1
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Carota AG, Bonini A, Urban M, Poma N, Vivaldi FM, Tavanti A, Rossetti M, Rosati G, Merkoçi A, Di Francesco F. Low-cost inkjet-printed nanostructured biosensor based on CRISPR/Cas12a system for pathogen detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116340. [PMID: 38718633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The escalating global incidence of infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, especially in developing countries, emphasises the urgent need for rapid and portable pathogen detection devices. This study introduces a sensitive and specific electrochemical biosensing platform utilising cost-effective electrodes fabricated by inkjet-printing gold and silver nanoparticles on a plastic substrate. The biosensor exploits the CRISPR/Cas12a system for detecting a specific DNA sequence selected from the genome of the target pathogen. Upon detection, the trans-activity of Cas12a/gRNA is triggered, leading to the cleavage of rationally designed single-strand DNA reporters (linear and hairpin) labelled with methylene blue (ssDNA-MB) and bound to the electrode surface. In principle, this sensing mechanism can be adapted to any bacterium by choosing a proper guide RNA to target a specific sequence of its DNA. The biosensor's performance was assessed for two representative pathogens (a Gram-negative, Escherichia coli, and a Gram-positive, Staphylococcus aureus), and results obtained with inkjet-printed gold electrodes were compared with those obtained by commercial screen-printed gold electrodes. Our results show that the use of inkjet-printed nanostructured gold electrodes, which provide a large surface area, in combination with the use of hairpin reporters containing a poly-T loop can increase the sensitivity of the assay corresponding to a signal variation of 86%. DNA targets amplified from various clinically isolated bacteria, have been tested and demonstrate the potential of the proposed platform for point-of-need applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Gilda Carota
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Massimo Urban
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemi Poma
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Maria Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Arianna Tavanti
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Rossetti
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Giulio Rosati
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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2
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Park IK, Choi YS, Jo SY. Development of quantitative detection methods for four Alzheimer's disease specific biomarker panels using electrochemical immunosensors based on enzyme immunoassay. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00614-7. [PMID: 38884905 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00614-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Accurate and timely diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is necessary to maximize the effectiveness of treatment and using biomarkers for diagnosis is attracting attention as a minimally invasive method with few side effects. Electrochemical immunosensor (EI) is a method that is in the spotlight in the medical and bioanalytical fields due to its portability and field usability. Here, we quantified four AD specific biomarkers using EIs based on enzyme immunoassay. We selected and developed quantitative methods for the biomarkers using screen-printed gold electrodes. For three biomarkers, quantification was performed using competition immunoassays in which antigen-antibody premix mixtures were applied to antigen-immobilized electrodes and the limit of detection (LOD) values were secured, 1.20 ng/ml, 1.30 ng/ml, and 1.74 ng/ml, respectively. For the other, a sandwich immunoassay using antibody pair was selected for quantification and LOD was also achieved as 0.077 ng/ml. All four biomarkers in buffer samples were successfully quantified and reliable R2 values were obtained, and reliable calibration curves were secured for three biomarkers in spiked human serum samples. The immunosensors developed and will be optimized are expected to be used in various fields, including detection of biomarkers for not only AD but also related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Kyu Park
- JHK Medical Science Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sun Choi
- JHK Medical Science Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yun Jo
- JHK Medical Science Inc., Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34013, Republic of Korea.
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3
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Whitehouse WL, Lo LHY, Kinghorn AB, Shiu SCC, Tanner JA. Structure-Switching Electrochemical Aptasensor for Rapid, Reagentless, and Single-Step Nanomolar Detection of C-Reactive Protein. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:3721-3730. [PMID: 38485932 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant and sensitive indicator for sepsis and other life-threatening pathologies, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Currently, clinical turn-around times for established CRP detection methods take between 30 min to hours or even days from centralized laboratories. Here, we report the development of an electrochemical biosensor using redox probe-tagged DNA aptamers, functionalized onto inexpensive, commercially available screen-printed electrodes. Binding-induced conformational switching of the CRP-targeting aptamer induces a specific and selective signal-ON event, which enables single-step and reagentless detection of CRP in as little as 1 min. The aptasensor limit of detection spans approximately 20-60 nM in 50% human serum with dynamic response windows spanning 1-200 or 1-500 nM (R = 0.97/R = 0.98 respectively). The sensor is stable for at least 1 week and can be reused numerous times, as judged from repeated real-time dosing and dose-response assays. By decoupling binding events from the signal induction mechanism, structure-switching electrochemical aptamer-based sensors provide considerable advantages over their adsorption-based counterparts. Our work expands on the retinue of such sensors reported in the literature and is the first instance of structure-switching electrochemical aptamer-based sensors (SS-EABs) for reagentless, voltammetric CRP detection. We hope this study inspires further investigations into the suitability of SS-EABs for diagnostics, which will aid translational R&D toward fully realized devices aimed at point-of-care applications or for broader use by the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Whitehouse
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Louisa H Y Lo
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Center, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew B Kinghorn
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon C C Shiu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Julian A Tanner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Röcker D, Dietmann K, Nägler L, Su X, Fraga-García P, Schwaminger SP, Berensmeier S. Design and characterization of an electrochemically-modulated membrane chromatography device. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1718:464733. [PMID: 38364620 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Membrane separations offer a compelling alternative to traditional chromatographic methods by overcoming mass transport limitations. We introduce an additional degree of freedom in modulating membrane chromatography by using metalized membranes in a potential-driven process. Investigating the impact of a gold coating on membrane characteristics, the sputtered gold layer enhances the surface conductivity with stable electrochemical behavior. However, this comes at the expense of reduced permeability, wettability, and static binding capacity (∼ 474 µg g-1 of maleic acid). The designed device displayed a homogenous flow distribution, and the membrane electrodes exhibit predominantly capacitive behavior during potential application. Modulating the electrical potential during the adsorption and desorption phase strongly influenced the binding and elution behavior of anion-exchange membranes. Switching potentials between ±1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl induces desorption, confirming the process principle. Elution efficiency reaches up to 58 % at -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl in the desorption phase without any alteration of the mobile phase. Increasing the potential perturbation ranging from +1.0 V to -1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl resulted in reduced peak width and improved elution behavior, demonstrating the feasibility of electrochemically-modulated membrane chromatography. The developed process has great potential as a gentle and sustainable separation step in the biotechnological and chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Röcker
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany; Munich Institute for Integrated Materials, Energy and Process Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Katharina Dietmann
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Larissa Nägler
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Paula Fraga-García
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Sebastian P Schwaminger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Otto-Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, Graz 8010, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, Graz 8010, Austria.
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Chair of Bioseparation Engineering, TUM School of Engineering and Design, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 15, Garching 85748, Germany; Munich Institute for Integrated Materials, Energy and Process Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4a, Garching 85748, Germany.
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5
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Zhou X, Zamani M, Austin K, De Bock M, Chaj Ullola J, Riki S, Furst AL. Improving electrochemical hybridization assays with restriction enzymes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1948-1951. [PMID: 38284146 PMCID: PMC10863419 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acids in blood are early indicators of disease that could be detected by point-of-care biosensors if sufficiently sensitive and facile sensors existed. Electrochemical hybridization assays are sensitive and specific but are limited to very short nucleic acids. We have developed a restriction enzyme-assisted electrochemical hybridization (REH) assay for improved nucleic acid detection. By incorporating target-specific restriction enzymes, we detect long nucleic acids, with performance dependent on the location of the cut site relative to the electrode surface. Thus, we have further established guidelines for REH design to serve as a generalizable platform for robust electrochemical detection of long nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Marjon Zamani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Katherine Austin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Marieke De Bock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Joshua Chaj Ullola
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Smah Riki
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Ariel L Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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6
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Gautam N, Chattopadhyay S, Kar S, Sarkar A. Real-time detection of plasma ferritin by electrochemical biosensor developed for biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115579. [PMID: 37517244 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapid quantification of plasma ferritin levels holds utmost importance for the effective management of different chronic illnesses. We report the development of a novel biosensor for quantitative and selective detection of ferritin from a drop of blood plasma. Developed electrochemical biosensing platform contains a semiconductor nano-structured decorated screen-printed electrode (SND-SPE). The hydrothermally synthesized ZnO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite which has been coated on the electrode surfaces, imparts the specificity in ferritin diagnostics. Cyclic voltametric (CV) measurements with blood plasma shows a prominent reduction peak of ∼ - 0.76 V for specific ferritin reduction. The amperometric sensor shows a known concentration of 0.3 µg/dl ferritin-containing plasma generates 15 µA of current for single-time use. The efficacy of the device is evaluated by detecting ferritin in human plasma samples. The limit of detection and response time of the developed sensor are 0.04 µg/dl and 0.1 s respectively. The layer of ZnO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has played as an excellent catalyst during the specific reduction of Fe3+ ion and the merits of the device in terms of high robustness, ultrafast detection, highly stable, low-cost, and a biodegradable sensor, make it attractive for the deployment in point-of-care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Gautam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Sudip Chattopadhyay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Shantimoy Kar
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India.
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7
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Dongiovanni P, Meroni M, Casati S, Goldoni R, Thomaz DV, Kehr NS, Galimberti D, Del Fabbro M, Tartaglia GM. Salivary biomarkers: novel noninvasive tools to diagnose chronic inflammation. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:27. [PMID: 37386003 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several chronic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, heart disease and cancer are preceded by a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. Biomarkers for the early assessment of chronic disorders encompass acute phase proteins (APP), cytokines and chemokines, pro-inflammatory enzymes, lipids and oxidative stress mediators. These substances enter saliva through the blood flow and, in some cases, there is a close relation between their salivary and serum concentration. Saliva can be easily collected and stored with non-invasive and cost-saving procedures, and it is emerging the concept to use it for the detection of inflammatory biomarkers. To this purpose, the present review aims to discuss the advantages and challenges of using standard and cutting-edge techniques to discover salivary biomarkers which may be used in diagnosis/therapy of several chronic diseases with inflammatory consequences with the pursuit to possibly replace conventional paths with detectable soluble mediators in saliva. Specifically, the review describes the procedures used for saliva collection, the standard approaches for the measurement of salivary biomarkers and the novel methodological strategies such as biosensors to improve the quality of care for chronically affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Dongiovanni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marica Meroni
- Medicine and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Casati
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Goldoni
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Elettronica e di Ingegneria dell'Informazione e delle Telecomunicazioni, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Douglas Vieira Thomaz
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Nermin Seda Kehr
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, İzmir Institute of Technology, Gülbahçe Kampüsü, Urla İzmir, Turkey
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology-Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Fabbro
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca M Tartaglia
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- UOC Maxillo-Facial Surgery and Dentistry Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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8
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Podunavac I, Kukkar M, Léguillier V, Rizzotto F, Pavlovic Z, Janjušević L, Costache V, Radonic V, Vidic J. Low-cost goldleaf electrode as a platform for Escherichia coli immunodetection. Talanta 2023; 259:124557. [PMID: 37080072 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Gold electrodes are one of most prevalent substrates in electrochemical biosensors because they can be easily and highly efficiently functionalized with thiolated biomolecules. However, conventional methods to fabricate gold electrodes are costly, time-consuming and require onerous equipment. Here, an affordable method for rapid fabrication of an electrochemical immunosensor for Escherichia coli detection is presented. The gold electrode was generated using 24-karat gold leaves and lowcost polyvinyl chloride adhesive sheets covered with an insulating PTFE layer. The goldleaf electrode (GLE) was patterned using laser ablation and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, contact angle and 3D profiling. The GLEs were modified by a self-assembled mercaptopropionic monolayer, followed by surface activation to allow binding of the specific anti-E. coli antibody via carbodiimide linking. The biosensor showed a detection limit of 2 CFU/mL and a linear dynamic range of 10-107 CFU/mL for E. coli cells. No false positive signals were obtained from control bacteria. The obtained results demonstrated suitability of GLE for use in biosensors with high reliability and reproducibility. It is foreseeable that our work will inspire design of point-of-need biosensors broadly applicable in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Podunavac
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Manil Kukkar
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vincent Léguillier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, UMR 1319, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Francesco Rizzotto
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, UMR 1319, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Zoran Pavlovic
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Vlad Costache
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, UMR 1319, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France; MIMA2 Imaging Core Facility, Microscopie et Imagerie des Microorganismes, Animaux et Aliments, INRAE, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Vasa Radonic
- University of Novi Sad, BioSense Institute, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Jasmina Vidic
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, UMR 1319, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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9
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Zamani M, Klapperich CM, Furst AL. Recent advances in gold electrode fabrication for low-resource setting biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1410-1419. [PMID: 36602146 PMCID: PMC9977368 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00552b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gold electrodes are some of the most prevalent electrochemical biosensor substrate materials because they are readily functionalized with thiolated biomolecules. Yet, conventional methods to fabricate gold electrodes are costly and require onerous equipment, precluding them from implementation in low-resource settings (LRS). Recently, a number of alternative gold electrode fabrication methods have been developed to simplify and lower the cost of manufacturing. These methods include screen and inkjet printing as well as physical fabrication with common materials such as wire or gold leaf. All electrodes generated with these methods have successfully been functionalized with thiolated molecules, demonstrating their suitability for use in biosensors. Here, we detail recent advances in the fabrication, characterization and functionalization of these next-generation gold electrodes, with an emphasis on comparisons between cost and complexity with traditional cleanroom fabrication. We highlight gold leaf electrodes for their potential in LRS. This class of electrodes is anticipated to be broadly applicable beyond LRS due to their numerous inherent advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjon Zamani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Catherine M Klapperich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
| | - Ariel L Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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10
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Karbelkar A, Ahlmark R, Zhou X, Austin K, Fan G, Yang VY, Furst A. Carbon Electrode-Based Biosensing Enabled by Biocompatible Surface Modification with DNA and Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:358-365. [PMID: 36633230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Modification of electrodes with biomolecules is an essential first step for the development of bioelectrochemical systems, which are used in a variety of applications ranging from sensors to fuel cells. Gold is often used because of its ease of modification with thiolated biomolecules, but carbon screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) are gaining popularity due to their low cost and fabrication from abundant resources. However, their effective modification with biomolecules remains a challenge; the majority of work to-date relies on nonspecific adhesion or broad amide bond formation to chemical handles on the electrode surface. By combining facile electrochemical modification to add an aniline handle to electrodes with a specific and biocompatible oxidative coupling reaction, we can readily modify carbon electrodes with a variety of biomolecules. Importantly, both proteins and DNA maintain bioactive conformations following coupling. We have then used biomolecule-modified electrodes to generate microbial monolayers through DNA-directed immobilization. This work provides an easy, general strategy to modify inexpensive carbon electrodes, significantly expanding their potential as bioelectrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Karbelkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Rachel Ahlmark
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Xingcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Katherine Austin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Gang Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Victoria Y Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Ariel Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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11
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Lee J, Suh HN, Park HB, Park YM, Kim HJ, Kim S. Regenerative Strategy of Gold Electrodes for Long-Term Reuse of Electrochemical Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:1389-1400. [PMID: 36643538 PMCID: PMC9835648 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gold is of considerable interest for electrochemical active surfaces because thiol-modified chemicals and biomolecules can be easily immobilized with a simple procedure. However, most gold surfaces are damaged with repetitive measurements, so they are difficult to reuse. Here we demonstrate a novel electrochemical cleaning method of gold surfaces to reuse electrodes with a simple protocol that is easy and nontoxic. This electrochemical cleaning consists of two steps by using different solutions. The 1st step is a cyclic voltammetry sweep using a very low concentration of sulfuric acid, and the 2nd step is a cyclic voltammetry sweep using potassium ferricyanide. Different cleaning methods were also considered for comparison. Consequently, after assembling and desorption of the cell and antigen, the changes in gold electrode performance, as immunosensor and cytosensor, were investigated by electrochemical impedance and cyclic voltammetry. It was found that repetitive measurement is possible until five times while maintaining the reproducibility. It is believed that this method is capable of enabling reuse of gold electrodes and can be used for long-term and accurate monitoring of biological effects, especially at a low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- JuKyung Lee
- Department
of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National
Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk39177, Korea
| | - Han Na Suh
- Korea
Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do56212, Korea
| | - Hye-bin Park
- Digital
Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics
and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk39253, Korea
| | - Yoo Min Park
- Division
of Nano-Bio sensors/Chips development, National
NanoFab Center, Daejeon34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Kim
- Digital
Health Care Research Center, Gumi Electronics
and Information Technology Research Institute (GERI), Gumi, Gyeongbuk39253, Korea
| | - SangHee Kim
- Department
of Medical IT Convergence, Kumoh National
Institute of Technology, Gumi, Gyeongbuk39177, Korea
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12
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Zhou X, Schuh DA, Castle LM, Furst AL. Recent Advances in Signal Amplification to Improve Electrochemical Biosensing for Infectious Diseases. Front Chem 2022; 10:911678. [PMID: 35769443 PMCID: PMC9234564 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.911678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of infectious disease diagnostics is burdened by inequality in access to healthcare resources. In particular, “point-of-care” (POC) diagnostics that can be utilized in non-laboratory, sub-optimal environments are appealing for disease control with limited resources. Electrochemical biosensors, which combine biorecognition elements with electrochemical readout to enable sensitive and specific sensing using inexpensive, simple equipment, are a major area of research for the development of POC diagnostics. To improve the limit of detection (LOD) and selectivity, signal amplification strategies have been applied towards these sensors. In this perspective, we review recent advances in electrochemical biosensor signal amplification strategies for infectious disease diagnostics, specifically biosensors for nucleic acids and pathogenic microbes. We classify these strategies into target-based amplification and signal-based amplification. Target-based amplification strategies improve the LOD by increasing the number of detectable analytes, while signal-based amplification strategies increase the detectable signal by modifying the transducer system and keep the number of targets static. Finally, we argue that signal amplification strategies should be designed with application location and disease target in mind, and that the resources required to produce and operate the sensor should reflect its proposed application, especially when the platform is designed to be utilized in low-resource settings. We anticipate that, based on current technologies to diagnose infectious diseases, incorporating signal-based amplification strategies will enable electrochemical POC devices to be deployed for illnesses in a wide variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daena A. Schuh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lauren M. Castle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ariel L. Furst,
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