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Bahng HW, Ertl CD, Yuan J, Wolf MO. Light-Controlled Switching of Perylene Bisimide Assemblies. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:10369-10377. [PMID: 37948746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-driven changes in supramolecular interactions in perylene bisimides (PBIs) with pendant sulfur-containing functional groups at the bay position are demonstrated. In the ground state, a noncovalent S···X interaction between the σ-hole on sulfur and a heteroatom, X (X = O, N, S), of a neighboring molecule is the main driving force for intermolecular interactions, while in the excited state it is the π-π interaction between PBI scaffolds which drives assembly. The presence of heteroatoms in the solvent results in acceleration of the π-stacking process via the formation of a PBI-solvent complex. The excited-state dynamics involved in the assembly process were revealed via time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopies, while steady-state spectroscopy was used to evaluate the structure of the supramolecular assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Won Bahng
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cathrin D Ertl
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jennifer Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Michael O Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
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2
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Rezaie F, Noorizadeh S. Theoretical investigation of tube-like supramolecular structures formed through bifurcated lithium bonds. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15260. [PMID: 37709798 PMCID: PMC10502010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The stability of three supramolecular naostructures, which are formed through the aggregation of identical belts of [12] arene containing p-nitrophenyllithium, 1,4-dilithiatedbenzene and 1,4-dinitrobenzene units, is investigated by density functional theory. The electrostatic potential calculations indicate the ability of these belts in forming bifurcated lithium bonds (BLBs) between the Li atoms of one belt and the oxygen atoms of the NO2 groups in the other belt, which is also confirmed by deformation density maps and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis. Topological analysis and natural bond analysis (NBO) imply to ionic character for these BLBs with binding energies up to approximately - 60 kcal mol-1. The many-body interaction energy analysis shows the strong cooperativity belongs to the configuration with the highest symmetry (C4v) containing p-nitrophenyllithium fragments as the building unit. Therefore, it seems that this configuration could be a good candidate for designing a BLB-based supramolecular nanotube with infinite size in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Rezaie
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Siamak Noorizadeh
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
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3
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Hu Z, Wang G, Zhang R, Wang L, Wang J, Hu J, Reheman A. Construction of poly(amino acid)s nano-delivery system and sustained release with redox-responsive. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 224:113232. [PMID: 36868182 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel poly(amino acid)s materials were designed to prepare drug-loaded nanoparticles by physical encapsulation and chemical bonding. The side chain of the polymer contains a large number of amino groups, which effectively increases the loading rate of doxorubicin (DOX). The structure contains disulfide bonds that showing a strong response to the redox environment, which can achieve targeted drug release in the tumor microenvironment. Nanoparticles mainly present spherical morphology with the suitable size for participating in systemic circulation. cell experiments demonstrate the non-toxicity and good cellular uptake behavior of polymers. In vivo anti-tumor experiments shows nanoparticles could inhibit tumor growth and effectively reduce the side effects of DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Gongshu Wang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China; Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China
| | - Jianshe Hu
- Center for Molecular Science and Engineering, College of Science, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - Aikebaier Reheman
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Toxicology, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China; Fujian Province University Engineering Research Center of Mindong She Medicine, Medical College, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, Fujian 352100, PR China.
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4
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Pale P, Mamane V. Chalcogen Bonds: How to Characterize Them in Solution? Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200481. [PMID: 36205925 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chalcogen bonds (ChBs) occur between molecules containing Lewis acidic chalcogen substituents and Lewis bases. Recently, ChB emerged as a pivotal interaction in solution-based applications such as anion recognition, anion transport and catalysis. However, before moving to applications, the involvement of ChB must be established in solution. In this Concept article, we provide a brief review of the currently available experimental investigations of ChB in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Pale
- UMR 7177, LASYROC, CNRS and Strasbourg University, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Victor Mamane
- UMR 7177, LASYROC, CNRS and Strasbourg University, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000, Strasbourg, France
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5
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Sun H, Leng Y, Zhou X, Li X, Wang T. Regulation of the nanostructures self-assembled from an amphiphilic azobenzene homopolymer: influence of initial concentration and solvent solubility parameter. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:743-748. [PMID: 36621933 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The control over the morphology and nanostructure of soft nanomaterials self-assembled from amphiphilic polymers is of high interest, but is still challenging. Herein, we manipulate the morphology of bowl-shaped nanoparticles by changing initial polymer concentrations, and prepare nanotubes and nanowires, both twisted and not, by using solvents with different solubility parameters. An amphiphilic azobenzene homopolymer (poly(4-(phenyldiazenyl)phenyl methacrylamide), PAzoMAA) is designed and synthesized via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, which can self-assemble into bowl-shaped nanoparticles promoted by the synergy of hydrogen bonding and π-π interaction. More significantly, the opening size of the bowl-shaped nanoparticles can be controlled by changing initial polymer concentrations. Nanotubes and nanowires, both twisted and not, are also obtained using a solvothermal method in alcohols. The relationship between the structure of the nanomaterials and the solubility parameters of the alcohols is investigated, revealing the molecular arrangement patterns of PAzoMAA in different nanostructures. Overall, we propose a facile strategy to manipulate the microstructure of bowl-shaped nanoparticles and one-dimensional nanomaterials by adjusting initial polymer concentration and solvent solubility parameters. Our study may bring new avenues for controlling the nanostructures of soft nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Ying Leng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of High-Efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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6
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Hybrid chalcogen bonds in prodrug nanoassemblies provides dual redox-responsivity in the tumor microenvironment. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7228. [PMID: 36434014 PMCID: PMC9700694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35033-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur bonds, especially trisulfide bond, have been found to ameliorate the self-assembly stability of homodimeric prodrug nanoassemblies and could trigger the sensitive reduction-responsive release of active drugs. However, the antitumor efficacy of homodimeric prodrug nanoassemblies with single reduction-responsivity may be restricted due to the heterogeneous tumor redox microenvironment. Herein, we replace the middle sulfur atom of trisulfide bond with an oxidizing tellurium atom or selenium atom to construct redox dual-responsive sulfur-tellurium-sulfur and sulfur-selenium-sulfur hybrid chalcogen bonds. The hybrid chalcogen bonds, especially the sulfur-tellurium-sulfur bond, exhibit ultrahigh dual-responsivity to both oxidation and reduction conditions, which could effectively address the heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. Moreover, the hybrid sulfur-tellurium-sulfur bond promotes the self-assembly of homodimeric prodrugs by providing strong intermolecular forces and sufficient steric hindrance. The above advantages of sulfur-tellurium-sulfur bridged homodimeric prodrug nanoassemblies result in the improved antitumor efficacy of docetaxel with satisfactory safety. The exploration of hybrid chalcogen bonds in drug delivery deepened insight into the development of prodrug-based chemotherapy to address tumor redox heterogeneity, thus enriching the design theory of prodrug-based nanomedicines.
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7
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Zhang S, Li S, Liu J, Kan L, Rong F, He L, Zhang Z. Multiple active cobalt species embedded in microporous nitrogen-doped carbon network for the selective production of hydrogen peroxide. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 631:101-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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8
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Ibrahim MAA, Shehata MNI, Rady ASSM, Abuelliel HAA, Abd Elhafez HSM, Shawky AM, Oraby HF, Hasanin THA, Soliman MES, Moussa NAM. Effects of Lewis Basicity and Acidity on σ-Hole Interactions in Carbon-Bearing Complexes: A Comparative Ab Initio Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13023. [PMID: 36361812 PMCID: PMC9658749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of Lewis basicity and acidity on σ-hole interactions were investigated using two sets of carbon-containing complexes. In Set I, the effect of Lewis basicity was studied by substituting the X3/X atom(s) of the NC-C6H2-X3 and NCX Lewis bases (LB) with F, Cl, Br, or I. In Set II, the W-C-F3 and F-C-X3 (where X and W = F, Cl, Br, and I) molecules were utilized as Lewis acid (LA) centers. Concerning the Lewis basicity effect, higher negative interaction energies (Eint) were observed for the F-C-F3∙∙∙NC-C6H2-X3 complexes compared with the F-C-F3∙∙∙NCX analogs. Moreover, significant Eint was recorded for Set I complexes, along with decreasing the electron-withdrawing power of the X3/X atom(s). Among Set I complexes, the highest negative Eint was ascribed to the F-C-F3∙∙∙NC-C6H2-I3 complex with a value of -1.23 kcal/mol. For Set II complexes, Eint values of F-C-X3 bearing complexes were noted within the -1.05 to -2.08 kcal/mol scope, while they ranged from -0.82 to -1.20 kcal/mol for the W-C-F3 analogs. However, Vs,max quantities exhibited higher values in the case of W-C-F3 molecules compared with F-C-X3; preferable negative Eint were ascribed to the F-C-X3 bearing complexes. These findings were delineated as a consequence of the promoted contributions of the X3 substituents. Dispersion forces (Edisp) were identified as the dominant forces for these interactions. The obtained results provide a foundation for fields such as crystal engineering and supramolecular chemistry studies that focus on understanding the characteristics of carbon-bearing complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mohammed N. I. Shehata
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Al-shimaa S. M. Rady
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Hassan A. A. Abuelliel
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Heba S. M. Abd Elhafez
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham Farouk Oraby
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tamer H. A. Hasanin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka P.O. Box 2014, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Bio-Computation and Drug Design Research Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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9
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Hein R, Beer PD. Halogen bonding and chalcogen bonding mediated sensing. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7098-7125. [PMID: 35799814 PMCID: PMC9214886 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01800d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sigma-hole interactions, in particular halogen bonding (XB) and chalcogen bonding (ChB), have become indispensable tools in supramolecular chemistry, with wide-ranging applications in crystal engineering, catalysis and materials chemistry as well as anion recognition, transport and sensing. The latter has very rapidly developed in recent years and is becoming a mature research area in its own right. This can be attributed to the numerous advantages sigma-hole interactions imbue in sensor design, in particular high degrees of selectivity, sensitivity and the capability for sensing in aqueous media. Herein, we provide the first detailed overview of all developments in the field of XB and ChB mediated sensing, in particular the detection of anions but also neutral (gaseous) Lewis bases. This includes a wide range of optical colorimetric and luminescent sensors as well as an array of electrochemical sensors, most notably redox-active host systems. In addition, we discuss a range of other sensor designs, including capacitive sensors and chemiresistors, and provide a detailed overview and outlook for future fundamental developments in the field. Importantly the sensing concepts and methodologies described herein for the XB and ChB mediated sensing of anions, are generically applicable for the development of supramolecular receptors and sensors in general, including those for cations and neutral molecules employing a wide array of non-covalent interactions. As such we believe this review to be a useful guide to both the supramolecular and general chemistry community with interests in the fields of host-guest recognition and small molecule sensing. Moreover, we also highlight the need for a broader integration of supramolecular chemistry, analytical chemistry, synthetic chemistry and materials science in the development of the next generation of potent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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10
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Gong Z, Wang Y, Yan Q. Polymeric partners breathe together: using gas to direct polymer self-assembly via gas-bridging chemistry. Sci China Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-022-1266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Hein R, Docker A, Davis JJ, Beer PD. Redox-Switchable Chalcogen Bonding for Anion Recognition and Sensing. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8827-8836. [PMID: 35522996 PMCID: PMC9121379 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the success of its related sigma-hole congener halogen bonding (XB), chalcogen bonding (ChB) is emerging as a powerful noncovalent interaction with a plethora of applications in supramolecular chemistry and beyond. Despite its increasing importance, the judicious modulation of ChB donor strength remains a formidable challenge. Herein, we present, for the first time, the reversible and large-scale modulation of ChB potency by electrochemical redox control. This is exemplified by both the switching-ON of anion recognition via ChB oxidative activation of a novel bis(ferrocenyltellurotriazole) anion host and switching-OFF reductive ChB deactivation of anion binding potency with a telluroviologen receptor. The direct linking of the redox-active center and ChB receptor donor sites enables strong coupling, which is reflected by up to a remarkable 3 orders of magnitude modulation of anion binding strength. This is demonstrated through large voltammetric perturbations of the respective receptor ferrocene and viologen redox couples, enabling, for the first time, ChB-mediated electrochemical anion sensing. The sensors not only display significant anion-binding-induced electrochemical responses in competitive aqueous-organic solvent systems but can compete with, or even outperform similar, highly potent XB and HB sensors. These observations serve to highlight a unique (redox) tunability of ChB and pave the way for further exploration of the reversible (redox) modulation of ChB in a wide range of applications, including anion sensors as well as molecular switches and machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Andrew Docker
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
| | - Paul D Beer
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
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12
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Jin W, Chen Z, Yang S, Qu Y, Pei Y, Pei Z. A disulfide-induced supra-amphiphilic co-assembly for glycosylated pro-drug-photosensitizer nanoparticles in combination therapies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12584-12587. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04777b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We reported an intermolecular chalcogen bonding interaction (S⋯S contacts) induced supra-amphiphilic co-assembly strategy to construct glycosylated pro-drug-photosensitizer nanoparticles (BG-L NPs) in combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Jin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zelong Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Senyu Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yun Qu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
| | - Zhichao Pei
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, P. R. China
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13
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Sun H, Du J. Intramolecular Cyclization-Induced Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of an Amorphous Poly(amic acid). Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
- State Key Laboratory of High-efficiency Coal Utilization and Green Chemical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Jianzhong Du
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
- Department of Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 4800 Caoan Road, Shanghai 201804, China
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