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Meischein M, Garzón-Manjón A, Hammerschmidt T, Xiao B, Zhang S, Abdellaoui L, Scheu C, Ludwig A. Elemental (im-)miscibility determines phase formation of multinary nanoparticles co-sputtered in ionic liquids. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3855-3869. [PMID: 36133350 PMCID: PMC9470033 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00363e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-equilibrium synthesis methods allow the alloying of bulk-immiscible elements into multinary nanoparticles, which broadens the design space for new materials. Whereas sputtering onto solid substrates can combine immiscible elements into thin film solid solutions, this is not clear for sputtering of nanoparticles in ionic liquids. Thus, the suitability of sputtering in ionic liquids for producing nanoparticles of immiscible elements is investigated by co-sputtering the systems Au-Cu (miscible), Au-Ru and Cu-Ru (both immiscible), and Au-Cu-Ru on the surface of the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Bmim][(Tf)2N]. The sputtered nanoparticles were analyzed to obtain (i) knowledge concerning the general formation process of nanoparticles when sputtering onto ionic liquid surfaces and (ii) information, if alloy nanoparticles of immiscible elements can be synthesized as well as (iii) evidence if the Hume-Rothery rules for solid solubility are valid for sputtered nanoparticles. Nanoparticle characteristics were found to depend on elemental miscibility: (1) nanoparticles from immiscible elemental combinations showed bigger mean diameters ranging from (3.3 ± 1.4) nm to (5.0 ± 1.7) nm in contrast to mean diameters of nanoparticles from elemental combinations with at least one miscible element pair ((1.7 ± 0.7) nm to (1.8 ± 0.6) nm). (2) Nanoparticles from immiscible combinations showed compositions with one element strongly dominating the ratio and very narrow differences between the highest and lowest fraction of the dominating element (Cu94Ru6 to Cu100Ru0; Au96Ru4 to Au99Ru1) in contrast to the other compositions (Au64Cu36 to Au81Cu19; Au83Cu13Ru4/Au75Cu22Ru3 to Au87Cu11Ru2). Accompanying atomistic simulations using density-functional theory for clusters of different size and ordering confirm that the miscibility of Au-Cu and the immiscibility of Au-Ru and Cu-Ru govern the thermodynamic stability of the nanoparticles. Based on the matching experimental and theoretical results for the NP/IL-systems concerning NP stability, a formation model of multinary NPs in ILs was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Meischein
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alba Garzón-Manjón
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-0237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Thomas Hammerschmidt
- Chair of Atomistic Modelling and Simulation, Interdisciplinary Centre for Advanced Materials Simulation (ICAMS), Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Bin Xiao
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-0237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Lamya Abdellaoui
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-0237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-0237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Chair for Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institute for Materials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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Sergievskaya A, Chauvin A, Konstantinidis S. Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:10-53. [PMID: 35059275 PMCID: PMC8744456 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sputter deposition of atoms onto liquid substrates aims at producing colloidal dispersions of small monodisperse ultrapure nanoparticles (NPs). Since sputtering onto liquids combines the advantages of the physical vapor deposition technique and classical colloidal synthesis, the review contains chapters explaining the basics of (magnetron) sputter deposition and the formation of NPs in solution. This review article covers more than 132 papers published on this topic from 1996 to September 2021 and aims at providing a critical analysis of most of the reported data; we will address the influence of the sputtering parameters (sputter power, current, voltage, sputter time, working gas pressure, and the type of sputtering plasma) and host liquid properties (composition, temperature, viscosity, and surface tension) on the NP formation as well as a detailed overview of the properties and applications of the produced NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiya Sergievskaya
- Plasma-Surface Interaction Chemistry (ChIPS), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Adrien Chauvin
- Plasma-Surface Interaction Chemistry (ChIPS), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Stephanos Konstantinidis
- Plasma-Surface Interaction Chemistry (ChIPS), University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
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Mudring AV, Hammond O. Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectics as a Transformative Platform for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3865-3892. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06543b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are becoming a revolutionary synthesis medium for inorganic nanomaterials, permitting more efficient, safer and environmentally benign preparation of high quality products. A smart combination of ILs and...
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Nguyen MT, Deng L, Yonezawa T. Control of nanoparticles synthesized via vacuum sputter deposition onto liquids: a review. SOFT MATTER 2021; 18:19-47. [PMID: 34901989 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01002f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Sputter deposition onto a low volatile liquid matrix is a recently developed green synthesis method for metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs). In this review, we introduce the synthesis method and highlight its unique features emerging from the combination of the sputter deposition and the ability of the liquid matrix to regulate particle growth. Then, manipulating the synthesis parameters to control the particle size, composition, morphology, and crystal structure of NPs is presented. Subsequently, we evaluate the key experimental factors governing the particle characteristics and the formation of monometallic and alloy NPs to provide overall directions and insights into the preparation of NPs with desired properties. Following that, the current understanding of the growth and formation mechanism of sputtered particles in liquid media, in particular, ionic liquids and liquid polymers, during and after sputtering is emphasized. Finally, we discuss the challenges that remain and share our perspectives on the future prospects of the synthesis method and the obtained NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Thanh Nguyen
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Lianlian Deng
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan.
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Sergievskaya A, O’Reilly A, Alem H, De Winter J, Cornil D, Cornil J, Konstantinidis S. Insights on the Formation of Nanoparticles Prepared by Magnetron Sputtering Onto Liquids: Gold Sputtered Onto Castor Oil as a Case Study. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.710612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetron sputter deposition of metal targets over liquids allows producing colloidal solutions of small metal nanoparticles (NPs) without any additional reducing or stabilizing reagents. Despite that this synthetic approach is known for almost 15 years, the detailed mechanism of NP formation is still unclear. Detailed investigations must be carried out to better understand the growth mechanism and, ultimately, control the properties of the NPs. Here, the combination of the gold (Au) target and castor oil, a highly available green solvent, was chosen as a model system to investigate how different experimental parameters affect the growth of NPs. The effect of deposition time, applied sputter power, working gas pressure, and type of sputter plasma (direct current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) vs. high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS)) on properties of Au NPs has been studied by UV-vis spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and further supported by quantum-chemistry calculations and mass-spectrometry analysis. The mechanism of the Au NP formation includes the production of primary NPs and their subsequent aggregative growth limited by diffusion in the viscous castor oil medium. Final Au NPs have a narrow size distribution and a medium diameter of 2.4–3.2 nm when produced in DC-MS mode. The NP size can be increased up to 5.2 ± 0.8 nm by depositing in HiPIMS mode which, therefore, mimics energy and time-consuming post synthesis annealing.
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Manjón AG, Löffler T, Meischein M, Meyer H, Lim J, Strotkötter V, Schuhmann W, Ludwig A, Scheu C. Sputter deposition of highly active complex solid solution electrocatalysts into an ionic liquid library: effect of structure and composition on oxygen reduction activity. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23570-23577. [PMID: 33196718 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07632e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Complex solid solution electrocatalysts (often called high-entropy alloys) present a new catalyst class with highly promising features due to the interplay of multi-element active sites. One hurdle is the limited knowledge about structure-activity correlations needed for targeted catalyst design. We prepared Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni nanoparticles by magnetron sputtering a high entropy Cantor alloy target simultaneously into an ionic liquid library. The synthesized nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution but different sizes (from 1.3 ± 0.1 nm up to 2.6 ± 0.3 nm), different crystallinity (amorphous, face-centered cubic or body-centered cubic) and composition (i.e. high Mn versus low Mn content). The Cr-Mn-Fe-Co-Ni complex solid solution nanoparticles possess an unprecedented intrinsic electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media, some of them even surpassing that of Pt. The highest intrinsic activity was obtained for body-centered cubic nanoparticles with a low Mn and Fe content which were synthesized using the ionic liquid 1-etyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [Emimi][(Tf)2N].
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Garzón Manjón
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Schmitz A, Meyer H, Meischein M, Garzón Manjón A, Schmolke L, Giesen B, Schlüsener C, Simon P, Grin Y, Fischer RA, Scheu C, Ludwig A, Janiak C. Synthesis of plasmonic Fe/Al nanoparticles in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12891-12899. [PMID: 35492117 PMCID: PMC9051251 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01111h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bottom-up and top-down approaches are described for the challenging synthesis of Fe/Al nanoparticles (NPs) in ionic liquids (ILs) under mild conditions. The crystalline phase and morphology of the metal nanoparticles synthesized in three different ionic liquids were identified by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) of high-resolution TEM images. Characterization was completed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) for the analysis of the element composition of the whole sample consisting of the NPs and the amorphous background. The bottom-up approaches resulted in crystalline FeAl NPs on an amorphous background. The top-down approach revealed small NPs and could be identified as Fe4Al13 NPs which in the IL [OPy][NTf2] yield two absorption bands in the green-blue to green spectral region at 475 and 520 nm which give rise to a complementary red color, akin to appropriate Au NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Schmitz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-12287 +49-211-81-12286
| | - Hajo Meyer
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institut für Werkstoffe, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Michael Meischein
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institut für Werkstoffe, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Alba Garzón Manjón
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Laura Schmolke
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-12287 +49-211-81-12286
| | - Beatriz Giesen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-12287 +49-211-81-12286
| | - Carsten Schlüsener
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-12287 +49-211-81-12286
| | - Paul Simon
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 D-01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Yuri Grin
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Physik fester Stoffe Nöthnitzer Straße 40 D-01187 Dresden Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität München D-85748 Garching Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH Max-Planck-Straße 1 D-40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Alfred Ludwig
- Materials Discovery and Interfaces, Institut für Werkstoffe, Fakultät für Maschinenbau, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 D-44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Germany +49-211-81-12287 +49-211-81-12286
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On the Effects of Diluted and Mixed Ionic Liquids as Liquid Substrates for the Sputter Synthesis of Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10030525. [PMID: 32183305 PMCID: PMC7153607 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of nanoparticles by combinatorial sputtering in ionic liquids is a versatile approach for discovering new materials. Whereas the influence on nanoparticle formation of different pure ionic liquids has been addressed, the influence of (I) dilution of ionic liquid with solvents and (II) different mixtures of ionic liquids is less known. Therefore, mixtures of the ionic liquid [Bmim][(Tf)2N] with the organic solvent anisole and other ionic liquids ([Bmim][(Pf)2N], [BmPyr][(Tf)2N]) were used as liquid substrates for the sputter synthesis of nanoparticles, in order to investigate the influence of these mixtures on the size of the nanoparticles. First, mixtures of anisole with a suspension of sputtered Ag nanoparticles in [Bmim][(Tf)2N] were prepared in different volumetric steps to investigate if the stabilization of the NPs by the ionic liquid could be reduced by the solvent. However, a continuous reduction in nanoparticle size and amount with increasing anisole volume was observed. Second, Ag, Au and Cu were sputtered on ionic liquid mixtures. Ag nanoparticles in [Bmim][(Tf)2N]/[Bmim][(Pf)2N] mixtures showed a decrease in size with the increasing volumetric fraction of [Bmim][(Tf)2N], whereas all nanoparticles obtained from [Bmim][(Tf)2N]/[BmPyr][(Tf)2N] mixtures showed increasing size and broadening of the size distribution. Maximum sizes of sputtered Ag and Au NPs were reached in mixtures of [Bmim][(Tf)2N] with 20 vol.% and 40 vol.% [BmPyr][(Tf)2N]. The results indicate that ionic liquid mixtures with different portions of cations and anions have the capability of influencing the ionic liquid stabilization characteristics with respect to, e.g., nanoparticle size and size distribution.
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