1
|
Shim W, Heo J, Lee J, Kappl M, Butt HJ, Wooh S. Surface-Templated Polymer Microparticle Synthesis Based on Droplet Microarrays. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024:e2400521. [PMID: 39116429 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymer microparticle synthesis based on the surface-templated method is a simple and environmentally friendly method to produce various microparticles. Unique particles with different compositions can be fabricated by simply annealing a polymer on a liquid-repellent surface. However, there are hurdles to producing particles of homogeneous sizes with large quantities and varying the shape of particles. Here, a new approach to synthesizing multiple polymer microparticles using micropatterns with wettability contrast is presented. Polymer microparticles are formed in two steps. First, a layer of poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate) is deposited on the hydrophilic regions by dipping and withdrawing this micropattern from a polymer solution, and an array of microdroplets is formed. A dewetting-inducing layer on the pattern is introduced, and then target polymer patches are sequentially generated on it. By annealing over Tg, the contact line of the target polymer patch is freely receded, creating a particle form. The size and shape of the microparticle can be controlled by varying the micropatterns. In addition, it is demonstrated that microparticles made of polymer blends or polymer/nanoparticle composite are easily produced. This versatile method offers the potential of surface-templated synthesis to tailor polymer microparticles with different sizes, shapes, and functionalities in various research and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wonmi Shim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongbin Heo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Kappl
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Butt
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sanghyuk Wooh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Doerk GS, Stein A, Bae S, Noack MM, Fukuto M, Yager KG. Autonomous discovery of emergent morphologies in directed self-assembly of block copolymer blends. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3687. [PMID: 36638174 PMCID: PMC9839324 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) is a powerful approach to fabricate complex nanostructure arrays, but finding morphologies that emerge with changes in polymer architecture, composition, or assembly constraints remains daunting because of the increased dimensionality of the DSA design space. Here, we demonstrate machine-guided discovery of emergent morphologies from a cylinder/lamellae BCP blend directed by a chemical grating template, conducted without direct human intervention on a synchrotron x-ray scattering beamline. This approach maps the morphology-template phase space in a fraction of the time required by manual characterization and highlights regions deserving more detailed investigation. These studies reveal localized, template-directed partitioning of coexisting lamella- and cylinder-like subdomains at the template period length scale, manifesting as previously unknown morphologies such as aligned alternating subdomains, bilayers, or a "ladder" morphology. This work underscores the pivotal role that autonomous characterization can play in advancing the paradigm of DSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S. Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Aaron Stein
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Suwon Bae
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Marcus M. Noack
- The Center for Advanced Mathematics for Energy Research Applications (CAMERA), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Kevin G. Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ho K, Kim KS, de Beer S, Walker GC. Chemical Composition and Strain at Interfaces between Different Morphologies in Block Copolymer Thin Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12723-12731. [PMID: 34693716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transitional composition between two thin-film morphologies of the block copolymer, polystyrene-block-poly(tert-butyl acrylate) (PS-b-PtBuA), was investigated using near-field infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy mechanical measurements. These techniques allowed block identification with nanoscale spatial resolution and elucidated the material's sub-surface composition. PS was found to form coronae around the PtBuA block in spherical valleys on flat areas of the film, and coronae of PtBuA surrounding the PS lamellae were observed at the edge of the polymer film, where parallel lamellae are formed. Furthermore, we found that the peak position and width varied by location, which may be a result of block composition, chain tension, or substrate interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Kris S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable Polymer Chemistry, Department of Molecules & Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Gilbert C Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oda Y, Kawaguchi D, Morimitsu Y, Yamamoto S, Tanaka K. Direct observation of morphological transition for an adsorbed single polymer chain. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20914. [PMID: 33262397 PMCID: PMC7708982 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the structure of polymers at solid interfaces is crucial for designing various polymer nano-composite materials from structural materials to nanomaterials for use in industry. To this end, the first step is to obtain information on how synthetic polymer chains adsorb onto a solid surface. We closely followed the trajectory of a single polymer chain on the surface as a function of temperature using atomic force microscopy. Combining the results with a full-atomistic molecular dynamics simulation revealed that the chain became more rigid on the way to reaching a pseudo-equilibrium state, accompanied by a change in its local conformation from mainly loops to trains. This information will be useful for regulating the physical properties of polymers at the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Oda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuma Morimitsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamamoto
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- Center for Polymer Interface and Molecular Adhesion Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Watanabe K, Katsuhara S, Mamiya H, Kawamura Y, Yamamoto T, Tajima K, Isono T, Satoh T. Highly asymmetric lamellar nanostructures from nanoparticle-linear hybrid block copolymers. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16526-16534. [PMID: 32729868 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05209d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The highly asymmetric lamellar (A-LAM) nanostructure is one of the most important template geometries for block copolymer (BCP) lithography. However, A-LAM is unattainable from conventional BCPs, and there is no general molecular design strategy for A-LAM-forming BCP. Herein, a nanoparticle-linear hybrid BCP system is reported, which is designed based on the intramolecular crosslinking technique, as a remarkably effective platform to obtain the A-LAM morphology. The hybrid BCPs consisting of polystyrene single-chain nanoparticles and linear polylactide segments show a remarkable capability to form the A-LAM morphology in bulk, where a maximum width ratio of 4.1 between the two domains is obtained. This unusual phase behavior is attributed to the bulky and rigid characteristics of the nanoparticle block. Furthermore, the thin films of these hybrid BCPs show perpendicularly oriented A-LAM morphology on a chemically modified Si substrate, allowing promising application in the fabrication of asymmetric line-and-space nanopatterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kodai Watanabe
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoshi Katsuhara
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mamiya
- Quantum Beam Unit, Advanced Key Technologies Division, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Kawamura
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai 319-1106, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim Y, Lee W, Jo S, Ahn H, Kim K, Kim JU, Ryu DY. Lamellar Orientation and Transition Behavior of PS-b-P2VP Copolymers Supported on Physically Adsorbed Layers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yeongsik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Wooseop Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seungyun Jo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 80 Jigok-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Kyungkon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jaeup U. Kim
- Department of Physics, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Korea
| | - Du Yeol Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim DH, Kim SY. Universal Interfacial Control through Polymeric Nanomosaic Coating for Block Copolymer Nanopatterning. ACS NANO 2020; 14:7140-7151. [PMID: 32469492 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The employment of self-assembly of soft materials has been accepted as an inexpensive, robust, and reliable patterning method. As their self-assembly relies on the delicate molecular interactions near the substrate, a precise prediction/control of the interface structure and dynamics is critical to achieve desired nanostructures. Herein, a polymeric nanomosaic (PNM) pattern is created from the air/water interfacial self-assembly of a block copolymer (BCP) and introduced as an effective interfacial energy control for substrates. As a demonstration, the PNM coating is employed to control the BCP film structures. The perpendicular orientation of BCP self-assembly, which requires neutral wetting conditions for both blocks, is difficult to achieve but can readily be obtained with the PNM coating upon a fine resolution of the pattern quality. The universal applicability of the PNM coating as an interfacial control has been confirmed on curved, flexible, and three-dimensional substrates. In addition, the PNM is introduced as an etching-free and reusable topcoat imparting free surface neutralization even for the high-χ BCP nanopatterning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyup Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Subramanian A, Tiwale N, Doerk G, Kisslinger K, Nam CY. Enhanced Hybridization and Nanopatterning via Heated Liquid-Phase Infiltration into Self-Assembled Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1444-1453. [PMID: 31786911 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrids featuring tunable material properties can be readily generated by applying vapor- or liquid-phase infiltration (VPI or LPI) of inorganic materials into organic templates, with resulting properties controlled by type and quantity of infiltrated inorganics. While LPI offers more diverse choices of infiltratable elements, it tends to yield smaller infiltration amount than VPI, but the attempt to address the issue has been rarely reported. Here, we demonstrate a facile temperature-enhanced LPI method to control and drastically increase the quantity and kinetics of Pt infiltration into self-assembled polystyrene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) block copolymer (BCP) thin films. By applying LPI at mildly elevated temperatures (40-80 °C), we showcase controllable optical functionality of hybrid BCP films along with conductive three-dimensional (3D) inorganic nanostructures. Structural analysis reveals enhanced metal loading into the BCP matrix at higher LPI temperatures, suggesting multiple metal ion infiltration per monomer of P2VP. Combining temperature-enhanced LPI with hierarchical multilayer BCP self-assembly, we generate BCP-metal hybrid optical coatings featuring tunable antireflective properties as well as scalable conductive 3D Pt nanomesh structures. Enhanced material infiltration and control by temperature-enhanced LPI not only enables tunability of organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures and properties but also expands the application of BCPs for generating uniquely functional inorganic nanostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwanth Subramanian
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 , United States
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Gregory Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials , Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim DH, Kim SY. Self-Assembled Copolymer Adsorption Layer-Induced Block Copolymer Nanostructures in Thin Films. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2019; 5:1562-1571. [PMID: 31572783 PMCID: PMC6764160 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In polymer thin films, the bottom polymer chains are irreversibly adsorbed onto the substrates creating an ultrathin layer. Although this thin layer (only a few nanometers thick) governs all film properties, an understanding of this adsorbed layer remains elusive, and thus, its effective control has yet to be achieved, particularly in block copolymer (BCP) thin films. Herein, we employ self-assembled copolymer adsorption layers (SCALs), transferred from the air/water interfacial self-assembly of BCPs, as an effective control of the adsorbed layer in BCP thin films. SCALs replace the natural adsorbed layer, irreversibly adsorbing onto the substrates when other BCP is additionally coated on the SCALs. We further show that SCALs guide the thin film nanostructures because they provide topological restrictions and enthalpic/entropic preferences for a BCP self-assembly. The SCAL-induced self-assembly enables unprecedented control of nanostructures, creating novel nanopatterns such as spacing-controlled hole/dot patterns, dotted-line patterns, dash-line patterns, and anisotropic cluster patterns with exceptional controllability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyup Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
(UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Morimitsu Y, Salatto D, Jiang N, Sen M, Nishitsuji S, Yavitt BM, Endoh MK, Subramanian A, Nam CY, Li R, Fukuto M, Zhang Y, Wiegart L, Fluerasu A, Tanaka K, Koga T. “Structurally Neutral” Densely Packed Homopolymer-Adsorbed Chains for Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Morimitsu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Daniel Salatto
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Naisheng Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Mani Sen
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Shotaro Nishitsuji
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Benjamin M. Yavitt
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Maya K. Endoh
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Ashwanth Subramanian
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yugang Zhang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Lutz Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tadanori Koga
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-2275, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| |
Collapse
|