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Johnson JD, Kaplan SW, Toth J, Wang Z, Maw M, Sheiko SS, Zhukhovitskiy AV. Carbodiimide Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2023; 9:1104-1110. [PMID: 37396860 PMCID: PMC10311665 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlled incorporation of nitrogen into macromolecular skeletons is a long-standing challenge whose resolution would enable the preparation of soft materials with the scalability of man-made plastics and functionality of Nature's proteins. Nylons and polyurethanes notwithstanding, nitrogen-rich polymer backbones remain scarce, and their synthesis typically lacks precision. Here we report a strategy that begins to address this limitation founded on a mechanistic discovery: ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of carbodiimides followed by carbodiimide derivatization. An iridium guanidinate complex was found to initiate and catalyze ROMP of N-aryl and N-alkyl cyclic carbodiimides. Nucleophilic addition to the resulting polycarbodiimides enabled the preparation of polyureas, polythioureas, and polyguanidinates with varied architectures. This work advances the foundations of metathesis chemistry and opens the door to systematic investigations of structure-folding-property relationships in nitrogen-rich macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Drake Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Samuel W. Kaplan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jozsef Toth
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zian Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mitchell Maw
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Sergei S. Sheiko
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Aleksandr V. Zhukhovitskiy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill; Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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2
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Wu B, Ding QJ, Wang ZL, Zhu R. Alkyne Polymers from Stable Butatriene Homologues: Controlled Radical Polymerization of Vinylidenecyclopropanes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:2045-2051. [PMID: 36688814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Controlled polymerization of cumulenic monomers represents a promising yet underdeveloped strategy toward well-defined alkyne polymers. Here we report a stereoelectronic effect-inspired approach using simple vinylidenecyclopropanes (VDCPs) as butatriene homologues in controlled radical ring-opening polymerizations. While being thermally stable, VDCPs mimic butatrienes via conjugation of the cyclopropane ring. This leads to exclusive terminal-selective propagation that affords a highly structurally regular alkyne-based backbone, featuring complete ring-opening and no backbiting regardless of polymerization conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qian-Jun Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng-Lin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Rong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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3
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Galan NJ, Brantley JN. Precision Synthesis of Tunable Polyallenamers from “Masked” Precursors. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Galan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Johnathan N. Brantley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, 1416 Circle Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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4
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Kim M, Kim H, Kim S, Hong S, Lee E. Syntheses and Applications of Indol-2-ylidene-Ligated Ruthenium-Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minseop Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukwon Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology. Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yu L, Zhou Q, Gao Y, Fu Z, Xiao Y, Li Z, Wang J. Synthesis of Polyallenoates through Copper-Mediated Cross-Coupling of Dialkynes and Bis-α-Diazoesters. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3909-3912. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The copper-catalyzed cross-coupling of alkynes and α-diazoesters have been applied in the synthesis of polyallenoates for the first time. The polymerization tolerated various functional groups and afforded the polyallenoates with...
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Gonsales SA, Mueller ZC, Zhao F, Paioti PHS, Karmazin L, Wan J, Liu F, Houk KN, Hoveyda AH. Cross-metathesis of Allenes. Mechanistic Analysis and Identification of a Ru-CAAC as the Most Effective Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20640-20644. [PMID: 34846867 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first examples of cross-metathesis between two different allenes is disclosed. First- and second-generation Ru complexes were found to be ineffective, at most affording only oligomeric products. The exception was a first-generation complex bearing a bidentate phenyl isopropoxy ligand (i.e., PCy3 is not released upon initiation), reactions with which afforded a 1,3-disubstituted allenyl boronate in 22% yield. On the basis of mechanistic studies designed to gain deeper understanding of the reasons for the ineffectiveness of different Ru catalysts, it was discovered that phosphine-free Ru-CAAC complexes have the steric and electronic attributes to be highly effective. The results of these investigations pave the way for development of additional olefin metathesis reactions that generate allenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella A Gonsales
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Zoé C Mueller
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Fengyue Zhao
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Paulo H S Paioti
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jing Wan
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - K N Houk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Amir H Hoveyda
- Supramolecular Science and Engineering Institute, University of Strasbourg, CNRS, 67000 Strasbourg, France.,Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonhui Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W. Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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