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Jamal HS, Raja R, Ahmed S, Yesiloz G, Ali SA. Immobilization of collagenase in inorganic hybrid nanoflowers with enhanced stability, proteolytic activity, and their anti-amyloid potential. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:133114. [PMID: 38871102 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials are considered as promising immobilization matrix for enzymes owing to their markedly enhanced stability and reusability. Herein, collagenase was chosen as a model enzyme to synthesize collagenase hybrid nanoflowers (Col-hNFs). Maximum collagenase activity (155.58 μmol min-1 L-1) and encapsulation yield (90 %) were observed in presence of Zn(II) ions at 0.05 mg/mL collagenase, 120 mM zinc chloride and PBS (pH 7.5). Synthesized Col-Zn-hNFs were extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements. SEM images showed flower-like morphology with average size of 5.1 μm and zeta potential of -14.3 mV. Col-Zn-hNFs demonstrated superior relative activity across wide pH and temperature ranges, presence of organic solvents and surfactants as compared to its free form. Moreover, Col-Zn-hNFs exhibited excellent shelf life stability and favorable reusability. Col-Zn-hNFs showed the ability to suppress and eradicate fully developed insulin fibrils in vitro (IC50 = 2.8 and 6.2 μg/mL, respectively). This indicates a promising inhibitory potential of Col-Zn-hNFs against insulin amyloid fibrillation. The findings suggest that the utilization of Col-Zn-hNFs as a carrier matrix holds immense potential for immobilizing collagenase with improved catalytic properties and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiza Sumaiyya Jamal
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rameez Raja
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Gurkan Yesiloz
- National Nanotechnology Research Center of Turkiye, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University-UNAM-Universiteler Mah, 06800 Cankaya, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Syed Abid Ali
- Third World Center for Science and Technology, H.E.J. Research Institute of Chemistry, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan.
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Esmaeili A, Eteghadi A, Landi FS, Yavari SF, Taghipour N. Recent approaches in regenerative medicine in the fight against neurodegenerative disease. Brain Res 2024; 1825:148688. [PMID: 38042394 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases arise due to slow and gradual loss of structure and/or function of neurons and glial cells and cause different degrees of loss of cognition abilities and sensation. The little success in developing effective treatments imposes a high and regressive economic impact on society, patients and their families. In recent years, regenerative medicine has provided a great opportunity to research new innovative strategies with strong potential to treatleva these diseases. These effects are due to the ability of suitable cells and biomaterials to regenerate damaged nerves with differentiated cells, creating an appropriate environment for recovering or preserving existing healthy neurons and glial cells from destruction and damage. Ultimately, a better understanding and thus a further investigation of stem cell technology, tissue engineering, gene therapy, and exosomes allows progress towards practical and effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, in this review, advances currently being developed in regenerative medicine using animal models and human clinical trials in neurological disorders are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esmaeili
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atefeh Eteghadi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Saeedi Landi
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shadnaz Fakhteh Yavari
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Taghipour
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Alexander C, Parsaee A, Vasefi M. Polyherbal and Multimodal Treatments: Kaempferol- and Quercetin-Rich Herbs Alleviate Symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1453. [PMID: 37998052 PMCID: PMC10669725 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder impairing cognition and memory in the elderly. This disorder has a complex etiology, including senile plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and damaged neuroplasticity. Current treatment options are limited, so alternative treatments such as herbal medicine could suppress symptoms while slowing cognitive decline. We followed PRISMA guidelines to identify potential herbal treatments, their associated medicinal phytochemicals, and the potential mechanisms of these treatments. Common herbs, including Ginkgo biloba, Camellia sinensis, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Cyperus rotundus, and Buplerum falcatum, produced promising pre-clinical results. These herbs are rich in kaempferol and quercetin, flavonoids with a polyphenolic structure that facilitate multiple mechanisms of action. These mechanisms include the inhibition of Aβ plaque formation, a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, the suppression of oxidative stress, and the modulation of BDNF and PI3K/AKT pathways. Using pre-clinical findings from quercetin research and the comparatively limited data on kaempferol, we proposed that kaempferol ameliorates the neuroinflammatory state, maintains proper cellular function, and restores pro-neuroplastic signaling. In this review, we discuss the anti-AD mechanisms of quercetin and kaempferol and their limitations, and we suggest a potential alternative treatment for AD. Our findings lead us to conclude that a polyherbal kaempferol- and quercetin-rich cocktail could treat AD-related brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Alexander
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
| | - Ali Parsaee
- Biological Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maryam Vasefi
- Department of Biology, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77705, USA
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Ma L, Geng Y, Zhang G, Hu Z, James TD, Wang X, Wang Z. Near-Infrared Bodipy-Based Molecular Rotors for β-Amyloid Imaging In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300733. [PMID: 37523149 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
β-amyloid (Aβ) is one of the important biomarkers for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many near-infrared probes based on the donor-π-acceptor structure have been developed to detect Aβ. Most reported Aβ probes are based on the N,N-dimethylamino group as the ideal donor, which is a widely accepted binding unit. As such, the development of fluorescent probes with improved binding units to detect Aβ is urgently required. Therefore, with this research three anchoring molecular rotor electron donors consisting of cyclic amines of different ring sizes are developed, namely five-membered ring (TPyr), six-membered ring (TPip), and seven-membered ring (THAI). These new anchored molecular rotors are connected to a 4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene (BODIPY) and named TPyrBDP, TPipBDP, and THAIBDP. These probes exhibit high affinities (from 28 to 54 nm) for Aβ1-42 aggregates. The six-membered ring dye TPipBDP exhibits the highest signal-to-noise (75.5-fold) and higher affinity (28.30 ± 5.94 nm). TPipBDP can cross the blood-brain barrier and exhibits higher fluorescence enhancement with APP/PS1 (AD) double transgenic (Tg) mice than with wild-type (WT) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yujie Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guoyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ziwei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Tony D James
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Chemistry, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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Bajad NG, Kumar A, Singh SK. Recent Advances in the Development of Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for the in Vivo Brain Imaging of Amyloid-β Species in Alzheimer's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:2955-2967. [PMID: 37574911 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques in the parenchymal and cortical regions of the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is considered the foremost pathological hallmark of the disease. The early diagnosis of AD is paramount in order to effective management and treatment of the disease. Developing near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probes targeting Aβ species is a potential and attractive approach suitable for the early and timely diagnosis of AD. The advantages of the NIRF probes over other tools include real-time detection, higher sensitivity, resolution, comparatively inexpensive experimental setup, and noninvasive nature. Currently, enormous progress is being observed in the development of NIRF probes for the in vivo imaging of Aβ species. Several strategies, i.e., the classical push-pull approach, "turn-on" effect, aggregation-induced emission (AIE), and resonance energy transfer (RET), have been exploited for development. We have outlined and discussed the recently emerged NIRF probes with different design strategies targeting Aβ species for ex vivo and in vivo imaging. We believe that understanding the recent development enables the prospect of the rational design of probes and will pave the way for developing future novel probes for early diagnosis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilesh Gajanan Bajad
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Sushil Kumar Singh
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory I, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi-221005, India
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Kaur G, Goyal B. Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Inhibition of β‐Secretase (BACE1) Activity by a 2‐Amino‐imidazol‐4‐one Derivative. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gurmeet Kaur
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
| | - Bhupesh Goyal
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology Patiala 147004 Punjab India
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Ugbaja S, Lawal I, Kumalo H, Lawal M. Alzheimer's Disease and β-Secretase Inhibition: An Update With a Focus on Computer-Aided Inhibitor Design. Curr Drug Targets 2021; 23:266-285. [PMID: 34370634 DOI: 10.2174/1389450122666210809100050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an intensifying neurodegenerative illness due to its irreversible nature. Identification of β-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme1 (BACE1) has been a significant medicinal focus towards AD treatment, and this has opened ground for several investigations. Despite the numerous works in this direction, no BACE1 inhibitor has made it to the final approval stage as an anti-AD drug. METHOD We provide an introductory background of the subject with a general overview of the pathogenesis of AD. The review features BACE1 inhibitor design and development with a focus on some clinical trials and discontinued drugs. Using the topical keywords BACE1, inhibitor design, and computational/theoretical study in the Web of Science and Scopus database, we retrieved over 49 relevant articles. The search years are from 2010 and 2020, with analysis conducted from May 2020 to March 2021. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Researchers have employed computational methodologies to unravel potential BACE1 inhibitors with a significant outcome. The most used computer-aided approach in BACE1 inhibitor design and binding/interaction studies are pharmacophore development, quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR), virtual screening, docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. These methods, plus more advanced ones including quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) and QM, have proven substantial in the computational framework for BACE1 inhibitor design. Computational chemists have embraced the incorporation of in vitro assay to provide insight into the inhibition performance of identified molecules with potential inhibition towards BACE1. Significant IC50 values up to 50 nM, better than clinical trial compounds, are available in the literature. CONCLUSION The continuous failure of potent BACE1 inhibitors at clinical trials is attracting many queries prompting researchers to investigate newer concepts necessary for effective inhibitor design. The considered properties for efficient BACE1 inhibitor design seem enormous and require thorough scrutiny. Lately, researchers noticed that besides appreciable binding affinity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeation, BACE1 inhibitor must show low or no affinity for permeability-glycoprotein. Computational modeling methods have profound applications in drug discovery strategy. With the volume of recent in silico studies on BACE1 inhibition, the prospect of identifying potent molecules that would reach the approved level is feasible. Investigators should try pushing many of the identified BACE1 compounds with significant anti-AD properties to preclinical and clinical trial stages. We also advise computational research on allosteric inhibitor design, exosite modeling, and multisite inhibition of BACE1. These alternatives might be a solution to BACE1 drug discovery in AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Isiaka Lawal
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied and Computer Science, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark Campus, Boulevard, 1900, Vanderbijlpark, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, Saudi Arabia
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Chen J, Zhang S, Wang W, Sun H, Zhang Q, Liu X. Binding of Inhibitors to BACE1 Affected by pH-Dependent Protonation: An Exploration from Multiple Replica Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics and MM-GBSA Calculations. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2591-2607. [PMID: 34185514 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, inhibiting the activity of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) has been considered an efficient approach for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). In the current work, multiple replica Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (MR-GaMD) simulations and the molecular mechanics general Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method were combined to investigate the effect of pH-dependent protonation on the binding of the inhibitors CS9, C6U, and 6WE to BACE1. Dynamic analyses based on the MR-GaMD trajectory show that pH-dependent protonation strongly affects the structural flexibility, correlated motions, and dynamic behavior of inhibitor-bound BACE1. According to the constructed free energy profiles, in the protonated state at low pH, inhibitor-bound BACE1 tends to populate at more conformations than in high pH. The binding free energies calculated by MM-GBSA suggest that inhibitors possess stronger binding abilities under the protonation conditions at high pH than under the protonation conditions at low pH. Moreover, pH-dependent protonation exerts a significant effect on the hydrogen bonding interactions of CS9, C6U, and 6WE to BACE1, which correspondingly alters the binding abilities of the three inhibitors to BACE1. Furthermore, in different protonated environments, three inhibitors share common interaction clusters and similar binding sites in BACE1, which are reliably used as efficient targets for the design of potent inhibitors of BACE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Shaolong Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- School of Science, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China
| | - Qinggang Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
| | - Xinguo Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250358, China
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Ugbaja SC, Lawal M, Kumalo H. An Overview of β-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme 1 (Bace1) in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy Elucidating its Exosite-Binding Antibody and Allosteric Inhibitor. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:114-135. [PMID: 34102967 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210608145357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Over decades of its identification, numerous past and ongoing researches have focused on the therapeutic roles of β-amyloid cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) as a target in treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the initial BACE1 inhibitors at phase-3 clinical trials tremendously reduced β-amyloid-associated plaques in patients with AD, the researchers eventually discontinued the tests due to the lack of potency. This discontinuation has resulted in limited drug development and discovery targeted at BACE1, despite the high demand for dementia and AD therapies. It is, therefore, imperative to describe the detailed underlying biological basis of the BACE1 therapeutic option in neurological diseases. Herein, we highlight BACE1 bioactivity, genetic properties, and role in neurodegenerative therapy. We review research contributions to BACE1 exosite-binding antibody and allosteric inhibitor development as AD therapies. The review also covers BACE1 biological function, the disease-associated mechanisms, and the enzyme conditions for amyloid precursor protein sites splitting. Based on the present review, we suggest further studies on anti-BACE1 exosite antibodies and BACE1 allosteric inhibitors. Non-active site inhibition might be the way forward to BACE1 therapy in Alzheimer's neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Ugbaja
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Monsurat Lawal
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hezekiel Kumalo
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Chakraborty S, Rakshit J, Bandyopadhyay J, Basu S. Multi-target inhibition ability of neohesperidin dictates its neuroprotective activity: Implication in Alzheimer's disease therapeutics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:315-324. [PMID: 33581209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The polygenic nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cross-talk between several signaling cascades make it harder to decode the disease pathogenesis. β-secretase (BACE1) works upstream in the amyloidogenic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate Aβ that rapidly aggregates to form fibrils, the most abundant component of plaques observed in AD brains. Here, we report dual inhibition of BACE1 and Aβ aggregation by neohesperidin, a flavonoid glycoconjugate, using multi-spectroscopic approaches, force microscopy, molecular modeling, and validated the potency in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence reveal that neohesperidin binds close to the catalytic aspartate dyad. This binding conformationally restricts the protein in closed form which possibly precludes APP recognition and thereby inhibits BACE1 activity. Neohesperidin also dose-dependently inhibits the amyloid fibril formation, as evident from ANS, ThT assay, and AFM. Neohesperidin ameliorates aggregated Aβ25-35 induced ROS generation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the SH-SY5Y cell line. As a result, the amyloid induced apoptosis is significantly prohibited and normal neuronal morphology is rescued. These findings suggest neohesperidin as an inhibitor of the pathogenic conversion of Aβ to fibrillar amyloid assembly. Neohesperidin thus emerges as a non-toxic multi-potent scaffold for the development of AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandipan Chakraborty
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Action Area II, Rajarhat, Kolkata 700135, India.
| | - Jyotirmoy Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, NH 12, Haringhata 741249, West Bengal, India
| | - Jaya Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal, NH 12, Haringhata 741249, West Bengal, India.
| | - Soumalee Basu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Calcutta, 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, India.
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