Unnatural Oligoaminosaccharides with N-1,2-Glycosidic Bonds Prepared by Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization of 2-Oxazoline-Based Heterobicyclic Sugar Monomers

Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of new conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates

A series of the first conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates was synthesized using the Kabachnik-Fields reaction, the Pudovik reaction, a copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction (CuAAC) and evaluated for the in vitro cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines M - HeLa, HuTu-80, A549, PANC-1, MCF-7, T98G and normal lung fibroblast cells WI-38. The tested conjugates, with exception of compound 21b, considered as a lead compound, were either inactive against the used cancer cells or showed moderate cytotoxicity in the range of IC50 values 33-80 μM. The lead compound 21b, being non cytotoxic against normal human cells WI-38 (IC50 = 90 μM), demonstrated good activity (IC50 = 17 μM) against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) which to be 1.5 times higher than the activity of the used reference anticancer drug tamoxifen (IC50 = 25.0 μM). A flexible receptor molecular docking simulation showed that the cytotoxicity of the synthesized conjugates of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine with α-aminophosphonates against breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cell line is due to their ability to inhibit EGFR kinase domain. In addition, it was found that conjugates 22a and 22b demonstrated antioxidant activity that was not typical for α-aminophosphonates.

Hybrid copolymerization of acrylate and thiirane monomers mediated by trithiocarbonate

The composition and structure of polymers have great influence on their performances.

Synthesis and Biopharmaceutical Applications of Sugar-Based Polymers: New Advances and Future Prospects

The rapid rise in research interest in carbohydrate-based polymers is undoubtedly due to the nontoxic nature of such materials in an in vivo environment and the versatile roles that the polymers can play in cellular functions. Such polymers have served as therapeutic tools for drug delivery, including antigens, proteins, and genes, as well as diagnostic devices. Our focus in the first half of this Review is on synthetic methods based on ring-opening polymerization and enzyme-catalyzed polymerization, along with controlled radical polymerization. In the second half of this Review, sugar-based polymers are discussed on the basis of their remarkable success in competitive receptor binding, as multifunctional nanocarriers of targeting inhibitors for cancer treatment, in genome-editing delivery, in immunotherapy based on endogenous antibody recruitment, and in treatment of respiratory diseases, including influenza A. Particular emphasis is put on the synthesis and biopharmaceutical applications of sugar-based polymers published in the most recent 5 years. A noticeable attribute of carbohydrate-based polymers is that the sugar-receptor interactions can be facilitated by the cooperative effect of multiple sugar units. Their diversified topology and structures will drive the development of new synthetic strategies and bring about important applications, including coronavirus-related drug therapy.

Substituent Optimization of (1 → 2)-Glucopyranan for Tough, Strong, and Highly Stretchable Film with Dynamic Interchain Interactions

Polysaccharide is a naturally abundant material, which is regarded as an indispensable scaffold for a structural material. The properties of polysaccharides are dependent not only on the structure of repeating sugar unit but also the glycosidic position between the repeating units. Herein, we report the development of polysaccharide-based self-standing film consisting of naturally occurring (1 → 2)-glucopyranan skeleton. The self-standing film of (1 → 2)-glucopyranan derivative with hexyl carbamate groups Uret-Glcp(1,2) is found to be highly stretchable and tough, which exhibits maximum stress of σ_max = 1.4 MPa, fracture strain of ε ∼ 800%, and the work of extension at fracture W_ext ∼ 4 MJ m^-3. It is indicated that the interchain hydrogen bonds in Uret-Glcp(1,2) film would serve as energy dissipative bonds for strengthening the film, where the application of mechanical stress to Uret-Glcp(1,2) film induces not only the rapture of physical interchain interactions, but also the formation of intrachain hydrogen bonds along the stretching direction. The effects of substituent and glycosidic position of polysaccharide on the properties are discussed in detail.

Cationic poly-amido-saccharides: stereochemically-defined, enantiopure polymers from anionic ring-opening polymerization of an amino-sugar monomer

We expand the scope of the PAS methodology and evaluate multiple synthetic routes to generate a regioselectively-functionalized 6-amino carbohydrate polymer sharing key properties with natural polysaccharides, including high water-solubility.