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Wang T, Young WO, Suazo MJ, Peera A, Carter MCD, Yeung K, Li L, Torkelson JM. Random Copolymers Based on 2-Ethylhexyl Acrylate Exhibit Unusual Glass Transition Breadth and Facile Autonomous Self-Healing over a Broad Composition Range. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400198. [PMID: 39150329 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Statistical copolymers are commercially important because their properties can be tuned by comonomer selection and composition. Rubbery-state styrene (S)/n-butyl acrylate (nBA) copolymers have previously been reported to exhibit facile, autonomous self-healing over a narrow composition band (47/53 to 53/47 mol%). The need for a narrow composition band is explained by alternating comonomer sequences that accommodate interchain secondary bonding. It is hypothesized that copolymers that achieve interchain secondary bonding without alternating sequences can exhibit facile self-healing over a broad composition range. 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) is identified as yielding sequence-independent secondary bonding interactions. For these interactions it is tested experimentally by glass transition breadth in rubbery-state S/EHA copolymers, with S/n-hexyl acrylate (nHA) and S/nBA copolymers as controls. The n-alkyl acrylate random copolymers exhibit enhanced glass transition breadths over narrow composition bands that correspond to autonomous self-healing. In contrast, S/EHA copolymers exhibit much greater glass transition breadths than S/nHA and S/nBA copolymers at all compositions tested as well as self-healing of damage over a broad composition range with full tensile-property recovery, often in 3-10 h. Characterization of glass transition breadth may serve as a simple screening tool for identifying copolymers that exhibit broad-composition-range, facile, autonomous self-healing and contribute to polymer resilience and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Wenshiue O Young
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Mathew J Suazo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Asghar Peera
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | | | - Kimy Yeung
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Li Li
- The Dow Chemical Company, 400 Arcola Road, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - John M Torkelson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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2
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Zou J, Liao J, He Y, Zhang T, Xiao Y, Wang H, Shen M, Yu T, Huang W. Recent Development of Photochromic Polymer Systems: Mechanism, Materials, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0392. [PMID: 38894714 PMCID: PMC11184227 DOI: 10.34133/research.0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Photochromic polymer is defined as a series of materials based on photochromic units in polymer chains, which produces reversible color changes under irradiation with a particular wavelength. Currently, as the research progresses, it shows increasing potential applications in various fields, such as anti-counterfeiting, information storage, super-resolution imaging, and logic gates. However, there is a paucity of published reviews on the topic of photochromic polymers. Herein, this review discusses and summarizes the research progress and prospects of such materials, mainly summarizing the basic mechanisms, classification, and applications of azobenzene, spiropyran, and diarylethene photochromic polymers. Moreover, 3-dimensional (3D) printable photochromic polymers are worthy to be summarized specifically because of its innovative approach for practical application; meanwhile, the developing 3D printing technology has shown increasing potential opportunities for better applications. Finally, the current challenges and future directions of photochromic polymer materials are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindou Zou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Jimeng Liao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yunfei He
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Yuxin Xiao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Hailan Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Mingyao Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province,
Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Xi’an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE),
Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM),
Nanjing Tech University (Nanjing Tech), Nanjing 211816, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM),
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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3
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Chan JM, Kordon AC, Wang M. Investigating the effects of the local environment on bottlebrush conformations using super-resolution microscopy. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2409-2418. [PMID: 38230506 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05000a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The single-chain physics of bottlebrush polymers plays a key role in their macroscopic properties. Although efforts have been made to understand the behavior of single isolated bottlebrushes, studies on their behavior in crowded, application-relevant environments have been insufficient due to limitations in characterization techniques. Here, we use single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to study the conformations of individual bottlebrush polymers by direct imaging. Our previous work focused on bottlebrushes in a matrix of linear polymers, where our observations suggested that their behavior was largely influenced by an entropic incompatibility between the bottlebrush side chains and the linear matrix. Instead, here we focus on systems where this effect is reduced: in solvent-swollen polymer materials and in systems entirely composed of bottlebrushes. We measure chain conformations and rigidity using persistence length (lp) as side chain molecular weight (Msc) is varied. Compared to a system of linear polymers, we observe greater flexibility of the backbone in both systems. For bottlebrushes in bottlebrush matrices, we additionally observed a scaling relationship between lp and Msc that more closely follows theoretical predictions. For the more flexible chains in both systems, we reach the edge of our resolution limit and cannot visualize the entire contour of every chain. We bypass this limitation by discussing the aspect ratios of the features within the super-resolution images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Avram C Kordon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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4
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Wu X, Barner-Kowollik C. Fluorescence-readout as a powerful macromolecular characterisation tool. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12815-12849. [PMID: 38023522 PMCID: PMC10664555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04052f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant progress in synthetic macromolecular chemistry, which can provide access to diverse macromolecules with varying structural complexities, topology and functionalities, bringing us closer to the aim of controlling soft matter material properties with molecular precision. To reach this goal, the development of advanced analytical techniques, allowing for micro-, molecular level and real-time investigation, is essential. Due to their appealing features, including high sensitivity, large contrast, fast and real-time response, as well as non-invasive characteristics, fluorescence-based techniques have emerged as a powerful tool for macromolecular characterisation to provide detailed information and give new and deep insights beyond those offered by commonly applied analytical methods. Herein, we critically examine how fluorescence phenomena, principles and techniques can be effectively exploited to characterise macromolecules and soft matter materials and to further unravel their constitution, by highlighting representative examples of recent advances across major areas of polymer and materials science, ranging from polymer molecular weight and conversion, architecture, conformation to polymer self-assembly to surfaces, gels and 3D printing. Finally, we discuss the opportunities for fluorescence-readout to further advance the development of macromolecules, leading to the design of polymers and soft matter materials with pre-determined and adaptable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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5
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Chan JM, Wang M. Visualizing the Orientation of Single Polymers Induced by Spin-Coating. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5891-5897. [PMID: 35786930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The orientation of chains within polymeric materials influences their electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties. While many techniques can infer the orientation distribution of a bulk ensemble, it is challenging to determine this information at the single-chain level, particularly in an environment of otherwise identical polymers. Here, we use single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) to visualize the directions of chains within spin-coated polymer films. We find a strong relationship between shear force and the degree and direction of orientation, and additionally, we reveal the effects of chain length and solvent evaporation rate. This work utilizes single-chain resolution to observe the important, though often overlooked, property of chain orientation in the common fabrication process of spin-coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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6
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Valdez S, Robertson M, Qiang Z. Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Polymer Science: A Review. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200421. [PMID: 35689335 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a non-invasive characterization method for studying molecular structures and dynamics, providing high spatial resolution at nanometer scale. Over the past decades, FRET-based measurements are developed and widely implemented in synthetic polymer systems for understanding and detecting a variety of nanoscale phenomena, enabling significant advances in polymer science. In this review, the basic principles of fluorescence and FRET are briefly discussed. Several representative research areas are highlighted, where FRET spectroscopy and imaging can be employed to reveal polymer morphology and kinetics. These examples include understanding polymer micelle formation and stability, detecting guest molecule release from polymer host, characterizing supramolecular assembly, imaging composite interfaces, and determining polymer chain conformations and their diffusion kinetics. Finally, a perspective on the opportunities of FRET-based measurements is provided for further allowing their greater contributions in this exciting area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valdez
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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7
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Ito S, Funaoka M, Hanasaki I, Takei S, Morimoto M, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Visualization of the microstructure and the position-dependent diffusion coefficient in a blended polymer solid using photo-activation localization microscopy combined with single-molecule tracking based on one-color fluorescence-switching of diarylethene. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using one-color fluorescence-switching of diarylethene derivatives (DAEs), thousands of single-molecule translational trajectories in a blended polymer solid were measured with nanometric accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Prefecture University, 1-2, Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Misato Funaoka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Itsuo Hanasaki
- Institute of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Naka-cho 2-24-16, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takei
- Eco-material Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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8
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Nishimura R, Fujisawa E, Ban I, Iwai R, Takasu S, Morimoto M, Irie M. Turn-on mode fluorescent diarylethene having neopentyl substituents that undergoes all-visible-light switching. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:4715-4718. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a strategy for improving all-visible-light switching response of turn-on mode fluorescent diarylethene derivatives. Introduction of neopentyl or isobutyl substituents at the reactive carbons (2- and 2’-positions) of...
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9
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Chan JM, Kordon AC, Zhang R, Wang M. Direct visualization of bottlebrush polymer conformations in the solid state. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2109534118. [PMID: 34599105 PMCID: PMC8501853 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109534118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the behavior of single chains is integral to the foundation of polymer science, a clear and convincing image of single chains in the solid state has still not been captured. For bottlebrush polymers, understanding their conformation in bulk materials is especially important because their extended backbones may explain their self-assembly and mechanical properties that have been attractive for many applications. Here, single-bottlebrush chains are visualized using single-molecule localization microscopy to study their conformations in a polymer melt composed of linear polymers. By observing bottlebrush polymers with different side chain lengths and grafting densities, we observe the relationship between molecular architecture and conformation. We show that bottlebrushes are significantly more rigid in the solid state than previously measured in solution, and the scaling relationships between persistence length and side chain length deviate from those predicted by theory and simulation. We discuss these discrepancies using mechanisms inspired by polymer-grafted nanoparticles, a conceptually similar system. Our work provides a platform for visualizing single-polymer chains in an environment made up entirely of other polymers, which could answer a number of open questions in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Avram C Kordon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Ruimeng Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
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10
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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11
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Zhang H, Hu X, Zhu H, Shen L, Liu C, Zhang X, Gao X, Li L, Zhu YP, Li Z. A Solid-State Fluorescence Switch Based on Triphenylethene-Functionalized Dithienylethene With Aggregation-Induced Emission. Front Chem 2021; 9:665880. [PMID: 33996756 PMCID: PMC8113874 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.665880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel dithienylethene-based fluorescence switches in the aggregated state, and the solid state is highly desirable for potential application in the fields of optoelectronics and photopharmacology. In this contribution, three novel triphenylethene-functionalized dithienylethenes (1-3) have been designed and prepared by appending triphenylethene moieties at one end of dithienylethene unit. Their chemical structures are confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS (ESI). They display good photochromic behaviors with excellent fatigue resistance upon irradiation with UV or visible light in Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution. Before irradiation with UV light, they exhibit Aggregation Induced Emission (AIE) properties and luminescence behaviors in the solid state. Moreover, upon alternating irradiation with UV/visible light, they display effective fluorescent switching behaviors in the aggregated state and the solid state. The experimental results have been validated by the Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. Thus, they can be utilized as novel fluorescence switches integrated in smart, solid-state optoelectronic materials and photopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Limin Shen
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Congmin Liu
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiaoman Zhang
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Lingmei Li
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ziyong Li
- Luoyang Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang, China
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13
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Mai DJ, Schroeder CM. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Single-Molecule Studies of Synthetic Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1332-1341. [PMID: 35638639 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Single polymer studies have revealed unexpected and heterogeneous dynamics among identical or seemingly similar macromolecules. In recent years, direct observation of single polymers has uncovered broad distributions in molecular behavior that play a key role in determining bulk properties. Early single polymer experiments focused primarily on biological macromolecules such as DNA, but recent advances in synthesis, imaging, and force spectroscopy have enabled broad exploration of chemically diverse polymer systems. In this Viewpoint, we discuss the recent study of synthetic polymers using single-molecule methods. In terms of polymer synthesis, direct observation of single chain polymerization has revealed heterogeneity in monomer insertion events at catalytic centers and decoupling of local and global growth kinetics. In terms of single polymer visualization, recent advances in super-resolution imaging, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) can resolve structure and dynamics in single synthetic chains. Moreover, single synthetic polymers can be probed in the context of bulk material environments, including hydrogels, nanostructured polymers, and crystalline polymers. In each area, we highlight key challenges and exciting opportunities in using single polymer techniques to enhance our understanding of polymer science. Overall, the expanding versatility of single polymer methods will enable the molecular-scale design and fundamental understanding of a broad range of chemically diverse and functional polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J. Mai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Qiang Z, Wang M. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Enabling Advances in Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1342-1356. [PMID: 35638626 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the past few decades there has been a revolution in the field of optical microscopy with emerging capabilities such as super-resolution and single-molecule fluorescence techniques. Combined with the classical advantages of fluorescence imaging, such as chemical labeling specificity, and noninvasive sample preparation and imaging, these methods have enabled significant advances in our polymer community. This Viewpoint discusses several of these capabilities and how they can uniquely offer information where other characterization techniques are limited. Several examples are highlighted that demonstrate the ability of fluorescence microscopy to understand key questions in polymer science such as single-molecule diffusion and orientation, 3D nanostructural morphology, and interfacial and multicomponent dynamics. Finally, we briefly discuss opportunities for further advances in techniques that may allow them to make an even greater contribution in polymer science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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15
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Ding Y, Jiang S, Gao Y, Nie J, Du H, Sun F. Photochromic Polymers Based on Fluorophenyl Oxime Ester Photoinitiators as Photoswitchable Molecules. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Ding
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shengling Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanjing Gao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongguang Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People’s Republic of China
- Anqing Research Institute, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Anqing 246000, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Iwai R, Morimoto M, Irie M. Turn-on mode fluorescent diarylethenes: effect of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents on photoswitching performance†. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:783-789. [PMID: 33856675 DOI: 10.1039/d0pp00064g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene derivatives having benzothiophene S,S-dioxide groups undergo turn-on mode fluorescence photoswitching. For the practical application to super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, photoswitchable fluorescent molecules are desired to be resistant against photodegradation. Here we synthesized turn-on mode fluorescent diarylethenes having electron-withdrawing (trifluoromethyl or nitro) or electron-donating (methyl, methoxy, or dimethylamino) substituents on phenyl rings at 6- and 6'-positions of the benzothiophene S,S-dioxide groups and examined the effect of the substituents on the photoswitchiing performance. The derivatives having electron-donating substituents showed significant bathochromic shifts of the absorption and fluorescence spectra. The cycloreversion quantum yield was increased by introducing electron-withdrawing substituents, while it was decreased by the electron-donating ones. Introduction of electron-donating substituents was found to remarkably improve the fatigue resistance of the fluorescent diarylethene under continuous ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Such highly fatigue-resistant fluorescent diarylethenes are useful for super-resolution fluorescence imaging or single-molecule fluorescence tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Iwai
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Morimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro 3-34-1, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
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17
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Chan J, Wang M. Toward Artificial Tissues That Are Both Soft and Firm. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:339-341. [PMID: 32232132 PMCID: PMC7099590 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan
M. Chan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Muzhou Wang
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
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18
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Perry SL, Sing CE. 100th Anniversary of Macromolecular Science Viewpoint: Opportunities in the Physics of Sequence-Defined Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:216-225. [PMID: 35638672 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer science has been driven by ever-increasing molecular complexity, as polymer synthesis expands an already-vast palette of chemical and architectural parameter space. Copolymers represent a key example, where simple homopolymers have given rise to random, alternating, gradient, and block copolymers. Polymer physics has provided the insight needed to explore this monomer sequence parameter space. The future of polymer science, however, must contend with further increases in monomer precision, as this class of macromolecules moves ever closer to the sequence-monodisperse polymers that are the workhorses of biology. The advent of sequence-defined polymers gives rise to opportunities for material design, with increasing levels of chemical information being incorporated into long-chain molecules; however, this also raises questions that polymer physics must address. What properties uniquely emerge from sequence-definition? Is this circumstance-dependent? How do we define and think about sequence dispersity? How do we think about a hierarchy of sequence effects? Are more sophisticated characterization methods, as well as theoretical and computational tools, needed to understand this class of macromolecules? The answers to these questions touch on many difficult scientific challenges, setting the stage for a rich future for sequence-defined polymers in polymer physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Perry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts−Amherst, 686 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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19
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Xu Z, Liu QT, Wang X, Liu Q, Hean D, Chou KC, Wolf MO. Quinoline-containing diarylethenes: bridging between turn-on fluorescence, RGB switching and room temperature phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2729-2734. [PMID: 34084331 PMCID: PMC8157510 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple structural modifications using oxidation and methylation of a quinoline-containing diarylethene result in dramatic variation of photophysical properties. Turn-on fluorescence, room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and red-green-blue (RGB) switching were achieved in three different related compounds. Photoswitchable diarylethenes (DAEs) that exhibit turn-on fluorescence are in high demand for super-resolution microscopy, and the development of purely organic phosphorescent materials in the amorphous state is attractive but challenging. The findings reported here provide a novel toolkit for designing turn-on fluorescence DAEs for super-resolution microscopy and extending the scope of amorphous RTP materials. More importantly, we bridge between these two fundamentally significant photochemical and photophysical phenomena, and reveal structure-property relationships between DAE photochromism and RTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Qian T Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Duane Hean
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Keng C Chou
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
| | - Michael O Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia 2036 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z1 Canada
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20
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Karanastasis AA, Kenath GS, Sundararaman R, Ullal CK. Quantification of functional crosslinker reaction kinetics via super-resolution microscopy of swollen microgels. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9336-9342. [PMID: 31687735 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01618j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Super resolution microscopy (SRM) brings the advantages of optical microscopy to the imaging of nanostructured soft matter, and in colloidal microgels, promises to quantify variations of crosslink densities at unprecedented length scales. However, the distribution of all crosslinks does not coincide with that of dye-tagged crosslinks, and density quantification in SRM is not guaranteed due to over/under-counting dye molecules. Here we demonstrate that SRM images of microgels encode reaction rate constants of functional cross linkers, which hold the key to correlating these distributions. Combined with evolution of microgel particle radii, the functional cross linker distributions predict consumption versus time with high fidelity. Using a Bayesian regression approach, we extract reaction rate constants for homo and cross propagation of the functional crosslinker, which should be widely useful for predicting spatial variations in crosslink density of gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos A Karanastasis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
| | - Gopal S Kenath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
| | - Ravishankar Sundararaman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
| | - Chaitanya K Ullal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, New York 12180, USA.
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21
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Hinckley JA, Chapman DV, Hedderick KR, Oleske KW, Estroff LA, Wiesner UB. Quantitative Comparison of Dye and Ultrasmall Fluorescent Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticle Probes for Optical Super-Resolution Imaging of Model Block Copolymer Thin Film Surfaces. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1378-1382. [PMID: 35651152 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, high-resolution optical imaging in the far field has provided opportunities for alternative approaches to nanocharacterization traditionally dominated by electron and scanning probe microscopies. Here, we report the optical super-resolution imaging of model block copolymer (BCP) thin film surface nanostructures through stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). We compare a set of surface-functionalized fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles encapsulating two different organic dyes, Cy3 and Cy5, with the corresponding free dyes in STORM. Using various click-type chemistries, these probes are covalently attached to the surface of specific blocks of BCP thin films, enabling selective block labeling and optical visualization. We demonstrate that the enhanced brightness of these particle probes offers distinct advantages over conventional dye labeling, outperforming one of the best STORM dyes available (Cy5).
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22
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Li Z, Pei Y, Wang Y, Lu Z, Dai Y, Duan Y, Ma Y, Guo H. Blue-/NIR Light-Excited Fluorescence Switch Based on a Carbazole-Dithienylethene-BF 2bdk Triad. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13364-13373. [PMID: 31496250 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b01508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of novel solid-state fluorescence switches, particularly triggered by visible light, is of increasing interest for the potential application in optical data storage and super-resolution fluorescence microscopies. In this study, two carbazole-dithienylethene-BF2bdk triads CDB1 and CDB2, suspending carbazole and BF2bdk moieties on both sides of dithienylethene unit, have been developed. They exhibit blue-/NIR light-controlled photochromism with solvent-dependent characteristics. Moreover, CDB1 (o) reveals blue-/NIR light-induced reversible fluorescent switching behaviors in toluene, chloroform, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film, and powder state, while its analogue CDB2 (o) in the powder state exhibits no fluorescence due to a strong intermolecular π-π stacking interaction, and the fluorescent switching performance is observed only in toluene and PMMA film. The density functional theory calculations further validate the differences in their optical properties in the solution and powder states.
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