1
|
Xu M, Tian X, Lin Y, Xu Y, Tao J. Design and Performance Evaluation of a Deep Ultraviolet LED-Based Ozone Sensor for Semiconductor Industry Applications. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:476. [PMID: 38675285 PMCID: PMC11052474 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a critical gas in various industrial applications, particularly in semiconductor manufacturing, where it is used for wafer cleaning and oxidation processes. Accurate and reliable detection of ozone concentration is essential for process control, ensuring product quality, and safeguarding workplace safety. By studying the UV absorption characteristics of O3 and combining the specific operational needs of semiconductor process gas analysis, a pressure-insensitive ozone gas sensor has been developed. In its optical structure, a straight-through design without corners was adopted, achieving a coupling efficiency of 52% in the gas chamber. This device can operate reliably in a temperature range from 0 °C to 50 °C, with only ±0.3% full-scale error across the entire temperature range. The sensor consists of a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode in a narrow spectrum centered at 254 nm, a photodetector, and a gas chamber, with dimensions of 85 mm × 25 mm × 35 mm. The performance of the sensor has been meticulously evaluated through simulation and experimental analysis. The sensor's gas detection accuracy is 750 ppb, with a rapid response time (t90) of 7 s, and a limit of detection of 2.26 ppm. It has the potential to be applied in various fields for ozone monitoring, including the semiconductor industry, water treatment facilities, and environmental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maosen Xu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- School of Information Science and Engineering (ISE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Xin Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Yuzhe Lin
- School of Information Science and Engineering (ISE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
- College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Jifang Tao
- School of Information Science and Engineering (ISE), Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
- The Key Laboratory of Laser and Infrared System, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barreto D, Gelamo R, Mizaikoff B, Petruci JFS. Fabrication of Low-Cost Miniaturized Gas Cells via SLA 3D-Printing for UV-Based Gas Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8374-8380. [PMID: 38405469 PMCID: PMC10883014 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The use of 3D-printing technology for producing optical devices (i.e., mirrors and waveguides) remains challenging, especially in the UV spectral regime. Gas sensors based on absorbance measurements in the UV region are suitable for determining numerous volatile species in a variety of samples and analytical scenarios. The performance of absorbance-based gas sensors is dependent on the ability of the gas cell to propagate radiation across the absorption path length and facilitate interaction between photons and analytes. In this technical note, we present a 3D-printed substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) to be used as a miniaturized and ultralightweight gas cell used in UV gas-sensing schemes. The substrates were fabricated via UV stereolithography and polished, and the light-guiding channel was coated with aluminum for UV reflectivity. This procedure resulted in a surface roughness of 11.2 nm for the reflective coating, yielding a radiation attenuation of 2.25 W/cm2. The 3D-printed iHWG was coupled to a UV light source and a portable USB-connected spectrometer. The sensing device was applied for the quantification of isoprene and acetone, serving as a proof-of-concept study. Detection limits of 0.22 and 0.03% in air were obtained for acetone and isoprene, respectively, with a nearly instantaneous sensor response. The development of portable, low-cost, and ultralightweight UV optical sensors enables their use in a wide range of scenarios ranging from environmental monitoring to clinical/medical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diandra
Nunes Barreto
- Institute
of Chemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia
(UFU), Uberlândia 38400-902, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rogério Gelamo
- Institute
of Technological and Exact Sciences, Federal
University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba 38025-440, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, 89077 Ulm, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meng Y, Han R, Wan H, Wang Z, Du Z. A miniaturized photometric ozone sensor using ultraviolet LED with unbalance differential correction and 3D printing. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123335. [PMID: 37678047 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) sensing is of great significance to discern the ambient virulence from environmental deterioration. We developed a miniature, low power, low cost, and wide-temperature-range (-40 to +85 °C) photometric O3 sensor for continuous and in-situ ambient O3 monitoring. The primary innovation in this sensor is the combination of ultraviolet light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) with unbalanced differential optical measurement with algorithm correction, sensitive electronic module, and 3D printing fabrication. The sensor operated in the Hartley band of O3 with a UV-LED (258 nm, 1mw) and software phase-sensitive detection. Experimental results showed high performance of the sensor with detection limit of 8 ppb and relative error of 0.22%. The dimension, power, and weight of the sensor are as low as 11.4 × 5 × 2.4 cm, 0.5 W, and 0.1 kg, respectively, much lower than that of most O3 sensors. We also demonstrated the feasibility of the sensor in continuously O3 monitoring in an office.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ruiyan Han
- 718th Research Institute of China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, Tianjin 056027, China
| | - Hongshen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhenhui Du
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hlavatsch M, Teuber A, Eisele M, Mizaikoff B. Sensing Liquid- and Gas-Phase Hydrocarbons via Mid-Infrared Broadband Femtosecond Laser Source Spectroscopy. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:452-458. [PMID: 38145022 PMCID: PMC10740123 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the combination of a tunable broadband mid-infrared (MIR) femtosecond laser source separately coupled to a ZnSe crystal horizontal attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor cell for liquid phase samples and to a substrate-integrated hollow waveguide (iHWG) for gas phase samples. Utilizing this emerging light source technology as an alternative MIR radiation source for Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy opens interesting opportunities for analytical applications. In a first approach, we demonstrate the quantitative analysis of three individual samples, ethanol (liquid), methane (gas), and 2-methyl-1-propene (gas), with limits of detection of 0.3% (ethanol) and 22 ppmv and 74 ppmv (methane and isobutylene), respectively, determined at selected emission wavelengths of the MIR laser source (i.e., 890 cm-1, 1046 and 1305 cm-1). Hence, the applicability of a broadband MIR femtosecond laser source as a bright alternative light source for quantitative analysis via FTIR spectroscopy in various sensing configurations has been demonstrated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hlavatsch
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Teuber
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max Eisele
- TOPTICA
Photonics AG, Lochhamer Schlag 19, D-82166 Graefelfing (Munich), Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute
of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
- Hahn-Schickard, Sedanstraße
4, D-89077 Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hooshmand S, Kassanos P, Keshavarz M, Duru P, Kayalan CI, Kale İ, Bayazit MK. Wearable Nano-Based Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring and Encountered Challenges in Optimization. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8648. [PMID: 37896744 PMCID: PMC10611361 DOI: 10.3390/s23208648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
With a rising emphasis on public safety and quality of life, there is an urgent need to ensure optimal air quality, both indoors and outdoors. Detecting toxic gaseous compounds plays a pivotal role in shaping our sustainable future. This review aims to elucidate the advancements in smart wearable (nano)sensors for monitoring harmful gaseous pollutants, such as ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), hydrocarbons (CxHy), and hydrogen fluoride (HF). Differentiating this review from its predecessors, we shed light on the challenges faced in enhancing sensor performance and offer a deep dive into the evolution of sensing materials, wearable substrates, electrodes, and types of sensors. Noteworthy materials for robust detection systems encompass 2D nanostructures, carbon nanomaterials, conducting polymers, nanohybrids, and metal oxide semiconductors. A dedicated section dissects the significance of circuit integration, miniaturization, real-time sensing, repeatability, reusability, power efficiency, gas-sensitive material deposition, selectivity, sensitivity, stability, and response/recovery time, pinpointing gaps in the current knowledge and offering avenues for further research. To conclude, we provide insights and suggestions for the prospective trajectory of smart wearable nanosensors in addressing the extant challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hooshmand
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Panagiotis Kassanos
- The Hamlyn Centre, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Meysam Keshavarz
- The Hamlyn Centre, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Pelin Duru
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
| | - Cemre Irmak Kayalan
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
| | - İzzet Kale
- Applied DSP and VLSI Research Group, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK;
| | - Mustafa Kemal Bayazit
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Sabanci University, Istanbul 34956, Turkey; (P.D.); (C.I.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Iqbal MM, Muhammad G, Hussain MA, Hanif H, Raza MA, Shafiq Z. Recent trends in ozone sensing technology. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:2798-2822. [PMID: 37287375 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00334e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The harmful impact of ozone on humans and the environment makes the development of economical, accurate, and efficient ozone monitoring technologies necessary. Therefore, in the present review, we critically discuss developments in the methods for the synthesis of ozone sensing materials such as metal oxides (Ni, Co, Pd, In, Cu, Zn, Fe, Sn, W, Ti and Mo), carbon nanotubes, organic compounds, perovskites, and quartz. Additionally, the recent advancements and innovations in ozone technology will be discussed. In this review, we focus on assembling ozone-sensing devices and developing related wireless communication, data transferring, and analyzing technologies together with satellite, airborne, and ground-based novel ozone-sensing strategies for monitoring the atmosphere, urban areas, and working environments. Furthermore, the developments in ozone-monitoring miniaturized devices technology will be considered. The effects of different factors, such as spatial-temporal variation, humidity, and calibration, on ozone measurements will also be discussed. It is anticipated that this review will bridge the knowledge gaps among materials chemists, engineers, and industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gulzar Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Hina Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Zahid Shafiq
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, BZ University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Theiner D, Limbacher B, Jaidl M, Ertl M, Hlavatsch M, Unterrainer K, Mizaikoff B, Darmo J. Flexible terahertz gas sensing platform based on substrate-integrated hollow waveguides and an opto-electronic light source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:15983-15993. [PMID: 37157687 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We report on a flexible platform for molecular sensing in the terahertz range. Merging the well-established technologies of near-infrared electro-optic modulation and photomixing realizes a spectrally adaptable terahertz source, which is combined with a new generation of compact gas cells, so-called substrate-integrated hollow waveguides (iHWGs). iHWGs have been developed in the mid-infrared and provide flexibility in the design of the optical absorption path. Here, we demonstrate its suitability for the terahertz domain by presenting its low propagation losses and by measuring rotational transitions of nitrious oxide (N2O). A fast frequency sideband modulation technique results in substantially reduced measurement times and increased accuracy compared to a standard wavelength tuning method.
Collapse
|
8
|
Reagent-less and sub-minute quantification of sulfite in food samples using substrate-integrated hollow waveguide gas sensors coupled to deep-UV LED. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1236:340596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
9
|
Petruci JFS, Barreto DN, Dias MA, Felix EP, Cardoso AA. Analytical methods applied for ozone gas detection: a review. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|