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Yang T, Tang S, Feng J, Yan X. Lipid Isobaric Mass Tagging for Enhanced Relative Quantification of Unsaturated sn-Positional Isomers. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:213-222. [PMID: 38645577 PMCID: PMC11027206 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the levels of lipid sn-positional isomers are associated with perturbation of the physiological environment within the biological system. Consequently, knowing the concentrations of these lipids holds significant importance for unraveling their involvement in disease diagnosis and pathological mechanisms. However, existing methods for lipid quantification often fall short in accuracy due to the structural diversity and isomeric forms of lipids. To address this challenge, we have developed an aziridine-based isobaric tag labeling strategy that allows (i) differentiation and (ii) enhanced relative quantification of lipid sn-positional isomers from distinct samples in a single run. The methodology enabled by aziridination, isobaric tag labeling, and lithiation has been applied to various phospholipids, enabling the determination of the sn-positions of fatty acyl chains and enhanced relative quantification. The analysis of Escherichia coli lipid extracts demonstrated the enhanced determination of the concentration ratios of lipid isomers by measuring the intensity ratios of mass reporters released from sn-positional diagnostic ions. Moreover, we applied the method to the analysis of human colon cancer plasma. Intriguingly, 17 PC lipid sn-positional isomers were identified and quantified simultaneously, and among them, 7 showed significant abundance changes in the colon cancer plasma, which can be used as potential plasma markers for diagnosis of human colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyuan Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shuli Tang
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jiaxin Feng
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xin Yan
- Department
of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, 580 Ross Street, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Zhang C, Xu X, Zhang S, Xiao M, Liu Y, Li J, Du G, Lv X, Chen J, Liu L. Detection and analysis of triacylglycerol regioisomers via electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2024; 270:125552. [PMID: 38118324 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TGs) are important components of human diet. The positional distribution of fatty acids (FAs) on the glycerol backbone affects the chemistry and physical properties of fats. Especially for infants, the structure of TGs plays an important role in the growth and development. However, limited by detecting technology, accurately identifying regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs is a significant challenge for human milk utilization and the development of infant formula. For this, we exploit a novel method for identifying the regioisomers of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within complex lipid mixtures, via used electron activated dissociation (EAD) tandem mass spectrometry. The distribution information of acyl chains at the sn-2 and sn-1/3 positions of glycerol backbone and double bonds in unsaturated FAs can be easily obtained by fragmenting TG ions with energetic electrons (15 eV). Then, the standard curve was established by correlating the peak area intensity of sn-2 characteristic product ion with the content of TG regioisomers standard. These analytical methods successfully enabled the identification and quantification of TG regioisomers in human milk, cow milk, infant formula, palm oil, and sunflower oil. Additionally, the distribution of the double-bond positions of unsaturated FAs in these samples was also identified. Compared to traditional methods, this approach eliminates the need for complex processing and analysis procedures, enabling rapid structural characterization of ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TGs within 17 min. Hence, we provide a rapid and convenient methodology for detecting and analyzing ABA/AAB and BAC/ABC/ACB type TG regioisomers, thereby offering valuable assistance in the development of specialized formulations and facilitating effective process control for ensuring the quality of edible oils and fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Xianhao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | | | - Yanfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xueqin Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Yixing Institute of Food Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Yixing, 214200, China.
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Liu J, Zheng Z, Wang N, Li G. Plasma-Droplet Fusion-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Sub-Millisecond Protein Unfolding Dynamics Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2292-2296. [PMID: 38295309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the connection between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative protein unfolding is critical to reveal the mechanisms underlying disease involving elevated ROS and protein misfolding. This could inform the development of therapeutics targeting cells based on their redox status. In this study, we developed a plasma-droplet fusion-mass spectrometry platform to rapidly assess protein resilience to ROS. This home-built system fuses ROS generated from the microplasma source with protein microdroplets from a tunable nanospray source. At the droplet-plasma intersection, ROS interact with proteins before entering the mass spectrometer for mass identification and structural characterization. Benefiting from the small-sized microdroplet with adjustable traveling velocity, the platform enables the first sub-millisecond kinetic study of ROS-induced protein unfolding, with a rate constant of approximately 1.81 ms-1. Capturing ROS-induced protein unfolding intermediates and the resultant ligand release dynamics can be extended to many more protein systems. We foresee broad applications for establishing previously undetected protein unfolding events when biologically impactful ROS are enriched in time and space with functional proteins and complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Kulyk DS, Baryshnikov GV, Damale PS, Maher S, Badu-Tawiah AK. Charge inversion under plasma-nanodroplet reaction conditions excludes Fischer esterification for unsaturated fatty acids: a chemical approach for type II isobaric overlap. Chem Sci 2024; 15:914-922. [PMID: 38239686 PMCID: PMC10793210 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct infusion ionization methods provide the highest throughput strategy for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of low-volume samples. But the trade-off includes matrix effects, which can significantly reduce analytical performance. Herein, we present a novel chemical approach to tackle a special type of matrix effect, namely type II isobaric overlap. We focus on detailed investigation of a nanodroplet-based esterification chemistry for differentiating isotopologue [M + 2] signal due to unsaturated fatty acid (FA) from the monoisotopic signal from a saturated FA. The method developed involves the online fusion of nonthermal plasma with charged nanodroplets, enabling selective esterification of saturated FAs. We discovered that unsaturated FAs undergo spontaneous intramolecular reaction via a novel mechanism based on a carbocation intermediate to afford a protonated lactone moiety (resonance stabilized cyclic carbonium ion), whose mass is the same as the original protonated unsaturated FA. Therefore, the monoisotopic signal from any saturated FA can be selectively shifted away from the mass-to-charge position where the isobaric interference occurs to enable effective characterization by MS. The mechanism governing the spontaneous intramolecular reactions for unsaturated FAs was validated with DFT calculations, experimentation with standards, and isotope labeling. This novel insight achieved via the ultrafast plasma-nanodroplet reaction environment provides a potentially useful synthetic pathway to achieve catalyst-free lactone preparation. Analytically, we believe the performance of direct infusion MS can be greatly enhanced by combining our approach with prior sample enrichment steps for applications in biomedicine and food safety. Also, combination with portable mass spectrometers can improve the efficiency of field studies since front-end separation is not possible under such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro S Kulyk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Glib V Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University SE-60174 Norrköping Sweden
| | - Purva S Damale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Simon Maher
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool Liverpool UK
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University 100 West 18th Ave. Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Patra S, Sahu KM, Mahanty J, Swain SK. Ex Vivo Glucose Detection in Human Blood Serums with Carbon Quantum Dot-Doped Oleic Acid-Treated Chitosan Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:5730-5745. [PMID: 37972392 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, carbon quantum dot (CQD)-doped oleic acid (OL)-treated chitosan (Ch) nanocomposites (Ch-OL/CQD) are prepared by a simple solution technique for nonenzymatic ex vivo detection of glucose in human blood samples. From the architecture of the structure, it is observed that the agglomeration of CQD is restricted by OL-treated Ch polymeric chain, and simultaneously the inhibition in the entanglement of Ch-OL polymeric chains in the matrix is attained by the incorporation of CQD, thereby proving the high stability of the nanocomposite. In vitro detection of glucose is studied by the "Turn ON-OFF" fluorescence technique which is again evidenced by the shining core image of nanocomposites in HRTEM. A highly selective glucose sensing against interfering sugars due to the specific spatial arrangement of the hydroxyl groups of glucose, leading to prominent hydrogen-bonding interaction is established, with a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.51 μM, covering a wide linear domain from 0 to 104 μM, R2 = 0.98. Moreover, the calculated glucose levels in real human blood serums by Ch-OL/CQD nanocomposites are compared with a commercial glucometer, with recovery percentages from 95.8 to 107.3%. The clinical potential is supported by studying the stimuli responsiveness of the nanocomposites as a function of pH and ionic strength, encouraging the operation of the sensor in a complex biological scenario. The present work may offer an opportunity for the monitoring of glucose in the blood for successful diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnita Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha 768018, India
| | - Krishna Manjari Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha 768018, India
| | - Jharana Mahanty
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha 768018, India
| | - Sarat K Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur, Odisha 768018, India
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Grooms AJ, Nordmann AN, Badu-Tawiah AK. Dual Tunability for Uncatalyzed N-Alkylation of Primary Amines Enabled by Plasma-Microdroplet Fusion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202311100. [PMID: 37770409 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The fusion of non-thermal plasma with charged microdroplets facilitates catalyst-free N-alkylation for a variety of primary amines, without halide salt biproduct generation. Significant reaction enhancement (up to >200×) is observed over microdroplet reactions generated from electrospray. This enhancement for the plasma-microdroplet system is attributed to the combined effects of energetic collisions and the presence of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ROS (e.g., O2 ⋅- ) act as a proton sink to increase abundance of free neutral amines in the charged microdroplet environment. The effect of ROS on N-alkylation is confirmed through three unique experiments: (i) utilization of radical scavenging reagent, (ii) characterization of internal energy distribution, and (iii) controls performed without plasma, which lacked reaction acceleration. Establishing plasma discharge in the wake of charged microdroplets as a green synthetic methodology overcomes two major challenges within conventional gas-phase plasma chemistry, including the lack of selectivity and product scale-up. Both limitations are overcome here, where dual tunability is achieved by controlling reagent concentration and residence time in the microdroplet environment, affording single or double N-alkylated products. Products are readily collected yielding milligram quantities in eight hours. These results showcase a novel synthetic strategy that represents a straightforward and sustainable C-N bond-forming process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Grooms
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Anna N Nordmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
| | - Abraham K Badu-Tawiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH-43210, USA
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