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Li X, Liu S, Yin P, Chen K. Enhanced Immune Responses by Virus-Mimetic Polymeric Nanostructures Against Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 12:804416. [PMID: 35126367 PMCID: PMC8807518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.804416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermittent outbreaks of global pandemic disease have spurred new sensors and medicines development for the prevention of disease spread. This perspective specifically covers recent advances, challenges, and future directions in virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures and their application in biological medicines with a special emphasis on subunit vaccine development. With tailorable compositions and properties, polymers facilitate the ingenious design of various polymeric nanostructures. As one type of polymeric nanostructures, virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures have been developed as an attractive platform for enhanced immune responses, since they combine the merits of polymer nanocores with the biomimetic characteristic of virus which displays multivalent epitopes on their surfaces. This perspective also provides an applicative approach to rationally design virus-mimetic polymeric platforms based on nanostructures that are self-assembled by using polymers as templates and the antigens and metal oxide clusters loaded on their surface to mimic viruses in size and surface antigenicity. Sub-200 nm virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures are in a relatively lower level of endotoxins and can promote the antigens to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses against pathogenic bacteria. The promising development of virus-mimetic polymeric nanostructures will continue to protect human health from common pathogens and emerging infectious threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengqiu Liu
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kun Chen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Kimmel BR, Mrksich M. Development of an Enzyme-Inhibitor Reaction Using Cellular Retinoic Acid Binding Protein II for One-Pot Megamolecule Assembly. Chemistry 2021; 27:17843-17848. [PMID: 34713526 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an enzyme building block for the assembly of megamolecules. The system is based on the inhibition of the human-derived cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABP2) domain. We synthesized a synthetic retinoid bearing an arylfluorosulfate group, which uses sulfur fluoride exchange click chemistry to covalently inhibit CRABP2. We conjugated both the inhibitor and a fluorescein tag to an oligo(ethylene glycol) backbone and measured a second-order rate constant for the protein inhibition reaction of approximately 3,600 M-1 s-1 . We used this new enzyme-inhibitor pair to assemble multi-protein structures in one-pot reactions using three orthogonal assembly chemistries to demonstrate exact control over the placement of protein domains within a single, homogeneous molecule. This work enables a new dimension of control over specificity, orientation, and stoichiometry of protein domains within atomically precise nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaise R Kimmel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Abstract
Enzyme immobilization techniques are widely researched due to their wide range of applications. Polymer–protein core–shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) have emerged as a promising technique for enzyme/protein immobilization via a self-assembly process. Based on the desired application, different sizes and distribution of the polymer–protein CSNPs may be required. This work systematically studies the assembly process of poly(4-vinyl pyridine) and bovine serum albumin CSNPs. Average particle size was controlled by varying the concentrations of each reagent. Particle size and size distributions were monitored by dynamic light scattering, ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Results showed a wide range of CSNPs could be assembled ranging from an average radius as small as 52.3 nm, to particles above 1 µm by adjusting reagent concentrations. In situ X-ray scattering techniques monitored particle assembly as a function of time showing the initial particle growth followed by a decrease in particle size as they reach equilibrium. The results outline a general strategy that can be applied to other CSNP systems to better control particle size and distribution for various applications.
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Wibowo D, Jorritsma SHT, Gonzaga ZJ, Evert B, Chen S, Rehm BHA. Polymeric nanoparticle vaccines to combat emerging and pandemic threats. Biomaterials 2020; 268:120597. [PMID: 33360074 PMCID: PMC7834201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines are more advantageous than live attenuated vaccines in terms of safety and scale-up manufacture. However, this often comes as a trade-off to their efficacy. Over the years, polymeric nanoparticles have been developed to improve vaccine potency, by engineering their physicochemical properties to incorporate multiple immunological cues to mimic pathogenic microbes and viruses. This review covers recent advances in polymeric nanostructures developed toward particulate vaccines. It focuses on the impact of microbe mimicry (e.g. size, charge, hydrophobicity, and surface chemistry) on modulation of the nanoparticles’ delivery, trafficking, and targeting antigen-presenting cells to elicit potent humoral and cellular immune responses. This review also provides up-to-date progresses on rational designs of a wide variety of polymeric nanostructures that are loaded with antigens and immunostimulatory molecules, ranging from particles, micelles, nanogels, and polymersomes to advanced core-shell structures where polymeric particles are coated with lipids, cell membranes, or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wibowo
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
| | - Sytze H T Jorritsma
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Zennia Jean Gonzaga
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Benjamin Evert
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Shuxiong Chen
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Bernd H A Rehm
- Centre for Cell Factories and Biopolymers, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Abstract
Bioactive core–shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) offer the unique ability for protein/enzyme functionality in non-native environments. For many decades, researchers have sought to develop synthetic materials which mimic the efficiency and catalytic power of bioactive macromolecules such as enzymes and proteins. This research studies a self-assembly method in which functionalized, polymer-core/protein-shell nanoparticles are prepared in mild conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques were utilized to analyze the size and distribution of the CSNPs. The methods outlined in this research demonstrate a mild, green chemistry synthesis route for CSNPs which are highly tunable and allow for enzyme/protein functionality in non-native conditions.
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Kimmel BR, Modica JA, Parker K, Dravid V, Mrksich M. Solid-Phase Synthesis of Megamolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4534-4538. [PMID: 32105451 PMCID: PMC8672447 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a solid-phase strategy to efficiently assemble multiprotein scaffolds-known as megamolecules-without the need for protecting groups and with precisely defined nanoscale architectures. The megamolecules are assembled through sequential reactions of linkers that present irreversible inhibitors for enzymes and fusion proteins containing the enzyme domains. Here, a fusion protein containing an N-terminal cutinase and a C-terminal SnapTag domain react with an ethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphonate (pNPP) or a chloro-pyrimidine (CP) group, respectively, to give covalent products. By starting with resin beads that are functionalized with benzylguanine, a series of reactions lead to linear, branched, and dendritic structures that are released from the solid support by addition of TEV protease and that have sizes up to approximately 25 nm.
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Wang Z, Fantin M, Sobieski J, Wang Z, Yan J, Lee J, Liu T, Li S, Olszewski M, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K. Pushing the Limit: Synthesis of SiO2-g-PMMA/PS Particle Brushes via ATRP with Very Low Concentration of Functionalized SiO2–Br Nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhenhua Wang
- Xi’an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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Lu L, Zhang L, Yuan L, Zhu T, Chen W, Wang G, Wang Q. Artificial Cellulosome Complex from the Self-Assembly of Ni-NTA-Functionalized Polymeric Micelles and Cellulases. Chembiochem 2019; 20:1394-1399. [PMID: 30697892 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymer-protein core-shell nanoparticles have been explored for enzyme immobilization. This work reports on the development of functional polymeric micelles for immobilizing His6 -tagged cellulases with controlled spatial orientation of enzymes, resulting in "artificial cellulosomes" for effective cellulose hydrolysis. Poly(styrene)-b-poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) was prepared through one-pot reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization and modified with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) to afford an amphiphilic block copolymer. The self-assembled polymer was mixed with a solution of NiSO4 to form Ni-NTA-functionalized micelles, which could successfully capture His6 -tagged cellulases and form hierarchically structured core-shell nanoparticles with cellulases as the corona. Because the anchored enzymes are site-specifically oriented and in close proximity, synergistic catalysis that results in over twofold activity enhancement has been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Liang Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Tianyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Wilfred Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Guiren Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of South Carolina, 301 Main Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Lee C, Jeong J, Lee T, Zhang W, Xu L, Choi JE, Park JH, Song JK, Jang S, Eom CY, Shim K, Seong Soo AA, Kang YS, Kwak M, Jeon HJ, Go JS, Suh YD, Jin JO, Paik HJ. Virus-mimetic polymer nanoparticles displaying hemagglutinin as an adjuvant-free influenza vaccine. Biomaterials 2018; 183:234-242. [PMID: 30176403 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The generation of virus-mimetic nanoparticles has received much attention in developing a new vaccine for overcoming the limitations of current vaccines. Thus, a method, encompassing most viral features for their size, hydrophobic domain and antigen display, would represent a meaningful direction for the vaccine development. In the present study, a polymer-templated protein nanoball with direction oriented hemagglutinin1 on its surface (H1-NB) was prepared as a new influenza vaccine, exhibiting most of the viral features. Moreover, the concentrations of antigen on the particle surface were controlled, and its effect on immunogenicity was estimated by in vivo studies. Finally, H1-NB efficiently promoted H1-specific immune activation and cross-protective activities, which consequently prevented H1N1 infections in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeyeon Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Jeong
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeheon Lee
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Wei Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Li Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Ji Eun Choi
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Park
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Song
- Research Center for Bio-based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinae Jang
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Eom
- Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul, 02481, Republic of Korea
| | - KyuHwan Shim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sungnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - A An Seong Soo
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Sungnam, 461-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science & Technology (DBST), College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Jin Jeon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Sang Go
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Laboratory for Advanced Molecular Probing (LAMP), Research Center for Convergence Nanotechnology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, South Korea.
| | - Hyun-Jong Paik
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang L, Xu Y, Makris TM, Wang Q. Enhanced Arylamine N-Oxygenase Activity of Polymer–Enzyme Assemblies by Facilitating Electron-Transferring Efficiency. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:918-925. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Yanmei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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12
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Ju Y, Zhang Y, Zhao H. Fabrication of Polymer-Protein Hybrids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700737. [PMID: 29383794 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in organic chemistry and polymer chemistry promote the synthesis of polymer-protein hybrids with different structures and biofunctionalities. In this feature article, recent progress achieved in the synthesis of polymer-protein conjugates, protein-nanoparticle core-shell structures, and polymer-protein nanogels/hydrogels is briefly reviewed. The polymer-protein conjugates can be synthesized by the "grafting-to" or the "grafting-from" approach. In this article, different coupling reactions and polymerization methods used in the synthesis of bioconjugates are reviewed. Protein molecules can be immobilized on the surfaces of nanoparticles by covalent or noncovalent linkages. The specific interactions and chemical reactions employed in the synthesis of core-shell structures are discussed. Finally, a general introduction to the synthesis of environmentally responsive polymer-protein nanogels/hydrogels by chemical cross-linking reactions or molecular recognition is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ju
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Hanying Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China
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Li C, Zhang X, Chen Q, Zhang J, Li W, Hu H, Zhao X, Qiao M, Chen D. Synthetic Polymeric Mixed Micelles Targeting Lymph Nodes Trigger Enhanced Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:2874-2889. [PMID: 29285934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely accepted that lymph nodes (LNs) are critical targets of cancer vaccines because antigen presentation and initiation of T-cell-mediated immune responses occur primarily at these locations. In this study, amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-poly(d,l-lactide) (PEOz-PLA) combined with carboxylterminated-Pluronic F127 was used to construct mixed micelles [carboxylated-nanoparticles (NPs)] for codelivery of antigen ovalbumin (OVA) and Toll-like receptor-7 agonist CL264 (carboxylated-NPs/OVA/CL264) to the LN-resident dendritic cells (DCs). The results showed that the small, sub-60 nm size of the self-assembled mixed micelles enables them to rapidly penetrate into lymphatic vessels and reach draining lymph nodes after subcutaneous injection. Furthermore, the surface modification with carboxylic groups imparted the carboxylated-NPs with endocytic receptor-targeting ability, allowing for DC internalization of carboxylated-NPs/OVA/CL264 via the scavenger receptor-mediated pathway. Because stimulation of CL264 in early endosomes will lead to a more effective immune response than that in late endo/lysosomes, the mass ratio of PEOz-PLA to carboxylated-Pluronic F127 in the mixed micelles was adjusted to release the encapsulated CL264 to the early endosome, resulting in increased expression of costimulatory molecules and secretion of stimulated cytokines by DCs. Moreover, the incorporation of PEOz outside the micellar shell effectively augmented MHC I antigen presentation through facilitating endosome escape and cytosolic release of antigens. This in turn evoked potent immune responses in vivo, including activation of antigen-specific T-cell responses, production of antigen-specific IgG antibodies, and generation of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Finally, immunization with the codelivery system in E.G7-OVA tumor-bearing mice could not only significantly inhibit tumor growth but also markedly prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Taken together, carboxylated-NPs/OVA/CL264 have demonstrated great potential for clinical applications as an effective antitumor vaccine for further immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiaoxu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Jiulong Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Wenpan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Haiyang Hu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Mingxi Qiao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang 110016, PR China
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