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Digby EM, Ayan S, Shrestha P, Gehrmann EJ, Winter AH, Beharry AA. Photocaged DNA-Binding Photosensitizer Enables Photocontrol of Nuclear Entry for Dual-Targeted Photodynamic Therapy. J Med Chem 2022; 65:16679-16694. [PMID: 36480920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved cancer treatment that requires a photosensitizer (PS), light, and molecular oxygen─a combination which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can induce cancer cell death. To enhance the efficacy of PDT, dual-targeted strategies have been explored where two photosensitizers are administered and localize to different subcellular organelles. To date, a single small-molecule conjugate for dual-targeted PDT with light-controlled nuclear localization has not been achieved. We designed a probe composed of a DNA-binding PS (Br-DAPI) and a photosensitizing photocage (WinterGreen). Illumination with 480 nm light removes WinterGreen from the conjugate and produces singlet oxygen mainly in the cytosol, while Br-DAPI localizes to nuclei, binds DNA, and produces ROS using one- or two-photon illumination. We observe synergistic photocytotoxicity in MCF7 breast cancer cells, and a reduction in size of three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids, demonstrating that nuclear/cytosolic photosensitization using a single agent can enhance PDT efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyse M Digby
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Seylan Ayan
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Pradeep Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | | | - Arthur H Winter
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa50011, United States
| | - Andrew A Beharry
- Department of Chemical and Physical Sciences, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, OntarioL5L 1C6, Canada
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Ribeiro M, Gomes IB, Saavedra MJ, Simões M. Photodynamic therapy and combinatory treatments for the control of biofilm-associated infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:548-564. [PMID: 35689422 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The advent of antimicrobial resistance has added considerable impact to infectious diseases both in the number of infections and healthcare costs. Furthermore, the relentless emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, particularly in the biofilm state, has made mandatory the discovery of new alternative antimicrobial therapies that are capable to eradicate resistant bacteria and impair the development of new forms of resistance. Amongst the therapeutic strategies for treating biofilms, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has shown great potential in inactivating several clinically relevant micro-organisms, including antibiotic-resistant 'priority bacteria' declared by the WHO as critical pathogens. Its antimicrobial effect is centred on the basis that harmless low-intensity light stimulates a non-toxic dye named photosensitizer, triggering the production of reactive oxygen species upon photostimulation. In addition, combination therapies of aPDT with other antimicrobial agents (e.g. antibiotics) have also drawn considerable attention, as it is a multi-target strategy. Therefore, the present review highlights the recent advances of aPDT against biofilms, also covering progress on combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ribeiro
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,CIQUP/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I B Gomes
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Saavedra
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology for Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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