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Zotov V, Vijjamarri S, Mousavi SD, Du G. Poly(silyl ether)s as Degradable and Sustainable Materials: Synthesis and Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:1498. [PMID: 38611778 PMCID: PMC11013004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer research is currently focused on sustainable and degradable polymers which are cheap, easy to synthesize, and environmentally friendly. Silicon-based polymers are thermally stable and can be utilized in various applications, such as columns and coatings. Poly(silyl ether)s (PSEs) are an interesting class of silicon-based polymers that are easily hydrolyzed in either acidic or basic conditions due to the presence of the silyl ether Si-O-C bond. Synthetically, these polymers can be formed in several different ways, and the most effective and environmentally friendly synthesis is dehydrogenative cross coupling, where the byproduct is H2 gas. These polymers have a lot of promise in the polymeric materials field due to their sustainability, thermal stability, hydrolytic degradability, and ease of synthesis, with nontoxic byproducts. In this review, we will summarize the synthetic approaches for the PSEs in the recent literature, followed by the properties and applications of these materials. A conclusion and perspective will be provided at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guodong Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, 151 Cornell Street Stop 9024, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA; (V.Z.); (S.V.)
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2
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Sen A, Kumar R, Tewari T, Gonnade RG, Chikkali SH. Iron-Catalyzed Alkoxylation, Dehydrogenative-Polymerization and Tandem Hydrosilylative-Alkoxylation. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301375. [PMID: 37285327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Alkoxylation, hydrosilylative-alkoxylation, and dehydrogenative-polymerization are some of the most widely used transformations in synthetic chemistry. However, these transformations are traditionally catalyzed by precious, and rare late-transition metals. Presented here is a molecularly defined iron complex that catalyzes alkoxylation, tandem hydrosilylative-alkoxylation, and dehydrogenative polymerization of silanes under mild conditions. The iron complex [Fe(CO)4 (H)(SiPh3 )] 1 catalyzes a direct Si-O coupling reaction between an array of silanes and alcohols to produce desired alkoxysilanes in excellent yield, with H2 as the only byproduct. The iron catalyst tolerates various functional groups and provides access to 20 alkoxysilanes, including essential molecules such as β-citronellol and cholesterol. Further, complex 1 catalyzes the polymerization of renewable diol and silane monomer to produce a renewable and degradable poly(isosorbide-silyl ether). Remarkably, complex 1 catalyzes a tandem hydrosilylative-alkoxylation of alkynes under mild conditions to yield unsaturated silyl ethers. The synthetic utility has been demonstrated by gram-scale alkoxylation and hydrosilylative-alkoxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Sen
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, MH, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, U. P., India
| | - Rohit Kumar
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, MH, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, U. P., India
| | - Tanuja Tewari
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, MH, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, U. P., India
| | - Rajesh G Gonnade
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, U. P., India
- Center for Materials Characterization, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, MH, India
| | - Samir H Chikkali
- Polymer Science and Engineering Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, MH, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Sector 19, Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, 201002, U. P., India
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3
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Farcaş‐Johnson MA, Kyne SH, Webster RL. Dehydrocoupling Polymerization: Poly(silylether) Synthesis by Using an Iron β-Diketiminate Catalyst. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201642. [PMID: 35856289 PMCID: PMC9826106 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe the iron-catalyzed polymerizations of diol and silane monomers to obtain fourteen different poly(silylether) products with number average molecular weights (Mn ) up to 36.3 kDa. The polymerization reactions developed in this study are operationally simple and applicable to 1° and 2° silane monomer substrates and a range of benzylic and aliphatic diol substrates as well as one polyol example. The polymers were characterized by IR spectroscopy, DSC and TGA and, where solubility allowed, 1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 29 Si{1 H} NMR spectroscopies, GPC and MALDI-TOF were also employed. The materials obtained displayed low Tg values (-70.6 to 19.1 °C) and were stable upon heating up to T-5%,Ar 421.6 °C. A trend in T-5%,Ar was observed whereby use of a 2° silane leads to higher T-5%,Ar compared to those obtained using a 1° silane. Reaction monitoring was undertaken by in situ gas evolution studies coupled with GPC analysis to follow the progression of chain-length growth which confirmed a condensation polymerization-type mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela A. Farcaş‐Johnson
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathUK,School of ChemistryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3800Australia
| | - Sara H. Kyne
- School of ChemistryMonash UniversityClaytonVictoria3800Australia
| | - Ruth L. Webster
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Bath Claverton DownBathUK
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4
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Wang XQ, Wu B, Bai YQ, Zhai XY, Zhou YG. CuH-Catalyzed Consecutive Hydrosilylation/Dehydrocoupling Polymerization of Difunctional Hydroxyketones with Dihydrosilanes for Syntheses of Chiral Poly(silyl ether)s. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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5
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Yuan W, Zhu X, Xu Y, He C. Synthesis of Si‐Stereogenic Silanols by Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrolytic Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204912. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xujiang Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yankun Xu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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6
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Hada R, Kanazawa A, Aoshima S. Degradable Silyl Ether Polymers Synthesized by Sequence-Controlled Cationic Terpolymerization of 1,3-Dioxa-2-silacycloalkanes with Vinyl Ethers and Aldehydes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Hada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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7
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Yuan W, Zhu X, Xu Y, He C. Synthesis of Si‐Stereogenic Silanols by Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrolytic Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xujiang Zhu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Yankun Xu
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry CHINA
| | - Chuan He
- Southern University of Science and Technology Chemistry No 1088,xueyuan Rd.Xili, Nanshan District 518055 Shenzhen CHINA
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8
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Chen S, Zhu J, Ke J, Li Y, He C. Enantioselective Intermolecular C-H Silylation of Heteroarenes for the Synthesis of Acyclic Si-Stereogenic Silanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117820. [PMID: 35263001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular C-H silylation for the synthesis of acyclic silanes bearing a silicon-stereogenic center in one enantiomeric form remains unknown to date. Herein, we report the first enantioselective intermolecular C-H silylation of heteroarenes for the synthesis of acyclic silicon-stereogenic heteroarylsilanes. This process undergoes a rhodium-catalyzed direct intermolecular dehydrogenative Si-H/C-H cross-coupling, giving access to a variety of acyclic heteroarylated silicon-stereogenic monohydrosilanes, including bis-Si-stereogenic silanes, in decent yields with excellent chemo-, regio-, and stereo-control, which significantly enlarge the chemical space of the optically active silicon-stereogenic monohydrosilanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyou Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiefeng Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jie Ke
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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9
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Synthesis of poly(silyl ether)s via copper-catalyzed dehydrocoupling polymerization. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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10
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Chen S, Zhu J, Ke J, Li Y, He C. Enantioselective Intermolecular C−H Silylation of Heteroarenes for the Synthesis of Acyclic Si‐Stereogenic Silanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyou Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jiefeng Zhu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Jie Ke
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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11
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Fouilloux H, Rager M, Ríos P, Conejero S, Thomas CM. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Poly(silylether)s: Access to Degradable Polymers from Renewable Resources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Marie‐Noelle Rager
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Departamento de Química Inorgánica Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINCA) CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Salvador Conejero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ) Departamento de Química Inorgánica Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINCA) CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla Avda. Américo Vespucio 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Christophe M. Thomas
- PSL University Chimie ParisTech CNRS Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris Paris 75005 France
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12
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Fouilloux H, Rager MN, Ríos P, Conejero S, Thomas CM. Highly Efficient Synthesis of Poly(silylether)s: Access to Degradable Polymers from Renewable Resources. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113443. [PMID: 34902211 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The design of new materials with tunable properties and intrinsic recyclability, derived from biomass under mild conditions, stands as a gold standard in polymer chemistry. Reported herein are platinum complexes which catalyze the formation of poly(silylether)s (PSEs) at low catalyst loadings. These polymers are directly obtained from dual-functional biobased building blocks such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) or vanillin, coupled with various dihydrosilanes. Access to different types of copolymer architectures (statistical or alternating) is highlighted by several synthetic strategies. The materials obtained were then characterized as low Tg materials (ranging from -60 to 29 °C), stable upon heating (T-5% up to 301 °C) and resistant towards uncatalyzed methanolysis. Additionally, quantitative chemical recycling of several PSEs could be triggered by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or methanolysis. These results emphasize the interest of biobased poly(silylether)s as sustainable materials with high recycling potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Fouilloux
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Marie-Noelle Rager
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Pablo Ríos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINCA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Salvador Conejero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINCA), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Christophe M Thomas
- PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, Paris, 75005, France
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13
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Zhai X, Wang X, Wu B, Zhou Y. Copper‐Catalyzed
Si—H Bond Insertion Polymerization for Synthesis of Optically Active Polyesters Containing Silicon. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Yong Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023 China
| | - Xiao‐Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023 China
| | - Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023 China
| | - Yong‐Gui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian Liaoning 116023 China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200032 China
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14
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Ratushnyy M, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Polymer Skeletal Editing via Anionic Brook Rearrangements. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17931-17936. [PMID: 34677972 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This report communicates the first example of polymer backbone metamorphosis affected by anionic 1,2-Brook rearrangement of acyl silane moieties. Introduction of the acyl silane functionality into a polymer backbone was achieved via acyclic diene metathesis copolymerization (ADMET) of diene 1 and two dienes. We demonstrate that, using organolithium species and cyanide as nucleophiles, the backbones of resulting copolymers can be triggered to undergo highly efficient 1,2-Brook rearrangement, which transforms the poly(acyl silane)s into poly(silyl ether)s. Furthermore, the carbanion intermediate of the 1,2-Brook rearrangement can be intercepted by ketone electrophiles to give rise to polymers with quaternary stereogenic centers in the backbone and pendant functionality. Such structural editing of polymer backbones enables a new retrosynthetic paradigm for silicon-containing polymers that could not be accessed by traditional means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Ratushnyy
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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15
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Larson GL, Liberatore RJ. Organosilanes in Metal-Catalyzed, Enantioselective Reductions. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L. Larson
- Vice President, Research and Development, emeritus, Gelest, Inc., Morrisville, Pennsylvania 19067, United States
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16
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Zhu J, Chen S, He C. Catalytic Enantioselective Dehydrogenative Si-O Coupling to Access Chiroptical Silicon-Stereogenic Siloxanes and Alkoxysilanes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5301-5307. [PMID: 33792300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A rhodium-catalyzed enantioselective construction of triorgano-substituted silicon-stereogenic siloxanes and alkoxysilanes is developed. This process undergoes a direct intermolecular dehydrogenative Si-O coupling between dihydrosilanes with silanols or alocohols, giving access to a variety of highly functionalized chiral siloxanes and alkoxysilanes in decent yields with excellent stereocontrol, that significantly expand the chemical space of the silicon-centered chiral molecules. Further utility of this process was illustrated by the construction of CPL-active (circularly polarized luminescence) silicon-stereogenic alkoxysilane small organic molecules. Optically pure bis-alkoxysilane containing two silicon-stereogenic centers and three pyrene groups displayed a remarkable glum value with a high fluorescence quantum efficiency (glum = 0.011, ΦF = 0.55), which could have great potential application prospects in chiral organic optoelectronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, China.,Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shuyou Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan He
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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