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Stewart KA, Lessard JJ, Cantor AJ, Rynk JF, Bailey LS, Sumerlin BS. High-performance polyimine vitrimers from an aromatic bio-based scaffold. RSC APPLIED POLYMERS 2023; 1:10-18. [PMID: 38013907 PMCID: PMC10540462 DOI: 10.1039/d3lp00019b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Bio-based vitrimers represent a promising class of thermosetting polymer materials, pairing the recyclability of dynamic covalent networks with the renewability of non-fossil fuel feedstocks. Vanillin, a low-cost lignin derivative, enables facile construction of polyimine networks marked by rapid exchange and sensitivity to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Furthermore, the aromatic structure makes it a promising candidate for the design of highly aromatic networks capable of high-performance thermal and dimensional stability. Such properties are paramount in polymeric thermal protection systems. Here, we report on the fabrication of polyimine networks with particularly high aromatic content from a novel trifunctional vanillin monomer prepared from the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of perfluoropyridine (PFP) on a multi-gram scale (>20 g) in high yield (86%). The trifunctional aromatic scaffold was then crosslinked with various diamines to demonstrate tunable viscoelastic behavior and thermal properties, with glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 9 to 147 °C, degradation temperatures (5% mass loss) up to approximately 370 °C, and excellent char yields up to 68% at 650 °C under nitrogen. Moreover, the vitrimers displayed mechanical reprocessability over five destruction/healing cycles and rapid chemical recyclability following acidic hydrolysis at mild temperatures. Our findings indicate that vitrimers possessing tunable properties and high-performance thermomechanical behavior can be easily constructed from vanillin and electrophilic aromatic scaffolds for applications in heat-shielding materials and ablative coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Stewart
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Jacob J Lessard
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Alexander J Cantor
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - John F Rynk
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Laura S Bailey
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Gainesville Florida 32611 USA
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Friesen CM, Kelley AR, Iacono ST. Shaken Not Stirred: Perfluoropyridine-Polyalkylether Prepolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chadron M. Friesen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, British Columbia V2Y 1Y1, Canada
| | - Andrea R. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States of America
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840, United States of America
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Gautam R, Geniza I, Iacono ST, Friesen CM, Jennings AR. Perfluoropyridine: Discovery, Chemistry, and Applications in Polymers and Material Science. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051616. [PMID: 35268717 PMCID: PMC8911800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluoropyridine (PFPy) is an organofluorine compound that has been employed for a variety of applications, from straightforward chemical synthesis to more advanced functions, such as fluorinated networks and polymers. This can be directly attributed to the highly reactive nature of PFPy, especially towards nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). The aim of this review is to highlight the discovery and synthesis of PFPy, discuss its reactive nature towards SNAr, and to summarize known reports of the utilization and thermal analysis of PFPy containing fluoropolymers and fluorinated network materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Gautam
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA; (R.G.); (I.G.); (S.T.I.)
| | - Ian Geniza
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA; (R.G.); (I.G.); (S.T.I.)
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA; (R.G.); (I.G.); (S.T.I.)
| | - Chadron M. Friesen
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity Western University, 22500 University Drive, Langley, BC V2Y 1Y1, Canada;
| | - Abby R. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, CO 80840, USA; (R.G.); (I.G.); (S.T.I.)
- Correspondence:
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Houck MB, Fuhrer TJ, Phelps CR, Brown LC, Iacono ST. Toward Taming the Chemical Reversibility of Perfluoropyridine through Molecular Design with Applications to Pre- and Postmodifiable Polymer Architectures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Houck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6200, United States
| | - Timothy J. Fuhrer
- Department of Chemistry, Radford University, Radford, Virginia 24142, United States
| | - Cole R. Phelps
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6200, United States
| | - Loren C. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6200, United States
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80840-6200, United States
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Stewart KA, Shuster D, Leising M, Coolidge I, Lee E, Stevens C, Peloquin AJ, Kure D, Jennings AR, Iacono ST. Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Properties of Fluoropyridyl-Functionalized Siloxanes of Diverse Polymeric Architectures. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A. Stewart
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Dylan Shuster
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Maria Leising
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Isaac Coolidge
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Erica Lee
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Charles Stevens
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Andrew J. Peloquin
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Daniel Kure
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Abby R. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
| | - Scott T. Iacono
- Department of Chemistry & Chemistry Research Center, Laboratories for Advanced Materials, United States Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs 80840-6226, Colorado, United States
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Eismeier S, Peloquin AJ, Stewart KA, Corley CA, Iacono ST. Pyridine-functionalized linear and network step-growth fluoropolymers. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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