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Zhao L, Wu Z, Qin H, Bin G, Gao J, Zeng W, Zhao Y, Chen H. Ambipolar conjugated ladder polymers by room-temperature Knoevenagel polymerization. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11594-11603. [PMID: 39055013 PMCID: PMC11268504 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03222e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Two soluble conjugated ladder polymers (cLPs), decorated with multiple electron-poor species (i.e., cyano groups, fused pentagons, and N-heterocyclic rings), have been synthesized from the newly developed tetraketo-functionalized double aza[5]helicene building blocks using a single-step Knoevenagel polycondensation strategy. This facile approach features mild conditions (e.g., room temperature) and high efficiency, allowing us to quickly access a nonalternant ladder-like conjugated system with the in situ formation of multicyano substituents in the backbone. Analysis by 1H NMR, FT-Raman, and FT-IR spectra confirms the successful synthesis of the resulting cLPs. The combination of theoretical calculations and experimental characterizations reveals that the slightly contorted geometry coupled with a random assignment of trans- and cis-isomeric repeating units in each main chain contributes to improving the solubility of such rigid, multicyano nanoribbon systems. Apart from outstanding thermal stability, the resulting cLPs exhibit attractive red fluorescence, excellent redox properties, and strong π-π interactions coupled with orderly face-on packing in their thin-film states. They are proven to be the first example of ambipolar cLPs that show satisfactory hole and electron mobilities of up to 0.01 and 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. As we demonstrate, the Knoevenagel polycondensation chemistries open a new window to create complex and unique ladder-like nanoribbon systems under mild reaction conditions that are otherwise challenging to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Zeng Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Hanwen Qin
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Guangxiong Bin
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Junxiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
| | - Weixuan Zeng
- Zhangjiang Laboratory Shanghai 201210 P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 P. R. China
| | - Huajie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Chemistry and Applications of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry, Xiangtan University Xiangtan 411105 P. R. China
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Wu HY, Huang JD, Jeong SY, Liu T, Wu Z, van der Pol T, Wang Q, Stoeckel MA, Li Q, Fahlman M, Tu D, Woo HY, Yang CY, Fabiano S. Stable organic electrochemical neurons based on p-type and n-type ladder polymers. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4213-4223. [PMID: 37477499 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00858d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) are a rapidly advancing technology that plays a crucial role in the development of next-generation bioelectronic devices. Recent advances in p-type/n-type organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have enabled power-efficient complementary OECT technologies for various applications, such as chemical/biological sensing, large-scale logic gates, and neuromorphic computing. However, ensuring long-term operational stability remains a significant challenge that hinders their widespread adoption. While p-type OMIECs are generally more stable than n-type OMIECs, they still face limitations, especially during prolonged operations. Here, we demonstrate that simple methylation of the pyrrole-benzothiazine-based (PBBT) ladder polymer backbone results in stable and high-performance p-type OECTs. The methylated PBBT (PBBT-Me) exhibits a 25-fold increase in OECT mobility and an impressive 36-fold increase in μC* (mobility × volumetric capacitance) compared to the non-methylated PBBT-H polymer. Combining the newly developed PBBT-Me with the ladder n-type poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL), we developed complementary inverters with a record-high DC gain of 194 V V-1 and excellent stability. These state-of-the-art complementary inverters were used to demonstrate leaky integrate-and-fire type organic electrochemical neurons (LIF-OECNs) capable of biologically relevant firing frequencies of about 2 Hz and of operating continuously for up to 6.5 h. This achievement represents a significant improvement over previous results and holds great potential for developing stable bioelectronic circuits capable of in-sensor computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yan Wu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Jun-Da Huang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Tiefeng Liu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Tom van der Pol
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Marc-Antoine Stoeckel
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Qifan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Mats Fahlman
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Deyu Tu
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yuan Yang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174 Norrköping, Sweden.
- n-Ink AB, Bredgatan 33, SE-60221 Norrköping, Sweden
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Zhu X, Liu F, Ba X, Wu Y. Tandem Suzuki Polymerization/Heck Cyclization Reaction to Form Ladder-Type 9,9'-Bifluorenylidene-Based Conjugated Polymer. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3360. [PMID: 37631417 PMCID: PMC10458247 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ladder-type 9,9'-bifluorenylidene-based conjugated polymer is reported. Unlike the typical synthetic strategy, the new designed ladder-type conjugated polymer is achieved via tandem Suzuki polymerization/Heck cyclization reaction in one-pot. In the preparation process, Suzuki polymerization reaction occurred first and then the intramolecular Heck cyclization followed smoothly under the same catalyst Pd(PPh3)4. The model reaction proved that the introduction of iodine (I) for this tandem reaction can effectively control the sequential bond-forming process and inhibit the additional competitive side reactions. Thus, small-molecule model compounds could be obtained in high yields. The successes of the synthesized small molecule and polymer compounds indicate that the Pd-catalyzed tandem reaction may be an effective strategy for improving extended π-conjugated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; (X.Z.); (X.B.)
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Wu X, Tam TLD, Chen S, Salim T, Zhao X, Zhou Z, Lin M, Xu J, Loo YL, Leong WL. All-Polymer Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Balanced Ionic and Electronic Transport. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206118. [PMID: 36008368 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of organic electrochemical transistor (OECTs)-based circuits brings new opportunities for next-generation integrated bioelectronics. The all-polymer bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) offers an attractive, inexpensive alternative to achieve efficient ambipolar OECTs, and building blocks of logic circuits constructed from them, but have not been investigated to date. Here, the first all-polymer BHJ-based OECTs are reported, consisting of a blend of new p-type ladder conjugated polymer and a state-of-the-art n-type ladder polymer. The whole ladder-type polymer BHJ also proves that side chains are not necessary for good ion transport. Instead, the polymer nanostructures play a critical role in the ion penetration and transportation and thus in the device performance. It also provides a facile strategy and simplifies the fabrication process, forgoing the need to pattern multiple active layers. In addition, the development of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-like OECTs allows the pursuit of advanced functional logic circuitry, including inverters and NAND gates, as well as for amplifying electrophysiology signals. This work opens a new approach to the design of new materials for OECTs and will contribute to the development of organic heterojunctions for ambipolar OECTs toward high-performing logic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihu Wu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
| | - Shuai Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Teddy Salim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoming Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore, 627833, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Yueh-Lin Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Wei Lin Leong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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He Q, Dexter Tam TL, Lin T, Chien SW, Lin M, Meng H, Huang W, Xu J. π-Extended Poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione) Ladder-type Conjugated Polymer. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1136-1141. [PMID: 36048135 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since the 1960s, poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenathrolinedione) (BBL) has been the only n-type ladder-type conjugated polymer (LCP) that is utilized in thin film electronic devices. Its high electrochemical and thermal stabilities make it a promising candidate for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and thermoelectrics (OTEs) applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new π-extended poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione) (BAL). The tetrachlorinated BAL (Cl4-BAL) is fully soluble in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and can be spin-coated into good quality thin films, enabling the fabrication and characterization of OTEs. Doping of Cl4-BAL films using our in-house benzyl viologen radical cation (BV●+) n-dopant shows better electrical air-stability as compared to BBL due to its very low LUMO value (-4.83 eV), making it a promising material toward air-stable n-doped conducting polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang He
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Teck Lip Dexter Tam
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore
| | - Tingting Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Sheau Wei Chien
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ming Lin
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Hong Meng
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072 P. R. China.,School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, 2199 Lishui Road, Shenzhen, 518055 P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemical, Engineering and Environment (ISCE2), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Singapore 627833, Singapore.,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore.,Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Zhu X, Liu F, Ba X, Wu Y. Synthesis of Ladder-Type 9,9'-Bifluorenylidene-Based Conjugated Oligomers via a Pd-Catalyzed Tandem Suzuki Coupling/Heck Cyclization Approach. Org Lett 2022; 24:5851-5854. [PMID: 35904327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
For new ladder-type oligomers and polymers with versatile and robust synthetic strategies, in this study, four fully conjugated ladder-type overcrowded 9,9'-bifluorenylidene-based compounds and oligomers (BFY1, BFY2, BFY3, and BFY4) were synthesized via a Pd-catalyzed tandem Suzuki coupling/Heck cyclization reaction. By monomer screening and route optimization, the target products were obtained in high yields and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Xinwu Ba
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Yonggang Wu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
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