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Huo T, Zhao X, Cheng Z, Wei J, Zhu M, Dou X, Jiao N. Late-stage modification of bioactive compounds: Improving druggability through efficient molecular editing. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1030-1076. [PMID: 38487004 PMCID: PMC10935128 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Synthetic chemistry plays an indispensable role in drug discovery, contributing to hit compounds identification, lead compounds optimization, candidate drugs preparation, and so on. As Nobel Prize laureate James Black emphasized, "the most fruitful basis for the discovery of a new drug is to start with an old drug"1. Late-stage modification or functionalization of drugs, natural products and bioactive compounds have garnered significant interest due to its ability to introduce diverse elements into bioactive compounds promptly. Such modifications alter the chemical space and physiochemical properties of these compounds, ultimately influencing their potency and druggability. To enrich a toolbox of chemical modification methods for drug discovery, this review focuses on the incorporation of halogen, oxygen, and nitrogen-the ubiquitous elements in pharmacophore components of the marketed drugs-through late-stage modification in recent two decades, and discusses the state and challenges faced in these fields. We also emphasize that increasing cooperation between chemists and pharmacists may be conducive to the rapid discovery of new activities of the functionalized molecules. Ultimately, we hope this review would serve as a valuable resource, facilitating the application of late-stage modification in the construction of novel molecules and inspiring innovative concepts for designing and building new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing 102206, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Costa FMS, Granja A, Pérez RL, Warner IM, Reis S, Passos MLC, Saraiva MLMFS. Fluoroquinolone-Based Organic Salts (GUMBOS) with Antibacterial Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15714. [PMID: 37958698 PMCID: PMC10650486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a silent pandemic considered a public health concern worldwide. Strategic therapies are needed to replace antibacterials that are now ineffective. One approach entails the use of well-known antibacterials along with adjuvants that possess non-antibiotic properties but can extend the lifespan and enhance the effectiveness of the treatment, while also improving the suppression of resistance. In this regard, a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) presents an alternative to this problem allowing the combination of antibacterials with adjuvants. Fluoroquinolones are a family of antibacterials used to treat respiratory and urinary tract infections with broad-spectrum activity. Ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin-based GUMBOS were synthesized via anion exchange reactions with lithium and sodium salts. Structural characterization, thermal stability and octanol/water partition ratios were evaluated. The antibacterial profiles of most GUMBOS were comparable to their cationic counterparts when tested against Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative E. coli, except for deoxycholate anion, which demonstrated the least effective antibacterial activity. Additionally, some GUMBOS were less cytotoxic to L929 fibroblast cells and non-hemolytic to red blood cells. Therefore, these agents exhibit promise as an alternative approach to combining drugs for treating infections caused by resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio M. S. Costa
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Andreia Granja
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Rocío L. Pérez
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (I.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30458, USA
| | - Isiah M. Warner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA; (R.L.P.); (I.M.W.)
- Department of Chemistry, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - Marieta L. C. Passos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
| | - M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Pharmacy, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Porto University, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (F.M.S.C.); (A.G.); (S.R.)
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3
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Struga M, Roszkowski P, Bielenica A, Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Stępień K, Stefańska J, Zabost A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Koliński M, Kmiecik S, Myslovska A, Wrzosek M. N-Acylated Ciprofloxacin Derivatives: Synthesis and In Vitro Biological Evaluation as Antibacterial and Anticancer Agents. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:18663-18684. [PMID: 37273589 PMCID: PMC10233829 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel series of N-acylated ciprofloxacin (CP) conjugates 1-21 were synthesized and screened as potential antimicrobial agents. Conjugates 1 and 2 were 1.25-10-fold more potent than CP toward all Staphylococci (minimal inhibitory concentration 0.05-0.4 μg/mL). Most of the chloro- (3-7), bromo- (8-11), and CF3-alkanoyl (14-16) derivatives expressed higher or comparable activity to CP against selected Gram-positive strains. A few CP analogues (5, 10, and 11) were also more effective toward the chosen clinical Gram-negative rods. Conjugates 5, 10, and 11 considerably influenced the phases of the bacterial growth cycle over 18 h. Additionally, compounds 2, 4-7, 9-12, and 21 exerted stronger tuberculostatic action against three Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates than the first-line antitubercular drugs. Amides 1, 2, 5, 6, 10, and 11 targeted gyrase and topoisomerase IV at 2.7-10.0 μg/mL, which suggests a mechanism of antibacterial action related to CP. These findings were confirmed by molecular docking studies. In addition, compounds 3 and 15 showed high antiproliferative activities against prostate PC3 cells (IC50 2.02-4.8 μM), up to 6.5-2.75 stronger than cisplatin. They almost completely reduced the growth and proliferation rates in these cells, without a cytotoxic action against normal HaCaT cell lines. Furthermore, derivatives 3 and 21 induced apoptosis/necrosis in PC3 cells, probably by increasing the intracellular ROS amount, as well as they diminished the IL-6 level in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Struga
- Chair
and Department of Biochemistry, Medical
University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair
and Department of Biochemistry, Medical
University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Chair
and Department of Biochemistry, Medical
University of Warsaw, ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department
of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and
Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department
of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and
Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Koliński
- Bioinformatics
Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Street, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Kmiecik
- Biological
and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Alina Myslovska
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department
of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Kumar R, Pathania V, Kumar S, Kumar M, Nandanwar H, Maurya SK. Synthesis of Novel Ciprofloxacin-Avibactam Conjugates for the Development of Second-Generation Non-β-Lactam-β-Lactamase Inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 88:129308. [PMID: 37127102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To overcome the antibiotic resistance challenge, we synthesized a novel class of conjugates based on ciprofloxacin and avibactam, covalently linked by diverse amino acids. In vitro studies of these conjugates have shown improved antibacterial efficacy of avibactam when used alone against some ESKAPE pathogens, i.e., S. aureus, E. coli, and A. baumannii. Further, ceftazidime was screened in combination with all conjugates and found to be less synergistically effective than avibactam-ceftazidime co-dosing against K. pneumoniae and E. coli bacterial strains. Subsequently, the top-ranked active conjugates were investigated against the commercially available β-lactamase-II (Penicillinase from Bacillus cereus) through in vitro studies. These studies elucidated two conjugates i.e, 9 (IC50 = 1.69 ± 0.35 nM) and 24b (IC50 = 57.37 ± 5.39 nM), which have higher inhibition profile than avibactam (IC50 = 141.08 ± 12.20 nM). These outcomes allude to avibactam integration with ciprofloxacin is a novel and fruitful approach to discovering clinically valuable next-generation non-β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vikas Pathania
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mahender Kumar
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Hemraj Nandanwar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Sushil K Maurya
- Chemical Technology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226 007, India
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Gao J, Hou H, Gao F. Current scenario of quinolone hybrids with potential antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115026. [PMID: 36577217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The ESKAPE (Escherichia coli/E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus/S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia/K. pneumoniae, Acinetobacter Baumannii/A. baumannii, Pseudomonas aeroginosa/P. aeroginosa and Enterobacter spp.) pathogens, which could escape or evade common therapies through diverse antimicrobial resistance mechanisms and biofilm formation, are deemed as highly virulent bacteria responsible for life-threatening diseases, calling for novel chemotherapeutics. Quinolones including 2-quinolones and 4-quinolones have occupied a propitious place in drug design and development due to their excellent pharmacological profiles. Quinolones especially fluoroquinolones could inhibit the synthesis of nucleic acid of ESKAPE pathogens, leading to the rupture of bacterial chromosome. However, the resistance of ESKAPE pathogens to quinolones develops rapidly and spreads widely. Accordingly, it has become increasingly urgent to enhance the potency of quinolones against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Quinolone hybrids can bind with different drug targets simultaneously and have been considered as useful prototypes to circumvent drug resistance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current scenario (2018-present) of quinolone hybrids with potential antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens, together with the structure-activity relationships and mechanisms of action to facilitate further rational design of more effective candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Haodong Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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6
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Deng C, Yan H, Wang J, Liu K, Liu BS, Shi YM. 1,2,3-Triazole-containing hybrids with potential antibacterial activity against ESKAPE pathogens. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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7
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Jia Y, Zhao L. The antibacterial activity of fluoroquinolone derivatives: An update (2018-2021). Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113741. [PMID: 34365130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infection is amongst the most common diseases in community and hospital settings. Fluoroquinolones, exerting the antibacterial activity through binding to type II bacterial topoisomerase enzymes, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV, are mainstays of chemotherapy. At present, fluoroquinolones are the most valuable antibacterial agents used popularly. However, the emergence of more virulent and resistant pathogens by the development of either mutated DNA-binding proteins or efflux pump mechanism for fluoroquinolones results in an urgent demand to develop new fluoroquinolones to withstand the drug resistance and to obtain a broader spectrum of activity. This review aims to outline the recent advances of fluoroquinolone derivatives with antibacterial potential and to summarize the structure-activity relationship (SAR) so as to provide an insight for rational design of more active candidates, covering articles published between January 2018 and June 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshu Jia
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Quest International University Perak, Ipoh, 30250, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Liyan Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, Zhuji Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, China.
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8
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Arshad R, Tabish TA, Kiani MH, Ibrahim IM, Shahnaz G, Rahdar A, Kang M, Pandey S. A Hyaluronic Acid Functionalized Self-Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) for Enhancement in Ciprofloxacin Targeted Delivery against Intracellular Infection. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051086. [PMID: 33922241 PMCID: PMC8146397 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP), a potent anti-bacterial agent of the fluroquinolone family, shows poor solubility and permeability, thus leading to the development of intracellular pathogens induced multi-drug resistance and biofilms formation. To synergistically improve the biopharmaceutical parameters of CIP, a hyaluronic acid (FDA approved biocompatible polymer) functionalized self-nano emulsifying drug delivery system (HA-CIP-SNEDDS) was designed in the present study. SNEDDS formulations were tested via solubility, droplet size, zeta potential, a polydispersity index, thermodynamic stability, surface morphology, solid-state characterization, drug loading/release, cellular uptake, and biocompatibility. The final (HA-CIP-SNEDDS) formulation exhibited a mean droplet size of 50 nm with the 0.3 poly dispersity index and negative zeta potential (-11.4 mV). HA-based SNEDDS containing CIP showed an improved ability to permeate goat intestinal mucus. After 4 h, CIP-SNEDDS showed a 2-fold and HA-CIP-SNEDDS showed a 4-fold permeation enhancement as compared to the free CIP. Moreover, 80% drug release of HA-CIP-SNEDDS was demonstrated to be superior and sustained for 72 h in comparison to free CIP. However, anti-biofilm activity of HA-CIP-SNEDDS against Salmonella typhi was higher than CIP-SNEDDS and free CIP. HA-CIP-SNEDDS exhibited increased biocompatibility and improved oral pharmacokinetics as compared to free CIP. Taken together, HA-CIP-SNEDDS formulation seems to be a promising agent against Salmonella typhi with a strong targeting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Tanveer A. Tabish
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E6DD, UK;
| | - Maria Hassan Kiani
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.H.K.)
| | - Ibrahim M. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gul Shahnaz
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan; (R.A.); (M.H.K.)
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.R.); (M.K.); or (S.P.)
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.R.); (M.K.); or (S.P.)
| | - Misook Kang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.R.); (M.K.); or (S.P.)
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (A.R.); (M.K.); or (S.P.)
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