tangles (hyperphosphorylated tau protein) in the temporal lobe of the brain. Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia and loss of memory in old adults. Inactive cholinergic neurotransmission is responsible for cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease patients. Deficiency or deprivation of retinoic acid in mice is associated with loss of spatial learning and memory. Retinoids inhibit expression of chemokines and neuroinflammatory cytokines in microglia and astrocytes, which are activated in Alzheimer's disease. Stimulation of retinoic acid receptors and retinoid X receptors slows down accumulation of amyloids, reduces neurodegeneration, and thereby prevents pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in mice. In this review, we described chemistry and biochemistry of some natural and synthetic retinoids and potentials of retinoids for prevention of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar C. Das
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Somsankar Dasgupta
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA
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13
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Yamada S, Kawasaki M, Fujihara M, Watanabe M, Takamura Y, Takioku M, Nishioka H, Takeuchi Y, Makishima M, Motoyama T, Ito S, Tokiwa H, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Competitive Binding Assay with an Umbelliferone-Based Fluorescent Rexinoid for Retinoid X Receptor Ligand Screening. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8809-8818. [PMID: 31483660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ligands for retinoid X receptors (RXRs), "rexinoids", are attracting interest as candidates for therapy of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, current screening methods for rexinoids are slow and require special apparatus or facilities. Here, we created 7-hydroxy-2-oxo-6-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2H-chromene-3-carboxylic acid (10, CU-6PMN) as a new fluorescent RXR agonist and developed a screening system of rexinoids using 10. Compound 10 was designed based on the fact that umbelliferone emits strong fluorescence in a hydrophilic environment, but the fluorescence intensity decreases in hydrophobic environments such as the interior of proteins. The developed assay using 10 enabled screening of rexinoids to be performed easily within a few hours by monitoring changes of fluorescence intensity with widely available fluorescence microplate readers, without the need for processes such as filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan.,Research Fellowship Division , Japan Society for the Promotion of Science , Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho , Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472 , Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan.,AIBIOS Co. Ltd. , Tri-Seven Roppongi 8F 7-7-7 Roppongi , Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032 Japan
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Maho Takioku
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishioka
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Yasuo Takeuchi
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences , Nihon University School of Medicine , 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho , Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610 , Japan
| | - Tomoharu Motoyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | | | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences , University of Shizuoka , 52-1 Yada , Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526 , Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka , Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan
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14
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Zolfaghari R, Mattie FJ, Wei CH, Chisholm DR, Whiting A, Ross AC. CYP26A1 gene promoter is a useful tool for reporting RAR-mediated retinoid activity. Anal Biochem 2019; 577:98-109. [PMID: 31039331 PMCID: PMC6570419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Of numerous genes regulated by retinoic acid (RA), CYP26A1 is the most inducible gene by RA. In this study, we have used a shortened construct form, E4, of the CYP26A1 gene promoter, in a promoter-less vector with either luciferase or red fluorescent protein (RFP) as the reporter gene and have tested its responses to retinoids in transfected HepG2 and HEK293T cells. The promoter responded linearly to a wide concentration range of RA in cells cotransfected with retinoic acid receptors. It also responded quantitatively to retinol and other retinoids. An isolated clonal line of HEK293T cells permanently transfected with the promoter driving the expression of RFP responded to both RA and retinol, and the responses could be measured by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The promoter was used to assess the retinoid activity of 3 novel synthetic retinoid analogues, as well as of the intact serum samples of rats. Among the synthetic retinoid analogues tested, EC23 is more potent than RA at lower concentrations and was more stable than RA. The retinoid activities could be measured in control rat serum samples and were increased in the serum of RA-treated rats. This system offers a biologically-based alternative to mass-based retinoid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Zolfaghari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Floyd J Mattie
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Cheng-Hsin Wei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - David R Chisholm
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Centre for Sustainable Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, Science Laboratories, Durham University, South Road Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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15
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Genomic and non-genomic pathways are both crucial for peak induction of neurite outgrowth by retinoids. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:40. [PMID: 31046795 PMCID: PMC6498645 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A and essential for many physiological processes, particularly the induction of cell differentiation. In addition to regulating genomic transcriptional activity via RA receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs), non-genomic mechanisms of RA have been described, including the regulation of ERK1/2 kinase phosphorylation, but are poorly characterised. In this study, we test the hypothesis that genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of RA are regulated independently with respect to the involvement of ligand-dependent RA receptors. A panel of 28 retinoids (compounds with vitamin A-like activity) showed a marked disparity in genomic (gene expression) versus non-genomic (ERK1/2 phosphorylation) assays. These results demonstrate that the capacity of a compound to activate gene transcription does not necessarily correlate with its ability to regulate a non-genomic activity such as ERK 1/2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, a neurite outgrowth assay indicated that retinoids that could only induce either genomic, or non-genomic activities, were not strong promoters of neurite outgrowth, and that activities with respect to both transcriptional regulation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation produced maximum neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the development of effective retinoids for clinical use will depend on the selection of compounds which have maximal activity in non-genomic as well as genomic assays.
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16
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Tomlinson CWE, Chisholm DR, Valentine R, Whiting A, Pohl E. Novel Fluorescence Competition Assay for Retinoic Acid Binding Proteins. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:1297-1300. [PMID: 30613343 PMCID: PMC6295855 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
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Vitamin
A derived retinoid compounds have multiple, powerful roles
in the cellular growth and development cycle and, as a result, have
attracted significant attention from both academic and pharmaceutical
research in developing and characterizing synthetic retinoid analogues.
Simplifying the hit development workflow for retinoid signaling will
improve options available for tackling related pathologies, including
tumor growth and neurodegeneration. Here, we present a novel assay
that employs an intrinsically fluorescent synthetic retinoid, DC271,
which allows direct measurement of the binding of nonlabeled compounds
to relevant proteins. The method allows for straightforward initial
measurement of binding using existing compound libraries and is followed
by calculation of binding constants using a dilution series of plausible
hits. The ease of use, high throughput format, and measurement of
both qualitative and quantitative binding offer a new direction for
retinoid-related pharmacological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W. E. Tomlinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - David R. Chisholm
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Roy Valentine
- High Force Research Ltd., Bowburn North Industrial Estate, Bowburn, Durham, DH6 5PF, U.K
| | - Andrew Whiting
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Science Laboratories, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, U.K
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