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Yang F, Feng X, Zhuo Z, Vallez L, Liu YS, McClary SA, Hahn NT, Glans PA, Zavadil KR, Guo J. Ca2+ Solvation and Electrochemical Solid/Electrolyte Interphase Formation Toward the Multivalent-Ion Batteries. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-022-07597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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2
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Hafner A, Gutfreund P, Toperverg BP, Geoghegan M, Sferrazza M. 2D reflectometry for the investigation of polymer interfaces: off-specular neutron scattering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:364002. [PMID: 34253693 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac0282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Specular and off-specular neutron reflectometry have been used in a combined approach to study thin polymer films. Our goal in this work is to illustrate the power of the off-specular scattering technique to probe the properties of the buried interface of immiscible polymer bilayers of deuterated polystyrene and protonated poly(methyl methacrylate) (h-PMMA). The diffuse scattering stemming from these systems is discussed in relation to thermal fluctuations at the polymer/polymer interface, providing a means to extract in-plane correlation lengths from buried interfaces. In addition the onset of hole formation in the top layer is evidenced by the diffuse scattering, not easily detectable by specular reflection alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljoša Hafner
- Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Département de Physique, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philipp Gutfreund
- Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
| | - Boris P Toperverg
- Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, National Research Center 'Kurchatov Institute',188300 Gatchina, Russia
| | - Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Hicks Building, Hounsfield Road, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Sferrazza
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Département de Physique, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Rolle K, Schilling T, Westermeier F, Das S, Breu J, Fytas G. Large T g Shift in Hybrid Bragg Stacks through Interfacial Slowdown. Macromolecules 2021; 54:2551-2560. [PMID: 33814616 PMCID: PMC8016143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of glass transition under confinement frequently employ supported polymer thin films, which are known to exhibit different transition temperature T g close to and far from the interface. Various techniques can selectively probe interfaces, however, often at the expense of sample designs very specific to a single experiment. Here, we show how to translate results on confined thin film T g to a "nacre-mimetic" clay/polymer Bragg stack, where periodicity allows to limit and tune the number of polymer layers to either one or two. Exceptional lattice coherence multiplies signal manifold, allowing for interface studies with both standard T g and broadband dynamic measurements. For the monolayer, we not only observe a dramatic increase in T g (∼ 100 K) but also use X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) to probe platelet dynamics, originating from interfacial slowdown. This is confirmed from the bilayer, which comprises both "bulk-like" and clay/polymer interface contributions, as manifested in two distinct T g processes. Because the platelet dynamics of monolayers and bilayers are similar, while the segmental dynamics of the latter are found to be much faster, we conclude that XPCS is sensitive to the clay/polymer interface. Thus, large T g shifts can be engineered and studied once lattice spacing approaches interfacial layer dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Rolle
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Theresa Schilling
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - Fabian Westermeier
- Deutsches
Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, Hamburg D-22607, Germany
| | - Sudatta Das
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department
of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, Bayreuth 95440, Germany
| | - George Fytas
- Max-Planck-Institute
of Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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Thees MF, McGuire JA, Roth CB. Review and reproducibility of forming adsorbed layers from solvent washing of melt annealed films. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:5366-5387. [PMID: 32365149 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00565g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest chain adsorption in the melt may be responsible for a number of property changes in thin films by making correlations between the residual adsorbed layer thickness hads(t) measured after a given solvent washing procedure as a function of annealing time t of the film at an elevated temperature prior to this solvent rinse. This procedure, frequently called "Guiselin's experiment", refers to the thought experiment proposed in a 1992 theoretical treatment by Guiselin that assumed chain segments in contact with the surface are irreversibly adsorbed whereby unadsorbed chains could be washed away by solvent without disturbing the adsorbed substrate contact points in the melt. In the present work, we review this recent literature, identifying and experimentally testing a common protocol for forming adsorbed layers hads(t) from solvent washing melt films. We find hads(t) curves to be far less reproducible and reliable than implied in the literature, strongly dependent on solvent washing and substrate cleaning conditions, and annealing at elevated temperatures is unnecessary as densification of films sitting at room temperature makes the glassy film harder to wash off, leaving behind hads of comparable thickness. This review also summarizes literature understanding developed over several decades of study on polymer adsorption in solution, which experimentally demonstrated that polymer chains in solution are highly mobile, diffusing and exchanging on the surface even in the limit of strong adsorption, contradicting Guiselin's assumption. Preformed adsorbed layers of different thicknesses hads are shown to not affect the average glass transition temperature or physical aging of 30 nm thick films. In summary, a number of open questions and implications are discussed related to thin films and polymer nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Thees
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Zhou Y, Rossi B, Zhou Q, Hihara L, Dhinojwala A, Foster MD. Thin Plasma-Polymerized Coatings as a Primer with Polyurethane Topcoat for Improved Corrosion Resistance. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:837-843. [PMID: 31898908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Use of a plasma-polymerized (pp) layer under a polyurethane (PU) coating on aluminum dramatically improves the corrosion resistance. Compared to conventional polymer coatings, pp coatings are highly cross-linked, have better adhesion to substrates, and result in lower emission of volatile organic contents. Although past research has focused on the properties of comparatively thick pp films and on the use of pp films alone to protect metals, we consider here very thin pp coatings as a primer layer to improve corrosion resistance. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy combined with salt spray lab tests show that the corrosion resistance of a PU coating on top of a pp coating from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) is much better than that of a PU coating directly on Al 3003. The relatively poor pull-off adhesion between PU and pp-HMDSO is readily addressed using a gradient coating by depositing a pp maleic anhydride layer over the pp-HMDSO coating or by modifying the surface composition of the pp-HMDSO coating with N2 plasma. X-ray photon spectroscopy analysis of the failure interface from pull-off tests makes clear that failure does not occur at the interface between the pp coating and the metal substrate. Field tests show the performance of the coating system with PU on a gradient coating on Al 3003 to be superior to that of a coating system of PU on chromate-treated Al 3003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , 170 University Circle , Akron , Ohio 44325-3909 , United States
| | - Brenna Rossi
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , 170 University Circle , Akron , Ohio 44325-3909 , United States
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Department of Chemical, Biomolecular and Corrosion Engineering , The University of Akron , Whitby Hall 211 , Akron , Ohio 44325-3906 , United States
| | - Lloyd Hihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Hawai'i , 2540 Dole Street , Honolulu , Hawaii 96822 , United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , 170 University Circle , Akron , Ohio 44325-3909 , United States
| | - Mark D Foster
- Department of Polymer Science , The University of Akron , 170 University Circle , Akron , Ohio 44325-3909 , United States
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Mori H, Matubayasi N. Local viscoelasticity at resin-metal interface analyzed with spatial-decomposition formula for relaxation modulus. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:114904. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5109599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Mori
- DENSO Corporation, 1-1, Showa-cho, Kariya, Aichi 448-8661, Japan
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matubayasi
- Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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7
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Yang F, Presto D, Pan Y, Liu K, Zhou L, Narayanan S, Zhu Y, Peng Z, Soucek MD, Tsige M, Foster MD. Proximity to Graphene Dramatically Alters Polymer Dynamics. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Suresh Narayanan
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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A ND, Begam N, Ibrahim M, Chandran S, Padmanabhan V, Sprung M, Basu JK. Viscosity and fragility of confined polymer nanocomposites: a tale of two interfaces. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:8546-8553. [PMID: 30990482 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10362c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viscosity and fragility are key parameters determining the processability and thermo-mechanical stability of glassy polymers and polymer nanocomposites (PNCs). In confined polymers, these parameters are largely dominated by the long relaxation times of the polymers adsorbed at the substrate-polymer interface. On the other hand, for polymer nanocomposites, the interface layer (IL) between the nanoparticles and the surrounding matrix chains often control not only the morphology and dispersion but also various parameters like viscosity and glass transition temperature. Confined PNCs, hence, present a unique opportunity to study the interplay of these two independent interfacial effects. Here, we report the results of X-ray scattering based dynamics measurements of PNC thin films, with a two IL width, unraveling the subtle interplay of these two interfaces on the measured viscosity and fragility. Coupled with coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, our experimental results demonstrate that the viscosity of the PNC films increases with both the IL width and the thickness of the polymer layer adsorbed at the substrate interface. However, while both pristine PS and PNCs with a higher IL width become stronger glasses, as estimated by their fragility, the PNC with a lower IL width shows an increase in fragility with increasing confinement. Our results suggest a novel method to control thermo-mechanical properties and stability of PNC coatings by independently controlling the two interfacial effects in athermal glassy PNCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimmi Das A
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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Zhou Y, Josey B, Anim-Danso E, Maranville B, Karapetrova J, Jiang Z, Zhou Q, Dhinojwala A, Foster MD. In Situ Nanoscale Characterization of Water Penetration through Plasma Polymerized Coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:9634-9644. [PMID: 30036069 PMCID: PMC11135041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The search continues for means of making quick determinations of the efficacy of a coating for protecting a metal surface against corrosion. One means of reducing the time scale needed to differentiate the performance of different coatings is to draw from nanoscale measurements inferences about macroscopic behavior. Here we connect observations of the penetration of water into plasma polymerized (PP) protective coatings and the character of the interface between the coating and an oxide-coated aluminum substrate or model oxide-coated silicon substrate to the macroscopically observable corrosion for those systems. A plasma polymerized film from hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) monomer is taken as illustrative of a hydrophobic coating, while a PP film from maleic anhydride (MA) is used as a characteristically hydrophilic coating. The neutron reflectivity (NR) of films on silicon oxide coated substrates shows that water moves more readily through the hydrophilic PP-MA film. Off-specular X-ray scattering indicates the PP-MA film on aluminum is less conformal with the substrate than is the PP-HMDSO film. Measurements with infrared-visible sum frequency generation spectroscopy (SFG), which probes the chemical nature of the interface, make clear that the chemical interactions between coating and aluminum oxide are disrupted by interfacial water. With this water penetration and interface disruption, macroscopic corrosion can occur much more rapidly. An Al panel coated with PP-MA corrodes after 1 day in salt spray, while a similarly thin (∼30 nm) PP-HMDSO coating protects an Al panel for a period on the order of one month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Brian Josey
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Emmanuel Anim-Danso
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Brian Maranville
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Jenia Karapetrova
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Qixin Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Ali Dhinojwala
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mark D. Foster
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Zhang F, He Q, Zhou Y, Narayanan S, Wang C, Vogt BD, Foster MD. Anomalous Confinement Slows Surface Fluctuations of Star Polymer Melt Films. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:834-839. [PMID: 35650756 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unusually large film thickness at which confinement effects manifest themselves in surface fluctuations of unentangled four-arm star polymers has been defined using film thicknesses from 10Rg to 107Rg. For 15k four-arm star polystyrene (SPS), confinement appears at a thickness between 112 nm (40Rg) and 72 nm (26Rg), which is remarkably larger than the thicknesses at which confinement appears for unentangled 6k linear (<15 nm, <7Rg) and 6k and 14k cyclic (24 and 22 nm, respectively) polystyrenes. Data for 15k star films can be rationalized using a two-layer model with a 17 nm (6Rg) thick highly viscous layer at the substrate, which is significantly thicker than the 1Rg thick "irreversibly adsorbed" layer. For a 29 nm (10Rg) thick film, more striking confinement occurs due to the combined influence of both interfaces. These results underscore the extraordinary role long-chain branching plays in dictating surface fluctuations of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Suresh Narayanan
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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