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Knippenberg N, Bauwens M, Schijns O, Hoogland G, Florea A, Rijkers K, Cleij TJ, Eersels K, van Grinsven B, Diliën H. Visualizing GABA transporters in vivo: an overview of reported radioligands and future directions. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:42. [PMID: 37171631 PMCID: PMC10182260 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00992-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
By clearing GABA from the synaptic cleft, GABA transporters (GATs) play an essential role in inhibitory neurotransmission. Consequently, in vivo visualization of GATs can be a valuable diagnostic tool and biomarker for various psychiatric and neurological disorders. Not surprisingly, in recent years several research attempts to develop a radioligand have been conducted, but so far none have led to suitable radioligands that allow imaging of GATs. Here, we provide an overview of the radioligands that were developed with a focus on GAT1, since this is the most abundant transporter and most of the research concerns this GAT subtype. Initially, we focus on the field of GAT1 inhibitors, after which we discuss the development of GAT1 radioligands based on these inhibitors. We hypothesize that the radioligands developed so far have been unsuccessful due to the zwitterionic nature of their nipecotic acid moiety. To overcome this problem, the use of non-classical GAT inhibitors as basis for GAT1 radioligands or the use of carboxylic acid bioisosteres may be considered. As the latter structural modification has already been used in the field of GAT1 inhibitors, this option seems particularly viable and could lead to the development of more successful GAT1 radioligands in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Knippenberg
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthias Bauwens
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Olaf Schijns
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Govert Hoogland
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandru Florea
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Cardiovascular Diseases (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Rijkers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Academic Center for Epileptology (ACE), Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+), 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Cleij
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kasper Eersels
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van Grinsven
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Diliën
- Sensor Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Singh K, Kumar P, Bhatia R, Mehta V, Kumar B, Akhtar MJ. Nipecotic acid as potential lead molecule for the development of GABA uptake inhibitors; structural insights and design strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 234:114269. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Kowalska M, Fijałkowski Ł, Nowaczyk A. Assessment of Paroxetine Molecular Interactions with Selected Monoamine and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6293. [PMID: 34208199 PMCID: PMC8230779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thus far, many hypotheses have been proposed explaining the cause of depression. Among the most popular of these are: monoamine, neurogenesis, neurobiology, inflammation and stress hypotheses. Many studies have proven that neurogenesis in the brains of adult mammals occurs throughout life. The generation of new neurons persists throughout adulthood in the mammalian brain due to the proliferation and differentiation of adult neural stem cells. For this reason, the search for drugs acting in this mechanism seems to be a priority for modern pharmacotherapy. Paroxetine is one of the most commonly used antidepressants. However, the exact mechanism of its action is not fully understood. The fact that the therapeutic effect after the administration of paroxetine occurs after a few weeks, even if the levels of monoamine are rapidly increased (within a few minutes), allows us to assume a neurogenic mechanism of action. Due to the confirmed dependence of depression on serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid levels, studies have been undertaken into paroxetine interactions with these primary neurotransmitters using in silico and in vitro methods. We confirmed that paroxetine interacts most strongly with monoamine transporters and shows some interaction with γ-aminobutyric acid transporters. However, studies of the potency inhibitors and binding affinity values indicate that the neurogenic mechanism of paroxetine's action may be determined mainly by its interactions with serotonin transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 2 dr. A. Jurasza St., 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.F.)
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Kowalska M, Fijałkowski Ł, Kubacka M, Sałat K, Grześk G, Nowaczyk J, Nowaczyk A. Antiepileptic Drug Tiagabine Does Not Directly Target Key Cardiac Ion Channels Kv11.1, Nav1.5 and Cav1.2. Molecules 2021; 26:3522. [PMID: 34207748 PMCID: PMC8226520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tiagabine is an antiepileptic drug used for the treatment of partial seizures in humans. Recently, this drug has been found useful in several non-epileptic conditions, including anxiety, chronic pain and sleep disorders. Since tachycardia-an impairment of cardiac rhythm due to cardiac ion channel dysfunction-is one of the most commonly reported non-neurological adverse effects of this drug, in the present paper we have undertaken pharmacological and numerical studies to assess a potential cardiovascular risk associated with the use of tiagabine. A chemical interaction of tiagabine with a model of human voltage-gated ion channels (VGICs) is described using the molecular docking method. The obtained in silico results imply that the adverse effects reported so far in the clinical cardiological of tiagabine could not be directly attributed to its interactions with VGICs. This is also confirmed by the results from the isolated organ studies (i.e., calcium entry blocking properties test) and in vivo (electrocardiogram study) assays of the present research. It was found that tachycardia and other tiagabine-induced cardiac complications are not due to a direct effect of this drug on ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kowalska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Łukasz Fijałkowski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.F.)
| | - Monika Kubacka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kinga Sałat
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Chair of Pharmacodynamics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland; (M.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Grzegorz Grześk
- Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 75 Ujejskiego St., 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Jacek Nowaczyk
- Physical Chemistry and Chemistry of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarina St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Alicja Nowaczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.K.); (Ł.F.)
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Zaręba P, Gryzło B, Malawska K, Sałat K, Höfner GC, Nowaczyk A, Fijałkowski Ł, Rapacz A, Podkowa A, Furgała A, Żmudzki P, Wanner KT, Malawska B, Kulig K. Novel mouse GABA uptake inhibitors with enhanced inhibitory activity toward mGAT3/4 and their effect on pain threshold in mice. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 188:111920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zafar S, Jabeen I. GRID-independent molecular descriptor analysis and molecular docking studies to mimic the binding hypothesis of γ-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 (GAT1) inhibitors. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6283. [PMID: 30723616 PMCID: PMC6360079 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transporter GAT1 is involved in GABA transport across the biological membrane in and out of the synaptic cleft. The efficiency of this Na+ coupled GABA transport is regulated by an electrochemical gradient, which is directed inward under normal conditions. However, in certain pathophysiological situations, including strong depolarization or an imbalance in ion homeostasis, the GABA influx into the cytoplasm is increased by re-uptake transport mechanism. This mechanism may lead to extra removal of extracellular GABA which results in numerous neurological disorders such as epilepsy. Thus, small molecule inhibitors of GABA re-uptake may enhance GABA activity at the synaptic clefts. Methods In the present study, various GRID-independent molecular descriptor (GRIND) models have been developed to shed light on the 3D structural features of human GAT1 (hGAT1) inhibitors using nipecotic acid and N-diarylalkenyl piperidine analogs. Further, a binding hypothesis has been developed for the selected GAT1 antagonists by molecular docking inside the binding cavity of hGAT1 homology model. Results Our results indicate that two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrophobic region at certain distances from each other play an important role in achieving high inhibitory potency against hGAT1. Our docking results elucidate the importance of the COOH group in hGAT1 antagonists by considering substitution of the COOH group with an isoxazol ring in compound 37, which subsequently leads to a three order of magnitude decrease in biological activity of 37 (IC50 = 38 µM) as compared to compound 1 (IC50 = 0.040 µM). Discussion Our docking results are strengthened by the structure activity relationship of the data series as well as by GRIND models, thus providing a significant structural basis for understanding the binding of antagonists, which may be useful for guiding the design of hGAT1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Zafar
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Jabeen
- Research Center for Modeling and Simulation (RCMS), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Federal, Pakistan
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