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Kumari B, Hajela K, Ali A, Sharma AK, Yadav RK, Ranjan A, Nair R, Bharti S, Dipankar S, Singh PK, Sharma S. Evaluation of C4b as an adjunct marker in symptomatic RT-PCR negative Covid-19 cases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2023; 38:102-109. [PMID: 35756690 PMCID: PMC9207170 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-022-01033-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Detecting low viral load has been a challenge in this pandemic, which has led to its escalated transmission. Complement activation has been implicated in pathogenesis of Covid-19 infection. Thus, evaluation of complement activation in suspected Covid-19 infection may help to detect infection and limit false negative cases thus limiting transmission of infection. We speculate that measuring C4b, produced from an activated complement system due to the presence of Covid-19 may help in its detection, even when the viral titers are low. Methods Plasma C4b levels of symptomatic RT-PCR positive patients (cases, n = 40); symptomatic RT-PCR negative patients (n = 35) and asymptomatic RT-PCR negative controls (n = 40) were evaluated. Plasma C5b-9, IL-6, D-dimer and C1-Inhibitor (C1-INH) were also measured in cases and controls. ELISA kits were used for all measurements. Statistical analyses were carried out using Stata, version 12 (Stata Corp., Texas, USA). Results C4b levels were found to be significantly increased in RT-PCR positive patients as compared to asymptomatic RT-PCR negative controls. RT-PCR negative but symptomatic patients still showed increased C4b levels. The significantly higher levels of C4b in cases with a cut-off value of ≥ 116 ng/ml with optimum sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 52% respectively is indicative of its possible use as an adjunct marker. Increased levels of D-dimer, IL6, along with decreased levels of C1-INH were found in cases compared to controls. Whereas, C5b-9 levels were not significantly raised in cases. Conclusions The results of our study suggests that plasma C4b may help to detect infection in false negative cases of RT-PCR that escape detection owing to low viral load. However, to confirm it a large-scale study is needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12291-022-01033-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Krishnan Hajela
- Schools of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore, MP India
| | - Asgar Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Abhay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Rathish Nair
- College of Nursing, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Shreekant Bharti
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
| | - Satish Dipankar
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Mangalagiri, Mangalagiri, AP India
| | | | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, Patna, Bihar India
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty In-charge, Medical Education Cell AIIMS, Patna, Bihar India
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Functional and Expressional Analyses Reveal the Distinct Role of Complement Factor I in Regulating Complement System Activation during GCRV Infection in Ctenopharyngodon idella. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911369. [PMID: 36232671 PMCID: PMC9569754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement factor I (CFI), a complement inhibitor, is well known for regulating the complement system activation by degrading complement component 3b (C3b) in animal serum, thus becoming involved in innate defense. Nevertheless, the functional mechanisms of CFI in the complement system and in host-pathogen interactions are far from being clarified in teleost fish. In the present study, we cloned and characterized the CFI gene, CiCFI, from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and analyzed its function in degrading serum C3b and expression changes after grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. The open reading frame of CiCFI was found to be 2121 bp, encoding 706 amino acids with a molecular mass of 79.06 kDa. The pairwise alignments showed that CiCFI shared the highest identity (66.9%) with CFI from Carassius gibelio and the highest similarity (78.7%) with CFI from Danio rerio. The CiCFI protein was characterized by a conserved functional core Tryp_SPc domain with the catalytic triad and substrate binding sites. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that CiCFI and the homologs CFIs from other teleost fish formed a distinct evolutionary branch. Similar with the CFIs reported in mammals, the recombinant CiCFI protein could significantly reduce the C3b content in the serum, demonstrating the conserved function of CiCFI in the complement system in the grass carp. CiCFI mRNA and protein showed the highest expression level in the liver. After GCRV infection, the mRNA expressions of CiCFI were first down-regulated, then up-regulated, and then down-regulated to the initial level, while the protein expression levels maintained an overall downward trend to the late stage of infection in the liver of grass carps. Unexpectedly, the protein levels of CiCFI were also continuously down-regulated in the serum of grass carps during GCRV infection, while the content of serum C3b proteins first increases and then returns to the initial level, suggesting a distinct role of CiCFI in regulating complement activation and fish-virus interaction. Combining our previous results that complement factor D, a complement enhancer, shows continuously up-regulated expression levels in grass carps during GCRV infection, and this study may provide the further essential data for the full picture of complex complement regulation mechanism mediated by Df and CFI of the grass carp during pathogen infection.
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Li B, Veturi Y, Verma A, Bradford Y, Daar ES, Gulick RM, Riddler SA, Robbins GK, Lennox JL, Haas DW, Ritchie MD. Tissue specificity-aware TWAS (TSA-TWAS) framework identifies novel associations with metabolic, immunologic, and virologic traits in HIV-positive adults. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009464. [PMID: 33901188 PMCID: PMC8102009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As a type of relatively new methodology, the transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) has gained interest due to capacity for gene-level association testing. However, the development of TWAS has outpaced statistical evaluation of TWAS gene prioritization performance. Current TWAS methods vary in underlying biological assumptions about tissue specificity of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms. In a previous study from our group, this may have affected whether TWAS methods better identified associations in single tissues versus multiple tissues. We therefore designed simulation analyses to examine how the interplay between particular TWAS methods and tissue specificity of gene expression affects power and type I error rates for gene prioritization. We found that cross-tissue identification of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) improved TWAS power. Single-tissue TWAS (i.e., PrediXcan) had robust power to identify genes expressed in single tissues, but, often found significant associations in the wrong tissues as well (therefore had high false positive rates). Cross-tissue TWAS (i.e., UTMOST) had overall equal or greater power and controlled type I error rates for genes expressed in multiple tissues. Based on these simulation results, we applied a tissue specificity-aware TWAS (TSA-TWAS) analytic framework to look for gene-based associations with pre-treatment laboratory values from AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) studies. We replicated several proof-of-concept transcriptionally regulated gene-trait associations, including UGT1A1 (encoding bilirubin uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase enzyme) and total bilirubin levels (p = 3.59×10-12), and CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 4.49×10-12). We also identified several novel genes associated with metabolic and virologic traits, as well as pleiotropic genes that linked plasma viral load, absolute basophil count, and/or triglyceride levels. By highlighting the advantages of different TWAS methods, our simulation study promotes a tissue specificity-aware TWAS analytic framework that revealed novel aspects of HIV-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglan Li
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Roy M. Gulick
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon A. Riddler
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Robbins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Lennox
- Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David W. Haas
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Jia BB, Jin CD, Li MF. The trypsin-like serine protease domain of Paralichthys olivaceus complement factor I regulates complement activation and inhibits bacterial growth. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:18-26. [PMID: 31830570 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, complement factor I (CFI) is a serine protease in serum and plays a pivotal role in the regulation of complement activation. In the presence of cofactor, CFI cleaves C3b to iC3b, and further degrades iC3b to C3c and C3d. In teleost, the function of CFI is poorly understood. In this study, we examined the immunological property of CFI from Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) (PoCFI), a teleost species with important economic value. PoCFI is composed of 597 amino acid residues and possesses a trypsin-like serine protease (Tryp) domain. We found that PoCFI expressions occurred in nine different tissues and were upregulated by bacterial challenge. Recombinant PoCFI-Tryp (rPoCFI-Tryp) inhibited complement activation and degraded C3b in serum. rPoCFI-Tryp exhibited apparent binding capacities to a board-spectrum of bacteria and inhibited bacterial growth. These results provide the first evidence to indicate that CFI in teleost negatively regulates complement activation via degradation C3b, and probably plays a role in host immune defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei-Bei Jia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Dong Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mo-Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Qingdao, China.
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Zhang X, Chen J, Yu F, Wang C, Ren R, Wang Q, Tan S, Jiang S, Liu S, Li L. 3-Hydroxyphthalic Anhydride- Modified Rabbit Anti-PAP IgG as a Potential Bifunctional HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1330. [PMID: 29971062 PMCID: PMC6018217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that amyloid fibrils in human semen formed from a naturally occurring peptide fragment of prostatic acidic phosphatase (PAP248-286), known as semen-derived enhancer of viral infection (SEVI), could dramatically enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Accordingly, SEVI might serve as a novel target for new antiviral drugs or microbicide candidates for the prevention of sexually transmitted HIV. Theoretically, a special anti-PAP or anti-SEVI antibody could reduce the enhancement of viral infection by blocking the binding of HIV and SEVI fibrils. Here, 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride modified anti-PAP248-286 antibody, named HP-API, exhibited broad-spectrum and highly effective anti-HIV-1 activities on different subtypes and tropism. By using time-of-addition, cell–cell fusion and a single-cycle HIV-1 infection assays, we demonstrated that HP-API is an HIV-1 entry/fusion inhibitor. Mechanism studies suggest that HP-API inhibited HIV-1 entry/fusion by targeting both HIV-1 gp120 envelop and CD4 receptor on the host cell specifically. It is noteworthy that HP-API abrogated the formation of SEVI fibrils and partially interfered with SEVI-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 infection. Based on these findings, HP-API could be considered a bifunctional HIV-1 entry/fusion inhibitor with high potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanxuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai'an, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Sciences, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruxia Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suiyi Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, School of Basic Medical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Yin S, Zhang X, Lai F, Liang T, Wen J, Lin W, Qiu J, Liu S, Li L. Trilobatin as an HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the HIV-1 Gp41 envelope. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2361-2377. [PMID: 29802645 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 transmembrane protein gp41 plays a crucial role by forming a stable six-helix bundle during HIV entry. Due to highly conserved sequence of gp41, the development of an effective and safe small-molecule compound targeting gp41 is a good choice. Currently, natural polyanionic ingredients with anti-HIV activities have aroused concern. Here, we first discovered that a glycosylated dihydrochalcone, trilobatin, exhibited broad anti-HIV-1 activity and low cytotoxicity in vitro. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis suggested that the hydrophobic residue (I564) located in gp41 pocket-forming site is pivotal for anti-HIV activity of trilobatin. Furthermore, trilobatin displayed synergistic anti-HIV activities combined with other antiretroviral agents. Trilobatin has a good potential to be developed as a small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitor for clinical combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Yin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taizhen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayong Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanying Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiayin Qiu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwen Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Drug Research for Emerging Virus Prevention and Treatment, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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