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Dahl K, Lindberg A, Vasdev N, Schou M. Reactive Palladium-Ligand Complexes for 11C-Carbonylation at Ambient Pressure: A Breakthrough in Carbon-11 Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:955. [PMID: 37513867 PMCID: PMC10386706 DOI: 10.3390/ph16070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pd-Xantphos-mediated 11C-carbonylation protocol (also known as the "Xantphos- method"), due to its simplistic and convenient nature, has facilitated researchers in meeting a longstanding need for preparing 11C-carbonyl-labeled radiopharmaceuticals at ambient pressure for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and drug discovery. This development could be viewed as a breakthrough in carbon-11 chemistry, as evidenced by the rapid global adoption of the method by the pharmaceutical industry and academic laboratories worldwide. The method has been fully automated for the good manufacturing practice (GMP)-compliant production of novel radiopharmaceuticals for human use, and it has been adapted for "in-loop" reactions and microwave technology; an impressive number of 11C-labeled compounds (>100) have been synthesized. Given the simplicity and efficiency of the method, as well as the abundance of carbonyl groups in bioactive drug molecules, we expect that this methodology will be even more widely adopted in future PET radiopharmaceutical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dahl
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Lindberg
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Azrieli Centre for Neuro-Radiochemistry, Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College St., Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada
| | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Biosamples, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, SE-17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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Imaging Histamine H3 Receptors with Positron Emission Tomography. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:147-167. [PMID: 34964937 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) provides a unique tool to study the biochemistry of the human brain in vivo. By using PET probes that are binding selectively to certain receptor subtypes, brain PET allows the quantification of receptor levels in various brain areas of human subjects. This approach has the potential to reveal abnormal receptor expressions that may contribute to the physiopathology of some psychiatric and neurological disorders. This approach also has the potential to assist in the drug development process by determining receptor occupancy in vivo allowing selection of proper drug dosage to produce therapeutic effects. Several PET tracers have been developed for histamine H3 receptors (H3R). However, despite the potential of PET to elucidate the role of H3R in vivo, only limited work has been conducted so far. This article reviews the work that has been done in this area. Notably, we will cover the limitations of the first-generation PET radioligand for H3R and present the advantages of novel radioligands that promise an explosion of clinical PET research on the role of H3R in vivo.
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Ferrat M, Dahl K, Schou M. One-Pot Synthesis of 11 C-Labelled Primary Benzamides via Intermediate [ 11 C]Aroyl Dimethylaminopyridinium Salts. Chemistry 2021; 27:8689-8693. [PMID: 33885193 PMCID: PMC8251633 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Electrophilic 11C‐labelled aroyl dimethylaminopyridinium salts, obtained by carbonylative cross‐coupling of aryl halides with [11C]carbon monoxide, were prepared for the first time and shown to be valuable intermediates in the synthesis of primary [11C]benzamides. The methodology furnished a set of benzamide model compounds, including the two poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors niraparib and veliparib, in moderate to excellent radiochemical yields. In addition to providing a convenient and practical route to primary [11C]benzamides, the current method paves the way for future application of [11C]aroyl dimethylaminopyridinium halide salts in positron emission tomography (PET) tracer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ferrat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska, Institutet and Stockholm County Council, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska, Institutet and Stockholm County Council, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca PET Science Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
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Ferrat M, El Khoury Y, Larsen P, Dahl K, Halldin C, Schou M. Development of a fully automated low-pressure [ 11 C]CO carbonylation apparatus. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:517-522. [PMID: 32588452 PMCID: PMC7590049 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
[11C]carbon monoxide ([11C]CO) is a versatile synthon for radiolabeling of drug‐like molecules for imaging studies with positron emission tomography (PET). We here report the development of a novel, user‐friendly, fully automated, and good manufacturing practice (GMP) compliant low‐pressure synthesis module for 11C‐carbonylation reactions using [11C]CO. In this synthesis module, [11C]CO was reliably prepared from cyclotron‐produced [11C]carbon dioxide ([11C]CO2) by reduction over heated molybdenum and delivered to the reaction vessel within 7 min after end of bombardment, with an overall radiochemical yield (RCY) of 71%. [11C]AZ13198083, a histamine type‐3 receptor ligand, was used as a model compound to assess the functionality of the radiochemistry module. At full batch production conditions (55 μA, 30 min), our newly developed low‐pressure 11C‐carbonylation apparatus enabled us to prepare [11C]AZ13198083 in an isolated radioactivity of 8540 ± 1400 MBq (n = 3). The radiochemical purity of each of the final formulated batches exceeded 99%, and all other quality control tests results conformed with specifications typically set for carbon‐11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals. In conclusion, this novel radiochemistry system offers a convenient GMP compliant production drugs and radioligands for imaging studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ferrat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Youssef El Khoury
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kenneth Dahl
- Radiopharmacy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Eriksson J, Antoni G, Långström B, Itsenko O. The development of 11C-carbonylation chemistry: A systematic view. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 92:115-137. [PMID: 32147168 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prospects for using carbon-11 labelled compounds in molecular imaging has improved with the development of diverse synthesis methods, including 11C-carbonylations and refined techniques to handle [11C]carbon monoxide at a nanomole scale. Facilitating biological research and molecular imaging was the driving force when [11C]carbon monoxide was used in the first in vivo application with carbon-11 in human (1945) and when [11C]carbon monoxide was used for the first time as a chemical reagent in the synthesis of [11C]phosgene (1978). This review examines a rich plethora of labelled compounds synthesized from [11C]carbon monoxide, their chemistry and use in molecular imaging. While the strong development of the 11C-carbonylation chemistry has expanded the carbon-11 domain considerably, it could be argued that the number of 11C-carbonyl compounds entering biological investigations should be higher. The reason for this may partly be the lack of commercially available synthesis instruments designed for 11C-carbonylations. But as this review shows, novel and greatly simplified methods to handle [11C]carbon monoxide have been developed. The next important challenge is to make full use of these technologies and synthesis methods in PET research. When there is a PET-tracer that meets a more general need, the incentive to implement 11C-carbonylation protocols will increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Gunnar Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Division of Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oleksiy Itsenko
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Ferrat M, Dahl K, Halldin C, Schou M. "In-loop" carbonylation-A simplified method for carbon-11 labelling of drugs and radioligands. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 63:100-107. [PMID: 31524295 PMCID: PMC7155033 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Transition‐metal mediated carbonylation with 11C‐labelled carbon monoxide ([11C]CO) is a versatile method for introducing 11C (t1/2 = 20.3 min) into drugs and radioligands for subsequent use in positron emission tomography (PET). The aim of the current study was to perform the 11C‐carbonylation reaction on the interior surface of a stainless‐steel loop used for high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In the experimental setup, cyclotron produced 11C‐labelled carbon dioxide ([11C]CO2) was converted to [11C]CO by reduction over heated Molybdenum and swept into an HPLC loop pre‐charged with the appropriate reaction mixture. Following a 5 min reaction, the radiochemical purity (RCP) and the trapping efficiency (TE) of the reaction mixture was determined. After optimization, [11C]N‐Benzylbenzamide was obtained in quantitative radiochemical yield (RCY) following a 5 min reaction at room temperature. The methodology was further applied to label [11C]benzoic acid (RCP≥99%, TE>91%), [11C]methyl benzoate (RCP≥99%, TE>93%) and [11C]phthalide (RCP≥99%, TE>88%). A set of pharmaceuticals was finally radiolabelled using non‐optimized conditions. Excellent yields were obtained for the histamine‐3 receptor radioligand [11C]AZ13198083, the oncology drug [11C]olaparib and the dopamine D2 receptor radioligand [11C]raclopride, whereas a moderate yield was observed for the high‐affinity dopamine D2 receptor radioligand [11C]FLB457. The presented “in‐loop” process proved efficient for diverse 11C‐carbonylations, providing [11C]amides, [11C]esters and [11C]carboxylic acids in moderate to excellent RCYs. Based on the advantages associated with performing the radiolabelling step as an integrated part of the purification system, this methodology may become a valuable addition to the toolbox of methodologies used for 11C‐carbonylation of drugs and radioligands for PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélodie Ferrat
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenneth Dahl
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, CAMH & University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,AstraZeneca PET Science Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Taddei C, Pike VW. [ 11C]Carbon monoxide: advances in production and application to PET radiotracer development over the past 15 years. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:25. [PMID: 31659516 PMCID: PMC6751244 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
[11C]Carbon monoxide is an appealing synthon for introducing carbon-11 at a carbonyl position (C=O) in a wide variety of chemotypes (e.g., amides, ketones, acids, esters, and ureas). The prevalence of the carbonyl group in drug molecules and the present-day broad versatility of carbonylation reactions have led to an upsurge in the production of this synthon and in its application to PET radiotracer development. This review focuses on the major advances of the past 15 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Taddei
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Rm B3C342, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA.
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Rm B3C342, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1003, USA
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Ghamari N, Zarei O, Arias-Montaño JA, Reiner D, Dastmalchi S, Stark H, Hamzeh-Mivehroud M. Histamine H 3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists: Where do they go? Pharmacol Ther 2019; 200:69-84. [PMID: 31028835 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the histamine H3 receptor in 1983, tremendous advances in the pharmacological aspects of H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists have been accomplished in preclinical studies. At present, there are several drug candidates that reached clinical trial studies for various indications. However, entrance of these candidates to the pharmaceutical market is not free from challenges, and a variety of difficulties is engaged with their developmental process. In this review, the potential role of H3 receptors in the pathophysiology of various central nervous system, metabolic and allergic diseases is discussed. Thereafter, the current status for H3 receptor antagonists/inverse agonists in ongoing clinical trial studies is reviewed and obstacles in developing these agents are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakisa Ghamari
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Omid Zarei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran; Neurosciences Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - David Reiner
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Siavoush Dastmalchi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Holger Stark
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Universitaetsstr. 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Maryam Hamzeh-Mivehroud
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Moein MM, Nakao R, Amini N, Abdel-Rehim M, Schou M, Halldin C. Sample preparation techniques for radiometabolite analysis of positron emission tomography radioligands; trends, progress, limitations and future prospects. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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