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Kim SB, Fujii R, Paulmurugan R. Quantitative Imaging of Retinoic Acid Activities in Living Mammalian Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2525:111-122. [PMID: 35836063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2473-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) is an intriguing metabolite that is necessary for embryonic development and differentiation in vertebrates. The present protocol demonstrates how to image RA activities indirectly in mammalian cells with ligand-activatable single-chain bioluminescence (BL) probes. We introduce 13 different molecular designs for characterizing an efficient single-chain probe that quantitatively visualizes RA activities with significant sensitivity. The key components included in the probes are (i) the N- and C-terminal fragments of artificial luciferase 16 (ALuc16), (ii) the ligand-binding domain of human retinoic acid receptor α (RAR LBD), and (iii) an LXXLL motif derived from common coactivators of nuclear receptors. The probe is highly selective and sensitive to all-trans-RA (at-RA) in animal cells. This protocol exemplifies quantitative imaging of the RA levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid with a linear range in two orders. The present protocol is an important addition to conventional techniques on quantitative imaging of endogenous at-RA levels in live mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Kim
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
| | - Rika Fujii
- Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Hattori M, Sugiura N, Wazawa T, Matsuda T, Nagai T. Ratiometric Bioluminescent Indicator for a Simple and Rapid Measurement of Thrombin Activity Using a Smartphone. Anal Chem 2021; 93:13520-13526. [PMID: 34570461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemostasis is an essential function that repairs tissues and maintains the survival of living organisms. To prevent diseases caused by the abnormality of the blood coagulation mechanism, it is important to carry out a blood test periodically by a method that is convenient and less burdensome for examiners. Thrombin is a protease that catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen, and its cleavage activity can be an index of coagulation activity. Here, we developed a ratiometric bioluminescent indicator, Thrombastor (thrombin activity sensing indicator), which reflects the thrombin cleavage activity in blood by changing the emission color from green to blue. Compared to the current thrombin activity indicator, the rapid color change of the emission indicated a 2.5-fold decrease in the Km for thrombin, and the cleavage rate was more than two times faster. By improving the absolute bioluminescence intensity, detection from a small amount of plasma could be achieved with a smartphone camera. Using Thrombastor and a versatile device, an effective diagnosis for preventing coagulation disorders can be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Hattori
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Nae Sugiura
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuichi Wazawa
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Bioluminescence (BL) is an excellent optical readout platform that has great potential to be utilized in various bioassays and molecular imaging. The advantages of BL-based bioassays include the long dynamic range, minimal background, high signal-to-noise ratios, biocompatibility for use in cell-based assays, no need of external light source for excitation, simplicity in the measurement system, and versatility in the assay design. The recent intensive research in BL has greatly diversified the available luciferase-luciferin systems in the bioassay toolbox. However, the wide variety does not promise their successful utilization in various bioassays as new tools. This is mainly due to complexity and confusion with the diversity, and the unavailability of defined standards. This review is intended to provide an overview of recent basic developments and applications in BL studies, and showcases the bioanalytical utilities. We hope that this review can be used as an instant reference on BL and provides useful guidance for readers in narrowing down their potential options in their own assay designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Bae Kim
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine
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Bose RJC, Tharmalingam N, Garcia Marques FJ, Sukumar UK, Natarajan A, Zeng Y, Robinson E, Bermudez A, Chang E, Habte F, Pitteri SJ, McCarthy JR, Gambhir SS, Massoud TF, Mylonakis E, Paulmurugan R. Reconstructed Apoptotic Bodies as Targeted "Nano Decoys" to Treat Intracellular Bacterial Infections within Macrophages and Cancer Cells. ACS NANO 2020; 14:5818-5835. [PMID: 32347709 PMCID: PMC9116903 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a highly pathogenic facultative anaerobe that in some instances resides as an intracellular bacterium within macrophages and cancer cells. This pathogen can establish secondary infection foci, resulting in recurrent systemic infections that are difficult to treat using systemic antibiotics. Here, we use reconstructed apoptotic bodies (ReApoBds) derived from cancer cells as "nano decoys" to deliver vancomycin intracellularly to kill S. aureus by targeting inherent "eat me" signaling of ApoBds. We prepared ReApoBds from different cancer cells (SKBR3, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, U87-MG, and LN229) and used them for vancomycin delivery. Physicochemical characterization showed ReApoBds size ranges from 80 to 150 nm and vancomycin encapsulation efficiency of 60 ± 2.56%. We demonstrate that the loaded vancomycin was able to kill intracellular S. aureus efficiently in an in vitro model of S. aureus infected RAW-264.7 macrophage cells, and U87-MG (p53-wt) and LN229 (p53-mt) cancer cells, compared to free-vancomycin treatment (P < 0.001). The vancomycin loaded ReApoBds treatment in S. aureus infected macrophages showed a two-log-order higher CFU reduction than the free-vancomycin treatment group. In vivo studies revealed that ReApoBds can specifically target macrophages and cancer cells. Vancomycin loaded ReApoBds have the potential to kill intracellular S. aureus infection in vivo in macrophages and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran J C Bose
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Nagendran Tharmalingam
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Fernando J Garcia Marques
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Uday Kumar Sukumar
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Arutselvan Natarajan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Yitian Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Elise Robinson
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Abel Bermudez
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Edwin Chang
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Frezghi Habte
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Sharon J Pitteri
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Jason R McCarthy
- Masonic Medical Research Institute, 2150 Bleecker Street, Utica, New York 13501, United States
| | - Sanjiv S Gambhir
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Tarik F Massoud
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02903, United States
| | - Ramasamy Paulmurugan
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 3155 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94305, United States
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