1
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Klawa SJ, Lee M, Riker KD, Jian T, Wang Q, Gao Y, Daly ML, Bhonge S, Childers WS, Omosun TO, Mehta AK, Lynn DG, Freeman R. Uncovering supramolecular chirality codes for the design of tunable biomaterials. Nat Commun 2024; 15:788. [PMID: 38278785 PMCID: PMC10817930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, polymorphism and supramolecular assembly of β-sheet amyloids are implicated in many different etiologies and may adopt either a left- or right-handed supramolecular chirality. Yet, the underlying principles of how sequence regulates supramolecular chirality remains unknown. Here, we characterize the sequence specificity of the central core of amyloid-β 42 and design derivatives which enable chirality inversion at biologically relevant temperatures. We further find that C-terminal modifications can tune the energy barrier of a left-to-right chiral inversion. Leveraging this design principle, we demonstrate how temperature-triggered chiral inversion of peptides hosting therapeutic payloads modulates the dosed release of an anticancer drug. These results suggest a generalizable approach for fine-tuning supramolecular chirality that can be applied in developing treatments to regulate amyloid morphology in neurodegeneration as well as in other disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Klawa
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Michelle Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kyle D Riker
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Tengyue Jian
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Broad Pharm, San Diego, California, 92121, USA
| | - Qunzhao Wang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Margaret L Daly
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Shreeya Bhonge
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - W Seth Childers
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tolulope O Omosun
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- U.S. Department of Justice, Chicago, IL, 60603, USA
| | - Anil K Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - David G Lynn
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Ronit Freeman
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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2
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Guan Y, Li Y, Gao W, Mei J, Xu W, Wang C, Ai H. Aggregation Dynamics Characteristics of Seven Different Aβ Oligomeric Isoforms-Dependence on the Interfacial Interaction. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:155-168. [PMID: 38109178 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides has been confirmed to be associated with the onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Among the three phases of Aβ aggregation, the lag phase has been considered to be the best time for early Aβ pathological deposition clinical intervention and prevention for potential patients with normal cognition. Aβ peptide exists in various lengths in vivo, and Aβ oligomer in the early lag phase is neurotoxic but polymorphous and metastable, depending on Aβ length (isoform), molecular weight, and specific phase, and therefore hardly characterized experimentally. To cope with the problem, molecular dynamics simulation was used to investigate the aggregation process of five monomers for each of the seven common Aβ isoforms during the lag phase. Results showed that Aβ(1-40) and Aβ(1-38) monomers aggregated faster than their truncated analogues Aβ(4-40) and Aβ(4-38), respectively. However, the aggregation rate of Aβ(1-42) was slower than that of its truncated analogues Aβ(4-42) rather than that of Aβpe(3-42). More importantly, Aβ(1-38) is first predicted as more likely to form stable hexamer than the remaining five Aβ isoforms, as Aβ(1-42) does. It is hydrophobic interaction mainly (>50%) from the interfacial β1 and β2 regions of two reactants, pentamer and monomer, aggregated by Aβ(1-38)/Aβ(1-42) rather than by other Aβ isoforms, that drives the hexamer stably as a result of the formation of the effective hydrophobic collapse. This paper provides new insights into the aggregation characteristics of Aβ with different lengths and the conditions necessary for Aβ to form oligomers with a high molecular weight in the early lag phase, revealing the dependence of Aβ hexamer formation on the specific interfacial interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvning Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Ye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wenqi Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Jinfei Mei
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
| | - Hongqi Ai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, P. R. China
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3
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Caoili SEC. B-Cell Epitope Prediction for Antipeptide Paratopes with the HAPTIC2/HEPTAD User Toolkit (HUT). Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2821:9-32. [PMID: 38997477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3914-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
B-cell epitope prediction is key to developing peptide-based vaccines and immunodiagnostics along with antibodies for prophylactic, therapeutic and/or diagnostic use. This entails estimating paratope binding affinity for variable-length peptidic sequences subject to constraints on both paratope accessibility and antigen conformational flexibility, as described herein for the HAPTIC2/HEPTAD User Toolkit (HUT). HUT comprises the Heuristic Affinity Prediction Tool for Immune Complexes 2 (HAPTIC2), the HAPTIC2-like Epitope Prediction Tool for Antigen with Disulfide (HEPTAD) and the HAPTIC2/HEPTAD Input Preprocessor (HIP). HIP enables tagging of residues (e.g., in hydrophobic blobs, ordered regions and glycosylation motifs) for exclusion from downstream analyses by HAPTIC2 and HEPTAD. HAPTIC2 estimates paratope binding affinity for disulfide-free disordered peptidic antigens (by analogy between flexible-ligand docking and protein folding), from terms attributed to compaction (in view of sequence length, charge and temperature-dependent polyproline-II helical propensity), collapse (disfavored by residue bulkiness) and contact (with glycine and proline regarded as polar residues that hydrogen bond with paratopes). HEPTAD analyzes antigen sequences that each contain two cysteine residues for which the impact of disulfide pairing is estimated as a correction to the free-energy penalty of compaction. All of HUT is freely accessible online ( https://freeshell.de/~badong/hut.htm ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Eugenio C Caoili
- Biomedical Innovations Research for Translational Health Science (BIRTHS) Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Ermita, Manila, Philippines.
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4
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Tooyama I, Kato T, Taguchi H, Kageyama Y, Irie K, Hirahara Y, Yanagisawa D. Visualization of Amyloid Oligomers in the Brain of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:87-94. [PMID: 38318103 PMCID: PMC10838628 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.23-00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), highly neurotoxic amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers appear early, they are thus considered to be deeply involved in the onset of Alzheimer's disease. However, Aβ oligomer visualization is challenging in human tissues due to their multiple forms (e.g., low- and high-molecular-weight oligomers, including protofibrils) as well as their tendency to rapidly change forms and aggregate. In this review, we present two visualization approaches for Aβ oligomers in tissues: an immunohistochemical (using the monoclonal antibody TxCo1 against toxic Aβ oligomer conformers) and imaging mass spectrometry using the small chemical Shiga-Y51 that specifically binds Aβ oligomers. TxCo1 immunohistochemistry revealed Aβ oligomer distributions in postmortem human brains with AD. Using Shiga-Y51, imaging mass spectrometry revealed Aβ oligomer distributions in the brain of a transgenic mouse model for AD. These two methods would potentially contribute to elucidating the pathological mechanisms underlying AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikuo Tooyama
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kato
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Taguchi
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Medical Innovation Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
- Education Center for Medicine and Nursing, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukie Hirahara
- Faculty of Nursing, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Daijiro Yanagisawa
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Japan
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5
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Wiatrak B, Jawień P, Szeląg A, Jęśkowiak-Kossakowska I. Does Inflammation Play a Major Role in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease? Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:330-335. [PMID: 37027081 PMCID: PMC10514153 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to dementia for which no effective medicine exists. Currently, the goal of therapy is only to slow down the inevitable progression of the disease and reduce some symptoms. AD causes the accumulation of proteins with the pathological structure of Aβ and tau and the induction of inflammation of nerves in the brain, which lead to the death of neurons. The activated microglial cells produce pro-inflammatory cytokines that induce a chronic inflammatory response and mediate synapse damage and the neuronal death. Neuroinflammation has been an often ignored aspect of ongoing AD research. There are more and more scientific papers taking into account the aspect of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of AD, although there are no unambiguous results regarding the impact of comorbidities or gender differences. This publication concerns a critical look at the role of inflammation in the progression of AD, based on the results of our own in vitro studies using model cell cultures and other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benita Wiatrak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Jawień
- Department of Biostructure and Animal Physiology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25/27, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Adam Szeląg
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Jęśkowiak-Kossakowska
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Mikulicza-Radeckiego 2, 50-345 Wrocław, Poland
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6
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New TEMPO-Appended 2,2'-Bipyridine-Based Eu(III), Tb(III), Gd(III) and Sm(III) Complexes: Synthesis, Photophysical Studies and Testing Photoluminescence-Based Bioimaging Abilities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238414. [PMID: 36500504 PMCID: PMC9739109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloids and tau-protein are known to contain a large number of cysteine (Cys) residues. In addition, certain levels of some common biogenic thiols (cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), glutathione (GSH), etc.) in biological fluids are closely related to AD as well as other diseases. Therefore, probes with a selective interaction with the above-mentioned thiols can be used for the monitoring and visualizing changes of (bio)thiols in the biological fluids as well as in the brain of animal models of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, new Eu(III), Tb(III), Gd(III) and Sm(III) complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine ligands containing TEMPO fragments as receptor units for (bio)thiols are reported. The presence of free radical fragments of the ligand in the complexes was proved by using the electronic paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method. Among all the complexes, the Eu(III) complex turned out to be the most promising one as luminescence- and spin-probe for the detection of biogenic thiols. The EPR and fluorescent titration methods showed the interaction of the resulting complex with free Cys and GSH in solution. To study the practical applicability of the probes for the monitoring of AD in-vivo, by using the above-mentioned Eu(III)-based probe, the staining of the brain of mice with amyloidosis and Vero cell cultures supplemented with the cysteine-enriched medium was studied as well as the fluorescence titration of Bovine Serum Albumin, BSA (as the model for the thiol moieties containing protein), was carried out. Based on the results of fluorescence titration, the formation of a non-covalent inclusion complex between the above-mentioned Eu(III) complex and BSA was suggested.
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7
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Maki T, Sawahata M, Akutsu I, Amaike S, Hiramatsu G, Uta D, Izuo N, Shimizu T, Irie K, Kume T. APP Knock-In Mice Produce E22P-Aβ Exhibiting an Alzheimer's Disease-like Phenotype with Dysregulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13259. [PMID: 36362046 PMCID: PMC9654501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that requires further pathological elucidation to establish effective treatment strategies. We previously showed that amyloid β (Aβ) toxic conformer with a turn at positions 22-23 is essential for forming highly toxic oligomers. In the present study, we evaluated phenotypic changes with aging in AD model AppNL-P-F/NL-P-F (NL-P-F) mice with Swedish mutation (NL), Iberian mutation (F), and mutation (P) overproducing E22P-Aβ, a mimic of toxic conformer utilizing the knock-in technique. Furthermore, the role of the toxic conformer in AD pathology was investigated. NL-P-F mice produced soluble toxic conformers from an early age. They showed impaired synaptic plasticity, glial cell activation, and cognitive decline, followed by the accumulation of Aβ plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation. In addition, the protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α was increased, and gene expression of HIF-3α was decreased in NL-P-F mice. HIF dysregulation due to the production of soluble toxic conformers may be involved in AD pathology in NL-P-F mice. This study could reveal the role of a highly toxic Aβ on AD pathogenesis, thereby contributing to the development of a novel therapeutic strategy targeting the toxic conformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Maki
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Masahito Sawahata
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ichiro Akutsu
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Shohei Amaike
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Genki Hiramatsu
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Daisuke Uta
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Naotaka Izuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Therapy and Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takahiko Shimizu
- Aging Stress Response Research Project Team, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu 474-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-Cho, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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8
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Chikugo A, Irie Y, Tsukano C, Uchino A, Maki T, Kume T, Kawase T, Hirose K, Kageyama Y, Tooyama I, Irie K. Optimization of the Linker Length in the Dimer Model of E22P-Aβ40 Tethered at Position 38. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2913-2923. [PMID: 36095282 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers are more cytotoxic than fibrils, various dimer models have been synthesized. We focused on the C-terminal region that could form a hydrophobic core in the aggregation process and identified a toxic conformer-restricted dimer model (E22P,G38DAP-Aβ40 dimer) with an l,l-2,6-diaminopimelic acid linker (n = 3) at position 38, which exhibited moderate cytotoxicity. We synthesized four additional linkers (n = 2, 4, 5, 7) to determine the most appropriate distance between the two Aβ40 monomers for a toxic dimer model. Each di-Fmoc-protected two-valent amino acid was synthesized from a corresponding dialdehyde or cycloalkene followed by ozonolysis, using a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction and asymmetric hydrogenation. Then, the corresponding Aβ40 dimer models with these linkers at position 38 were synthesized using the solid-phase Fmoc strategy. Their cytotoxicity toward SH-SY5Y cells suggested that the shorter the linker length, the stronger the cytotoxicity. Particularly, the E22P,G38DAA-Aβ40 dimer (n = 2) formed protofibrillar aggregates and exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, equivalent to E22P-Aβ42, the most cytotoxic analogue of Aβ42. Ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) measurement indicated that all dimer models except the E22P,G38DAA-Aβ40 dimer existed as stable oligomers (12-24-mer). NativePAGE analysis supported the IM-MS data, but larger oligomers (30-150-mer) were also detected after a 24 h incubation. Moreover, E22P,G38DAA-Aβ40, E22P,G38DAP-Aβ40, and E22P,G38DAZ-Aβ40 (n = 5) dimers suppressed long-term potentiation (LTP). Overall, the ability to form fibrils with cross β-sheet structures was key to achieving cytotoxicity, and forming stable oligomers less than 150-mer did not correlate with cytotoxicity and LTP suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Chikugo
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Yumi Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Ayumi Uchino
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
| | - Takahito Maki
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama930-0194, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama930-0194, Japan
| | | | | | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga520-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga520-2192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8502, Japan
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9
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Uchino A, Irie Y, Tsukano C, Kawase T, Hirose K, Kageyama Y, Tooyama I, Yanagita RC, Irie K. Synthesis and Characterization of Propeller- and Parallel-Type Full-Length Amyloid β40 Trimer Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:2517-2528. [PMID: 35930616 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligomers of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. However, their heterogeneity and lability deter the identification of their tertiary structures and mechanisms of action. Aβ trimers and Aβ dimers may represent the smallest aggregation unit with cytotoxicity. Although propeller-type trimer models of E22P-Aβ40 tethered by an aromatic linker have recently been synthesized, they unexpectedly exhibited little cytotoxicity. To increase the flexibility of trimeric propeller-type models, we designed and synthesized trimer models with an alkyl linker, tert-butyltris-l-alanine (tButA), at position 36 or 38. In addition, we synthesized two parallel-type trimer models tethered at position 38 using alkyl linkers of different lengths, α,α-di-l-norvalyl-l-glycine (di-nV-Gly) and α,α-di-l-homonorleucyl-l-glycine (di-hnL-Gly), based on the previously reported toxic dimer model. The propeller-type E22P,V36tButA-Aβ40 trimer (4), which was designed to mimic the C-terminal anti-parallel β-sheet structures proposed by the structural analysis of 150 kDa oligomers of Aβ42, and the parallel-type E22P,G38di-nV-Gly-Aβ40 trimer (6) showed significant cytotoxicity against SH-SY5Y cells and aggregative ability to form protofibrillar species. In contrast, the E22P,G38tButA-Aβ40 trimer (5) and E22P,G38di-hnL-Gly-Aβ40 trimer (7) exhibited weak cytotoxicity, though they formed quasi-stable oligomers observed by ion mobility-mass spectrometry and native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest that 4 and 6 could have some phase of the structure of toxic Aβ oligomers with a C-terminal hydrophobic core and that the conformation and/or aggregation process rather than the formation of stable oligomers contribute to the induction of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Uchino
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yumi Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | | | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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10
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Irie Y, Matsushima Y, Kita A, Miki K, Segawa T, Maeda M, Yanagita RC, Irie K. Structural basis of the 24B3 antibody against the toxic conformer of amyloid β with a turn at positions 22 and 23. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:162-167. [PMID: 35839743 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-protein (Aβ) oligomers are involved in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and antibodies against these toxic oligomers could be useful for accurate diagnosis of AD. We identified the toxic conformer of Aβ42 with a turn at positions 22/23, which has a propensity to form toxic oligomers. The antibody 24B3, developed by immunization of a toxic conformer surrogate E22P-Aβ9-35 in mice, was found to be useful for AD diagnosis using human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). However, it is not known how 24B3 recognizes the toxic conformation of wild-type Aβ in CSF. Here, we report the crystal structure of 24B3 Fab complexed with E22P-Aβ11-34, whose residues 16-26 were observed in electron densities, suggesting that the residues comprising the toxic turn at positions 22/23 were recognized by 24B3. Since 24B3 bound only to Aβ42 aggregates, several conformationally restricted analogs of Aβ42 with an intramolecular disulfide bond to mimic the conformation of toxic Aβ42 aggregates were screened by enzyme immunoassay. As a result, only F19C,A30homoC-SS-Aβ42 (1) bound significantly to 24B3. These data provide a structural basis for its low affinity to the Aβ42 monomer and selectivity for its aggregate form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsushima
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Akiko Kita
- Institute for Integrated Radiation and Nuclear Science, Kyoto University, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan
| | - Kunio Miki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Segawa
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co, Ltd, Gunma, 375-0005, Japan
| | - Masahiro Maeda
- Immuno-Biological Laboratories Co, Ltd, Gunma, 375-0005, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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11
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Matsushima Y, Irie Y, Kageyama Y, Bellier JP, Tooyama I, Maki T, Kume T, Yanagita RC, Irie K. Structure optimization of the toxic conformation model of amyloid β42 by intramolecular disulfide bond formation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200029. [PMID: 35165998 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β (Aβ) oligomers play a critical role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease. Recently, we reported that a conformation-restricted Aβ42 with an intramolecular disulfide bond through cysteine residues at positions 17/28 formed stable oligomers with potent cytotoxicity. To further optimize this compound as a toxic conformer model, we synthesized three analogs with a combination of cysteine and homocysteine at positions 17/28. The analogs with Cys-Cys, Cys-homoCys, or homoCys-Cys, but not the homoCys-homoCys analog, exhibited potent cytotoxicity against SH-SY5Y and THP-1 cells even at 10 nM. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of conformation-restricted analogs at positions 16/29 or 18/27 was significantly weaker than that of wild-type Aβ42. Furthermore, a thioflavin-T assay, non-denaturing gel electrophoresis, and morphological study suggested that the majority of these conformation-restricted analogs existed in an oligomeric state in cell culture medium, indicating that the toxic conformation of Aβ42, rather than the oligomeric state, is essential to induce cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Matsushima
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture: Kyoto Daigaku Nogaku Kenkyuka Nogakubu, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Yumi Irie
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture: Kyoto Daigaku Nogaku Kenkyuka Nogakubu, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, JAPAN
| | - Yusuke Kageyama
- Shiga University of Medical Science: Shiga Ika Daigaku, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, JAPAN
| | - Jean-Pierre Bellier
- Shiga University of Medical Science: Shiga Ika Daigaku, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, JAPAN
| | - Ikuo Tooyama
- Shiga University of Medical Science: Shiga Ika Daigaku, Molecular Neuroscience Research Center, JAPAN
| | - Takahito Maki
- University of Toyama: Toyama Daigaku, Department of Applied Pharmacology, JAPAN
| | - Toshiaki Kume
- University of Toyama: Toyama Daigaku, Department of Applied Pharmacology, JAPAN
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Kagawa University Faculty of Agriculture Graduate School of Agriculture: Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Daigakuin Nogaku Kenkyuka, Department of Applied Biological Sciences, JAPAN
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Agriculture Faculty of Agriculture: Kyoto Daigaku Nogaku Kenkyuka Nogakubu, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, 606-8502, Kyoto, JAPAN
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