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Pushie MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, George D, Kelly ME. Ion Dyshomeostasis in the Early Hyperacute Phase after a Temporary Large-Vessel Occlusion Stroke. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:2132-2143. [PMID: 38743904 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Element dysregulation is a pathophysiologic hallmark of ischemic stroke. Prior characterization of post-stroke element dysregulation in the photothrombotic model demonstrated significant element changes for ions that are essential for the function of the neurovascular unit. To characterize the dynamic changes during the early hyperacute phase (<6 h), we employed a temporary large-vessel occlusion stroke model. The middle cerebral artery was temporarily occluded for 30 min in male C57BL/6 mice, and coronal brain sections were prepared for histology and X-ray fluorescence microscopy from 5 to 120 min post-reperfusion. Ion dysregulation was already apparent by 5 min post-reperfusion, evidenced by reduced total potassium in the lesion. Later time points showed further dysregulation of phosphorus, calcium, copper, and zinc. By 60 min post-reperfusion, the central portion of the lesion showed pronounced element dysregulation and could be differentiated from a surrounding region of moderate dysregulation. Despite reperfusion, the lesion continued to expand dynamically with increasing severity of element dysregulation throughout the time course. Given that the earliest time point investigated already demonstrated signs of ion disruption, we anticipate such changes may be detectable even earlier. The profound ion dysregulation at the tissue level after reperfusion may contribute to hindering treatments aimed at functional recovery of the neurovascular unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Dominic George
- Department of Physics, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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2
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Boseley RE, Sylvain NJ, Peeling L, Kelly ME, Pushie MJ. A review of concepts and methods for FTIR imaging of biomarker changes in the post-stroke brain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2024; 1866:184287. [PMID: 38266967 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2024.184287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Stroke represents a core area of study in neurosciences and public health due to its global contribution toward mortality and disability. The intricate pathophysiology of stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic events, involves the interruption in oxygen and nutrient delivery to the brain. Disruption of these crucial processes in the central nervous system leads to metabolic dysregulation and cell death. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can simultaneously measure total protein and lipid content along with a number of key biomarkers within brain tissue that cannot be observed using conventional techniques. FTIR imaging provides the opportunity to visualize this information in tissue which has not been chemically treated prior to analysis, thus retaining the spatial distribution and in situ chemical information. Here we present a review of FTIR imaging methods for investigating the biomarker responses in the post-stroke brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon E Boseley
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada.
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3
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Newton J, Pushie M, Sylvain N, Hou H, Weese Maley S, Kelly M. Sex differences in the mouse photothrombotic stroke model investigated with X-ray fluorescence microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:127-135. [PMID: 35989697 PMCID: PMC9386104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability around the world. To date, the majority of pre-clinical research has been performed using male lab animals and results are commonly generalized to both sexes. In clinical stoke cases females have a higher incidence of ischemic stroke and poorer outcomes, compared to males. Best practices for improving translatability of findings for stroke, encourage the use of both sexes in studies. Since estrogen and progesterone have recognized neuroprotective effects, it is important to compare the size, severity and biochemical composition of the brain tissue following stroke in female and male animal models. In this study a photothrombotic focal stroke was induced in male and female mice. Vaginal secretions were collected twice daily to track the stage of estrous. Mice were euthanized at 24 h post-stroke. Histological staining, Fourier transform infrared imaging and X-ray fluorescence imaging were performed to better define the size and metabolic markers in the infarct core and surrounding penumbra. Our results show while the female mice had a significantly lower body mass than males, the cross-sectional area of the brain and the size of infarct and penumbra were not significantly different between the groups. In addition to the general expected sex-linked differences of altered NADH levels between males and females, estrus females had significantly elevated glycogen in the penumbra compared with males and total phosphorus levels were noted to be higher in the penumbra of estrus females. Elevated glycogen reserves in the tissue bordering the infarct core in females may present alternatives for improved functional recovery in females in the early post-stroke phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Newton
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M.J. Pushie
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - N.J. Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - H. Hou
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - S. Weese Maley
- Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - M.E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
- Corresponding author.
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4
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Pushie MJ, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Kelly ME, Webb SM. X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy Methods for Biological Tissues. Metallomics 2022; 14:6581349. [PMID: 35512669 PMCID: PMC9226457 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy is a flexible tool for identifying the distribution of trace elements in biological specimens across a broad range of sample sizes. The technique is not particularly limited by sample type and can be performed on ancient fossils, fixed or fresh tissue specimens, and in some cases even live tissue and live cells can be studied. The technique can also be expanded to provide chemical specificity to elemental maps, either at individual points of interest in a map or across a large field of view. While virtually any sample type can be characterized with X-ray fluorescence microscopy, common biological sample preparation methods (often borrowed from other fields, such as histology) can lead to unforeseen pitfalls, resulting in altered element distributions and concentrations. A general overview of sample preparation and data acquisition methods for X-ray fluorescence microscopy is presented, along with outlining the general approach for applying this technique to a new field of investigation for prospective new-users. Considerations for improving data acquisition and quality are reviewed as well as the effects of sample preparation, with a particular focus on soft tissues. The effects of common sample pre-treatment steps as well as the underlying factors that govern which, and to what extent, specific elements are likely to be altered are reviewed along with common artifacts observed in X-ray fluorescence microscopy data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada.,Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Mark J Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS.,School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5Canada
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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5
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Pushie MJ, Messmer M, Sylvain NJ, Heppner J, Newton JM, Hou H, Hackett MJ, Kelly ME, Peeling L. Multimodal imaging of hemorrhagic transformation biomarkers in an ischemic stroke model. Metallomics 2022; 14:mfac007. [PMID: 35254441 PMCID: PMC9056027 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke has devastating consequences, with high mortality and poor functional outcomes. Animal models of ischemic stroke also demonstrate the potential for hemorrhagic transformation, which complicates biochemical characterization, treatment studies, and hinders poststroke functional outcomes in affected subjects. The incidence of hemorrhagic transformation of ischemic stroke in animal model research is not commonly reported. The postmortem brain of such cases presents a complex milieu of biomarkers due to the presence of healthy cells, regions of varying degrees of ischemia, dead and dying cells, dysregulated metabolites, and blood components (especially reactive Fe species released from lysed erythrocytes). To improve the characterization of hemorrhage biomarkers on an ischemic stroke background, we have employed a combination of histology, X-ray fluorescence imaging (XFI), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging to assess 122 photothrombotic (ischemic) stroke brains. Rapid freezing preserves brain biomarkers in situ and minimizes metabolic artifacts due to postmortem ischemia. Analysis revealed that 25% of the photothrombotic models had clear signs of hemorrhagic transformation. The XFI and FTIR metabolites provided a quantitative method to differentiate key metabolic regions in these models. Across all hemorrhage cases, it was possible to consistently differentiate otherwise healthy tissue from other metabolically distinct regions, including the ischemic infarct, the ischemic penumbra, blood vessels, sites of hemorrhage, and a region surrounding the hemorrhage core that contained elevated lipid oxidation. Chemical speciation of deposited Fe demonstrates the presence of heme-Fe and accumulation of ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M Messmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - N J Sylvain
- Clinical Trial Support Unit, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - J Heppner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - J M Newton
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - H Hou
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M J Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - M E Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - L Peeling
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
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Ellison G, Hollings AL, Hackett MJ. A review of the “metallome” within neurons and glia, as revealed by elemental mapping of brain tissue. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100038. [PMID: 37082604 PMCID: PMC10074908 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2021.100038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that transition metals, such as Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn) are necessary for healthy brain function. Although Fe, Cu, and Zn are essential to the brain, imbalances in the amount, distribution, or chemical form ("metallome") of these metals is linked to the pathology of numerous brain diseases or disorders. Despite the known importance of metal ions for both brain health and disease, the metallome that exists within specific types of brain cells is yet to be fully characterised. The aim of this mini-review is to present an overview of the current knowledge of the metallome found within specific brain cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, and neurons), as revealed by direct elemental mapping techniques. It is hoped this review will foster continued research using direct elemental mapping techniques to fully characterise the brain cell metallome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaewyn Ellison
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ashley L. Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
- Corresponding author.
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7
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Rohden F, Teixeira LV, Bernardi LP, Ferreira PCL, Colombo M, Teixeira GR, de Oliveira FDS, Cirne Lima EO, Guma FCR, Souza DO. Functional Recovery Caused by Human Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Administered 24 h after Stroke in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12860. [PMID: 34884665 PMCID: PMC8657917 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death and disability, intensely demanding innovative and accessible therapeutic strategies. Approaches presenting a prolonged period for therapeutic intervention and new treatment administration routes are promising tools for stroke treatment. Here, we evaluated the potential neuroprotective properties of nasally administered human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cell (hAT-MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) obtained from healthy individuals who underwent liposuction. After a single intranasal EV (200 µg/kg) administered 24 h after a focal permanent ischemic stroke in rats, a higher number of EVs, improvement of the blood-brain barrier, and re-stabilization of vascularization were observed in the recoverable peri-infarct zone, as well as a significant decrease in infarct volume. In addition, EV treatment recovered long-term motor (front paws symmetry) and behavioral impairment (short- and long-term memory and anxiety-like behavior) induced by ischemic stroke. In line with these findings, our work highlights hAT-MSC-derived EVs as a promising therapeutic strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francieli Rohden
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre 90620-101, Brazil
| | - Luciele Varaschini Teixeira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
- Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre 90620-101, Brazil
| | - Luis Pedro Bernardi
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
- Faculty of Biomedicine, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre—UFCSPA, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Pamela Cristina Lukasewicz Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
| | - Mariana Colombo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil;
| | - Geciele Rodrigues Teixeira
- Experimental Research Center, Reproductive and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil; (G.R.T.); (F.d.S.d.O.); (E.O.C.L.)
| | - Fernanda dos Santos de Oliveira
- Experimental Research Center, Reproductive and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil; (G.R.T.); (F.d.S.d.O.); (E.O.C.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Obino Cirne Lima
- Experimental Research Center, Reproductive and Cellular Pharmacology Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil; (G.R.T.); (F.d.S.d.O.); (E.O.C.L.)
| | - Fátima Costa Rodrigues Guma
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul—UFRGS, Porto Alegre 90040-60, Brazil; (L.V.T.); (L.P.B.); (P.C.L.F.); (F.C.R.G.)
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8
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Zhou X, Chen H, Wang L, Lenahan C, Lian L, Ou Y, He Y. Mitochondrial Dynamics: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Ischemic Stroke. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:721428. [PMID: 34557086 PMCID: PMC8452989 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.721428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Brain injury after ischemic stroke involves multiple pathophysiological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, calcium overload, neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. All of these factors are associated with dysfunctional energy metabolism after stroke. Mitochondria are organelles that provide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to the cell through oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial dynamics means that the mitochondria are constantly changing and that they maintain the normal physiological functions of the cell through continuous division and fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics are closely associated with various pathophysiological mechanisms of post-stroke brain injury. In this review, we will discuss the role of the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial dynamics in energy metabolism after ischemic stroke, as well as new strategies to restore energy homeostasis and neural function. Through this, we hope to uncover new therapeutic targets for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanmin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Operating Room, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, NM, United States
| | - Lifei Lian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yibo Ou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yue He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Hartnell D, Hollings A, Ranieri AM, Lamichhane HB, Becker T, Sylvain NJ, Hou H, Pushie MJ, Watkin E, Bambery KR, Tobin MJ, Kelly ME, Massi M, Vongsvivut J, Hackett MJ. Mapping sub-cellular protein aggregates and lipid inclusions using synchrotron ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy. Analyst 2021; 146:3516-3525. [PMID: 33881057 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visualising direct biochemical markers of cell physiology and disease pathology at the sub-cellular level is an ongoing challenge in the biological sciences. A suite of microscopies exists to either visualise sub-cellular architecture or to indirectly view biochemical markers (e.g. histochemistry), but further technique developments and innovations are required to increase the range of biochemical parameters that can be imaged directly, in situ, within cells and tissue. Here, we report our continued advancements in the application of synchrotron radiation attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (SR-ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy to study sub-cellular biochemistry. Our recent applications demonstrate the much needed capability to map or image directly sub-cellular protein aggregates within degenerating neurons as well as lipid inclusions within bacterial cells. We also characterise the effect of spectral acquisition parameters on speed of data collection and the associated trade-offs between a realistic experimental time frame and spectral/image quality. Specifically, the study highlights that the choice of 8 cm-1 spectral resolutions provide a suitable trade-off between spectral quality and collection time, enabling identification of important spectroscopic markers, while increasing image acquisition by ∼30% (relative to 4 cm-1 spectral resolution). Further, this study explores coupling a focal plane array detector with SR-ATR-FTIR, revealing a modest time improvement in image acquisition time (factor of 2.8). Such information continues to lay the foundation for these spectroscopic methods to be readily available for, and adopted by, the biological science community to facilitate new interdisciplinary endeavours to unravel complex biochemical questions and expand emerging areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Ashley Hollings
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
| | - Anna Maria Ranieri
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Hum Bahadur Lamichhane
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Thomas Becker
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Elizabeth Watkin
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6845
| | - Keith R Bambery
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Tobin
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E5
| | - Massimiliano Massi
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia.
| | - Jitraporn Vongsvivut
- ANSTO - Australian Synchrotron, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Mark J Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, 6845, Western Australia. and Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, 6102, Western Australia
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10
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Sylvain NJ, Salman MM, Pushie MJ, Hou H, Meher V, Herlo R, Peeling L, Kelly ME. The effects of trifluoperazine on brain edema, aquaporin-4 expression and metabolic markers during the acute phase of stroke using photothrombotic mouse model. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2021; 1863:183573. [PMID: 33561476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2021.183573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability globally. Edema is a hallmark of stroke resulting from dysregulation of water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) and plays the major role in stroke-associated morbidity and mortality. The overlap between cellular and vasogenic edema makes treating this condition complicated, and to date, there is no pathogenically oriented drug treatment for edema. Water balance in the brain is tightly regulated, primarily by aquaporin 4 (AQP4) channels, which are mainly expressed in perivascular astrocytic end-feet. Targeting AQP4 could be a useful therapeutic approach for treating brain edema; however, there is no approved drug for stroke treatment that can directly block AQP4. In this study, we demonstrate that the FDA-approved drug trifluoperazine (TFP) effectively reduces cerebral edema during the early acute phase in post-stroke mice using a photothrombotic stroke model. This effect was combined with an inhibition of AQP4 expression at gene and protein levels. Importantly, TFP does not appear to induce any deleterious changes on brain electrolytes or metabolic markers, including total protein or lipid levels. Our results support a possible role for TFP in providing a beneficial extra-osmotic effect on brain energy metabolism, as indicated by the increase of glycogen levels. We propose that targeting AQP4-mediated brain edema using TFP is a viable therapeutic strategy during the early and acute phase of stroke that can be further investigated during later stages to help in developing novel CNS edema therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J Sylvain
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mootaz M Salman
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Huishu Hou
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Vedashree Meher
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rasmus Herlo
- Neurotechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lissa Peeling
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Michael E Kelly
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Canada
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11
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Tham M, Frischer JM, Weigand SD, Fitz-Gibbon PD, Webb SM, Guo Y, Adiele RC, Robinson CA, Brück W, Lassmann H, Furber KL, Pushie MJ, Parisi JE, Lucchinetti CF, Popescu BF. Iron Heterogeneity in Early Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions. Ann Neurol 2020; 89:498-510. [PMID: 33244761 PMCID: PMC7986227 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous inflammatory demyelinating disease. Iron distribution is altered in MS patients' brains, suggesting iron liberation within active lesions amplifies demyelination and neurodegeneration. Whether the amount and distribution of iron are similar or different among different MS immunopatterns is currently unknown. METHODS We used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging, histology, and immunohistochemistry to compare the iron quantity and distribution between immunopattern II and III early active MS lesions. We analyzed archival autopsy and biopsy tissue from 21 MS patients. RESULTS Immunopattern II early active lesions contain 64% more iron (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17-127%, p = 0.004) than immunopattern III lesions, and 30% more iron than the surrounding periplaque white matter (95% CI = 3-64%, p = 0.03). Iron in immunopattern III lesions is 28% lower than in the periplaque white matter (95% CI = -40 to -14%, p < 0.001). When normalizing the iron content of early active lesions to that of surrounding periplaque white matter, the ratio is significantly higher in immunopattern II (p < 0.001). Microfocused X-ray fluorescence imaging shows that iron in immunopattern II lesions localizes to macrophages, whereas macrophages in immunopattern III lesions contain little iron. INTERPRETATION Iron distribution and content are heterogeneous in early active MS lesions. Iron accumulates in macrophages in immunopattern II, but not immunopattern III lesions. This heterogeneity in the two most common MS immunopatterns may be explained by different macrophage polarization, origin, or different demyelination mechanisms, and paves the way for developing new or using existing iron-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging techniques to differentiate among immunopatterns in the general nonbiopsied MS patient population. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:498-510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylyne Tham
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology/Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Josa M Frischer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen D Weigand
- Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Patrick D Fitz-Gibbon
- Department of Health Sciences Research, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Samuel M Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Reginald C Adiele
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology/Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Christopher A Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Saskatoon Health Region/College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kendra L Furber
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology/Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - M Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Bogdan F Popescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology/Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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12
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Pushie M, Hollings A, Reinhardt J, Webb S, Lam V, Takechi R, Mamo J, Paterson P, Kelly M, George G, Pickering I, Hackett M. Sample preparation with sucrose cryoprotection dramatically alters Zn distribution in the rodent hippocampus, as revealed by elemental mapping. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2020; 35:2498-2508. [PMID: 33795908 PMCID: PMC8009441 DOI: 10.1039/d0ja00323a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal ions (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn) are essential for healthy brain function, but altered concentration, distribution, or chemical form of the metal ions has been implicated in numerous brain pathologies. Currently, it is not possible to image the cellular or sub-cellular distribution of metal ions in vivo and therefore, studying brain-metal homeostasis largely relies on ex vivo in situ elemental mapping. Sample preparation methods that accurately preserve the in vivo elemental distribution are essential if one wishes to translate the knowledge of elemental distributions measured ex vivo toward increased understanding of chemical and physiological pathways of brain disease. The choice of sample preparation is particularly important for metal ions that exist in a labile or mobile form, for which the in vivo distribution could be easily distorted by inappropriate sample preparation. One of the most widely studied brain structures, the hippocampus, contains a large pool of labile and mobile Zn. Herein, we describe how sucrose cryoprotection, the gold standard method of preparing tissues for immuno-histochemistry or immuno-fluorescence, which is also often used as a sample preparation method for elemental mapping studies, drastically alters hippocampal Zn distribution. Based on the results of this study, in combination with a comparison against the strong body of published literature that has used either rapid plunge freezing of brain tissue, or sucrose cryo-protection, we strongly urge investigators in the future to cease using sucrose cryoprotection as a method of sample preparation for elemental mapping, especially if Zn is an analyte of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Pushie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - A. Hollings
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
| | - J. Reinhardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC, AUS 3168
| | - S.M. Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California, USA 94025
| | - V. Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - R Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - J.C. Mamo
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, WA, Australia
| | - P.G. Paterson
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Rd, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - M.E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - G.N. George
- School Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - I.J. Pickering
- School Molecular and Environmental Sciences Group, Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - M.J. Hackett
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, AUS
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, AUS
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13
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Tracking elemental changes in an ischemic stroke model with X-ray fluorescence imaging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17868. [PMID: 33082455 PMCID: PMC7575585 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in adults and a leading cause of death in developed nations. The cascade of cellular events and signalling that occur after cerebral ischemia are complex, however, analyzing global element markers of metabolic state affords the means to monitor stroke severity, status of injury, and recovery. These markers provide a multi-parameter method for assessing changes through the post-stroke time course. We employ synchrotron-based elemental mapping to follow elemental changes in the brain at 1 h, 1-, 2-, and 3-days, and at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weeks post-stroke in a photothrombotic stroke model in mice. Our analysis reveals a highly consistent metabolic penumbra that can be readily identified based on the level of dysregulated potassium and other key elements. Maps of elemental distributions are also useful to demarcate events in the cellular response to the inflammatory cascade, including ion dysregulation, recruitment of cells to the lesion, and glial scar formation.
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14
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Zhang S, Cho J, Nguyen TD, Spincemaille P, Gupta A, Zhu W, Wang Y. Initial Experience of Challenge-Free MRI-Based Oxygen Extraction Fraction Mapping of Ischemic Stroke at Various Stages: Comparison With Perfusion and Diffusion Mapping. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:535441. [PMID: 33041755 PMCID: PMC7525031 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.535441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
MRI-based oxygen extraction fraction imaging has a great potential benefit in the selection of clinical strategies for ischemic stroke patients. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of a challenge-free oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) mapping in a cohort of acute and subacute ischemic stroke patients. Consecutive ischemic stroke patients (a total of 30 with 5 in the acute stage, 19 in the early subacute stage, and 6 in the late subacute stage) were recruited. All subjects underwent MRI including multi-echo gradient echo (mGRE), diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and 3D-arterial spin labeling (ASL). OEF maps were generated from mGRE phase + magnitude data, which were processed using quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) + quantitative blood oxygen level-dependent (qBOLD) imaging with cluster analysis of time evolution. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were reconstructed from 3D-ASL and DWI, respectively. Further, cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) was calculated as the product of CBF and OEF. OEF, CMRO2, CBF, and ADC values in the ischemic cores (absolute values) and their contrasts to the contralateral regions (relative values) were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare OEF, CMRO2, CBF, and ADC values and their relative values among different stroke stages. The OEF value of infarct core showed a trend of decrease from acute, to early subacute, and to late subacute stages of ischemic stroke. Significant differences among the three stroke stages were only observed in the absolute OEF (F = 6.046, p = 0.005) and relative OEF (F = 5.699, p = 0.009) values of the ischemic core, but not in other measurements (absolute and relative CMRO2, CBF, ADC values, all values of p > 0.05). In conclusion, the challenge-free QSM + qBOLD-generated OEF mapping can be performed on stroke patients. It can provide more information on tissue viability that was not available with CBF and ADC and, thus, may help to better manage ischemic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junghun Cho
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Thanh D. Nguyen
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pascal Spincemaille
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Wenzhen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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15
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Hartnell D, Gillespie-Jones K, Ciornei C, Hollings A, Thomas A, Harrild E, Reinhardt J, Paterson DJ, Alwis D, Rajan R, Hackett MJ. Characterization of Ionic and Lipid Gradients within Corpus Callosum White Matter after Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:248-257. [PMID: 31850738 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increased recognition of the effects of diffuse traumatic brain injury (dTBI), which can initiate yet unknown biochemical cascades, resulting in delayed secondary brain degeneration and long-term neurological sequela. There is limited availability of therapies that minimize the effect of secondary brain damage on the quality of life of people who have suffered TBI, many of which were otherwise healthy adults. Understanding the cascade of biochemical events initiated in specific brain regions in the acute phase of dTBI and how this spreads into adjacent brain structures may provide the necessary insight into drive development of improved therapies. In this study, we have used direct biochemical imaging techniques (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging) and elemental mapping (X-ray fluorescence microscopy) to characterize biochemical and elemental alterations that occur in corpus callosum white matter in the acute phase of dTBI. The results provide direct visualization of differential biochemical and ionic changes that occur in the highly vulnerable medial corpus callosum white matter relative to the less vulnerable lateral regions of the corpus callosum. Specifically, the results suggest that altered ionic gradients manifest within mechanically damaged medial corpus callosum, potentially spreading to and inducing lipid alterations to white matter structures in lateral brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Kate Gillespie-Jones
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Cristina Ciornei
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Ashley Hollings
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Alexander Thomas
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Elizabeth Harrild
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
| | - Juliane Reinhardt
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, ARC Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3086
| | - David J. Paterson
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Dasuni Alwis
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia 3168
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6845
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, AUS 6102
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16
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Hartnell D, Andrews W, Smith N, Jiang H, McAllum E, Rajan R, Colbourne F, Fitzgerald M, Lam V, Takechi R, Pushie MJ, Kelly ME, Hackett MJ. A Review of ex vivo Elemental Mapping Methods to Directly Image Changes in the Homeostasis of Diffusible Ions (Na +, K +, Mg 2 +, Ca 2 +, Cl -) Within Brain Tissue. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1415. [PMID: 32038130 PMCID: PMC6987141 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusible ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-) are vital for healthy function of all cells, especially brain cells. Unfortunately, the diffusible nature of these ions renders them difficult to study with traditional microscopy in situ within ex vivo brain tissue sections. This mini-review examines the recent progress in the field, using direct elemental mapping techniques to study ion homeostasis during normal brain physiology and pathophysiology, through measurement of ion distribution and concentration in ex vivo brain tissue sections. The mini-review examines the advantages and limitations of specific techniques: proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE), X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), and the sample preparation requirements to study diffusible ions with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hartnell
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wendy Andrews
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Nicole Smith
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Haibo Jiang
- School of Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Erin McAllum
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ramesh Rajan
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederick Colbourne
- Department of Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AL, Canada
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Virginie Lam
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ryusuke Takechi
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - M. Jake Pushie
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Michael E. Kelly
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mark J. Hackett
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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17
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Neuroprotective Properties of Linagliptin: Focus on Biochemical Mechanisms in Cerebral Ischemia, Vascular Dysfunction and Certain Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164052. [PMID: 31434198 PMCID: PMC6719127 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Linagliptin is a representative of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors which are registered and used effectively in a treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. They increase the levels of active forms of endogenous incretins such as GLP-1 and GIP by inhibiting their enzymatic decomposition. Scientific reports suggest beneficial effects of linagliptin administration via immunological and biochemical pathways involved in neuroprotective processes of CNS. Linagliptin’s administration leads to a decrease in the concentration of proinflammatory factors such as: TNF-α, IL-6 and increases the number of anti-inflammatory patrolling monocytes CX3CR1bright. Significant reduction in Aβ42 level has been associated with the use of linagliptin implying potential application in Alzheimer’s disease. Linagliptin improved vascular functions by increasing production of nitric oxide (NO) and limiting concentration of apolipoprotein B. Linagliptin-induced decrease in macrophages infiltration may provide improvement in atheromatous plaque stabilization. Premedication with linagliptin increases neuron’s survival after stroke and augments neuronal stem cells proliferation. It seems to be connected with SDF-1α/CXCR4 signaling pathway. Linagliptin prevented abnormal proliferation and migration of rat brain microvascular endothelial cells in a state of hypoperfusion via SIRT1/HIF-1α/VEGF pathway. The article presents a summary of the studies assessing neuroprotective properties of linagliptin with special emphasis on cerebral ischemia, vascular dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases.
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