1
|
Bai R, Zhang Z, Di W, Yang X, Zhao J, Ouyang H, Liu G, Zhang X, Cheng L, Cao Y, Yu W, Yan X. Oligo[2]catenane That Is Robust at Both the Microscopic and Macroscopic Scales. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:9011-9020. [PMID: 37052468 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Polycatenanes are extremely attractive topological architectures on account of their high degrees of conformational freedom and multiple motion patterns of the mechanically interlocked macrocycles. However, exploitation of these peculiar structural and dynamic characteristics to develop robust catenane materials is still a challenging goal. Herein, we synthesize an oligo[2]catenane that showcases mechanically robust properties at both the microscopic and macroscopic scales. The key feature of the structural design is controlling the force-bearing points on the metal-coordinated core of the [2]catenane moiety that is able to maximize the energy dissipation of the oligo[2]catenane via dissociation of metal-coordination bonds and then activation of sequential intramolecular motions of circumrotation, translation, and elongation under an external force. As such, at the microscopic level, the single-molecule force spectroscopy measurement exhibits that the force to rupture dynamic bonds in the oligo[2]catenane reaches a record high of 588 ± 233 pN. At the macroscopic level, our oligo[2]catenane manifests itself as the toughest catenane material ever reported (15.2 vs 2.43 MJ/m3). These fundamental findings not only deepen the understanding of the structure-property relationship of poly[2]catenanes with a full set of dynamic features but also provide a guiding principle to fabricate high-performance mechanically interlocked catenane materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Weishuai Di
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xue Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hao Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guoquan Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xinhai Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu G, Rauscher PM, Rawe BW, Tranquilli MM, Rowan SJ. Polycatenanes: synthesis, characterization, and physical understanding. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4928-4948. [PMID: 35611843 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00256f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical composition and architecture are two key factors that control the physical and material properties of polymers. Some of the more unusual and intriguing polymer architectures are the polycatenanes, which are a class of polymers that contain mechanically interlocked rings. Since the development of high yielding synthetic routes to catenanes, there has been an interest in accessing their polymeric counterparts, primarily on account of the unique conformations and degrees of freedom offered by non-bonded interlocked rings. This has lead to the synthesis of a wide variety of polycatenane architectures and to studies aimed at developing structure-property relationships of these interesting materials. In this review, we provide an overview of the field of polycatenanes, exploring synthesis, architecture, properties, simulation, and modelling, with a specific focus on some of the more recent developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guancen Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Phillip M Rauscher
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin W Rawe
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Stuart J Rowan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Chemical and Engineering Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Calatayud DG, Neophytou S, Nicodemou E, Giuffrida SG, Ge H, Pascu SI. Nano-Theranostics for the Sensing, Imaging and Therapy of Prostate Cancers. Front Chem 2022; 10:830133. [PMID: 35494646 PMCID: PMC9039169 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.830133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We highlight hereby recent developments in the emerging field of theranostics, which encompasses the combination of therapeutics and diagnostics in a single entity aimed for an early-stage diagnosis, image-guided therapy as well as evaluation of therapeutic outcomes of relevance to prostate cancer (PCa). Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies in men and a frequent cause of male cancer death. As such, this overview is concerned with recent developments in imaging and sensing of relevance to prostate cancer diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. A major advantage for the effective treatment of PCa is an early diagnosis that would provide information for an appropriate treatment. Several imaging techniques are being developed to diagnose and monitor different stages of cancer in general, and patient stratification is particularly relevant for PCa. Hybrid imaging techniques applicable for diagnosis combine complementary structural and morphological information to enhance resolution and sensitivity of imaging. The focus of this review is to sum up some of the most recent advances in the nanotechnological approaches to the sensing and treatment of prostate cancer (PCa). Targeted imaging using nanoparticles, radiotracers and biomarkers could result to a more specialised and personalised diagnosis and treatment of PCa. A myriad of reports has been published literature proposing methods to detect and treat PCa using nanoparticles but the number of techniques approved for clinical use is relatively small. Another facet of this report is on reviewing aspects of the role of functional nanoparticles in multimodality imaging therapy considering recent developments in simultaneous PET-MRI (Positron Emission Tomography-Magnetic Resonance Imaging) coupled with optical imaging in vitro and in vivo, whilst highlighting feasible case studies that hold promise for the next generation of dual modality medical imaging of PCa. It is envisaged that progress in the field of imaging and sensing domains, taken together, could benefit from the biomedical implementation of new synthetic platforms such as metal complexes and functional materials supported on organic molecular species, which can be conjugated to targeting biomolecules and encompass adaptable and versatile molecular architectures. Furthermore, we include hereby an overview of aspects of biosensing methods aimed to tackle PCa: prostate biomarkers such as Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) have been incorporated into synthetic platforms and explored in the context of sensing and imaging applications in preclinical investigations for the early detection of PCa. Finally, some of the societal concerns around nanotechnology being used for the detection of PCa are considered and addressed together with the concerns about the toxicity of nanoparticles–these were aspects of recent lively debates that currently hamper the clinical advancements of nano-theranostics. The publications survey conducted for this review includes, to the best of our knowledge, some of the most recent relevant literature examples from the state-of-the-art. Highlighting these advances would be of interest to the biomedical research community aiming to advance the application of theranostics particularly in PCa diagnosis and treatment, but also to those interested in the development of new probes and methodologies for the simultaneous imaging and therapy monitoring employed for PCa targeting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G. Calatayud
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Department of Electroceramics, Instituto de Ceramica y Vidrio - CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Sofia I. Pascu, ; David G. Calatayud,
| | - Sotia Neophytou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nicodemou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | - Haobo Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia I. Pascu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- Centre of Therapeutic Innovations, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Sofia I. Pascu, ; David G. Calatayud,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Au-Yeung HY, Deng Y. Distinctive features and challenges in catenane chemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3315-3334. [PMID: 35432874 PMCID: PMC8943846 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
From being an aesthetic molecular object to a building block for the construction of molecular machines, catenanes and related mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs) continue to attract immense interest in many research areas. Catenane chemistry is closely tied to that of rotaxanes and knots, and involves concepts like mechanical bonds, chemical topology and co-conformation that are unique to these molecules. Yet, because of their different topological structures and mechanical bond properties, there are some fundamental differences between the chemistry of catenanes and that of rotaxanes and knots although the boundary is sometimes blurred. Clearly distinguishing these differences, in aspects of bonding, structure, synthesis and properties, between catenanes and other MIMs is therefore of fundamental importance to understand their chemistry and explore the new opportunities from mechanical bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ho Yu Au-Yeung
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Yulin Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hong Kong P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Takashima R, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Synthetic Strategy for Mechanically Interlocked Cyclic Polymers via the Ring-Expansion Polymerization of Macrocycles with a Bis(hindered amino)disulfide Linker. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikito Takashima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
- JST-PRESTO, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Click chemistry strategies for the accelerated synthesis of functional macromolecules. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
7
|
Sharma AK, Malineni J, Box S, Ghiassinejad S, van Ruymbeke E, Fustin CA. Synthetic platform for mono-functionalised tridentate macrocycles as key precursors of mechanically-linked macromolecular systems. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00245g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycles bearing a variety of functional groups give access to a wide range of synthetic methods for further derivatisation or preparation of more complex structures such as mechanically interlocked molecules or polymeric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atul Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jagadeesh Malineni
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Simon Box
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Sina Ghiassinejad
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Evelyne van Ruymbeke
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Charles-André Fustin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter Division (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boominathan M, Kiruthika J, Arunachalam M. Construction of anion‐responsive crosslinked polypseudorotaxane based on molecular recognition of pillar[5]arene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muniyappan Boominathan
- Department of ChemistryThe Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Tamil Nadu India 624 302
| | - Jeyavelraman Kiruthika
- Department of ChemistryThe Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Tamil Nadu India 624 302
| | - Murugan Arunachalam
- Department of ChemistryThe Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to be University) Tamil Nadu India 624 302
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mena-Hernando S, Pérez EM. Mechanically interlocked materials. Rotaxanes and catenanes beyond the small molecule. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:5016-5032. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00888d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An overview of the progress in mechanically interlocked materials is presented. In particular, we focus on polycatenanes, polyrotaxanes, metal–organic rotaxane frameworks (MORFs), and mechanically interlocked derivatives of carbon nanotubes (MINTs).
Collapse
|
10
|
Dehkordi ME, Luxami V, Pantoş GD. High-Yielding Synthesis of Chiral Donor–Acceptor Catenanes. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11654-11660. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vijay Luxami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Calverton Down, Bath BA27AY, U.K
| | - G. Dan Pantoş
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Calverton Down, Bath BA27AY, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fantuzzi F, Coutinho CB, Oliveira RR, Nascimento MAC. Diboryne Nanostructures Stabilized by Multitopic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: A Computational Study. Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Caroline B. Coutinho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R. Oliveira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Quaglio D, Zappia G, De Paolis E, Balducci S, Botta B, Ghirga F. Olefin metathesis reaction as a locking tool for macrocycle and mechanomolecule construction. Org Chem Front 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8qo00728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review deals with an updated visit to the olefin metathesis reaction as a powerful tool for the construction of sophisticated macromolecular architectures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Quaglio
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Giovanni Zappia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomolecolari
- Università degli Studi di Urbino “Carlo Bo”
- 61029 Urbino
- Italy
| | - Elisa De Paolis
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza
| | - Silvia Balducci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Bruno Botta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie del Farmaco
- Sapienza Università di Roma
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Francesca Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 00161 Rome
- Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wu Q, Rauscher PM, Lang X, Wojtecki RJ, de Pablo JJ, Hore MJA, Rowan SJ. Poly[ n]catenanes: Synthesis of molecular interlocked chains. Science 2017; 358:1434-1439. [PMID: 29192134 DOI: 10.1126/science.aap7675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
As the macromolecular version of mechanically interlocked molecules, mechanically interlocked polymers are promising candidates for the creation of sophisticated molecular machines and smart soft materials. Poly[n]catenanes, where the molecular chains consist solely of interlocked macrocycles, contain one of the highest concentrations of topological bonds. We report, herein, a synthetic approach toward this distinctive polymer architecture in high yield (~75%) via efficient ring closing of rationally designed metallosupramolecular polymers. Light-scattering, mass spectrometric, and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of fractionated samples support assignment of the high-molar mass product (number-average molar mass ~21.4 kilograms per mole) to a mixture of linear poly[7-26]catenanes, branched poly[13-130]catenanes, and cyclic poly[4-7]catenanes. Increased hydrodynamic radius (in solution) and glass transition temperature (in bulk materials) were observed upon metallation with Zn2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Phillip M Rauscher
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Xiaolong Lang
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Rudy J Wojtecki
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Juan J de Pablo
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Materials Science Division and Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Michael J A Hore
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.,Materials Science Division and Institute for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pulst M, Schneemann C, Ruda P, Golitsyn Y, Grefe AK, Stühn B, Busse K, Reichert D, Kressler J. Chain Tilt and Crystallization of Ethylene Oxide Oligomers with Midchain Defects. ACS Macro Lett 2017; 6:1207-1211. [PMID: 35650796 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Many text books and publications do not focus on the necessity of chain tilting in crystalline lamellae of oligomers and polymers, a fundamental aspect of their crystallization already discussed by Flory. Herein we investigate the chain tilt of ethylene oxide oligomers (EOs) containing various midchain defects by WAXS, SAXS and solid state 13C MAS NMR spectroscopy. At low temperatures, one out of the two EO chains of EO9-meta-EO9 and EO11-TR-EO11 containing a 1,3-disubstituted benzene or a 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole defect in central position of the oligomer chain forms crystals and the other EO chain as well as the defect remain in the amorphous phase. The aromatic midchain defect of these two oligomers can be incorporated into the crystalline lamella upon heating below Tm. Then, the adjoining amorphous EO chain crosses from the lamellae to the amorphous regions at an angle ξ, which is preordained by the substitution pattern of the aromatic defect, revealing that the chain tilt angle ranges between 36° ≤ ϕ ≤ 60°.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pulst
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Schneemann
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Paweł Ruda
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yury Golitsyn
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Grefe
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bernd Stühn
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, D-64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Karsten Busse
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Detlef Reichert
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Kressler
- Faculty
of Natural Sciences II, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| |
Collapse
|