1
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Li Y, Dong J, Qin JJ. Small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90: An updated review. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116562. [PMID: 38865742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays important roles in the folding, stabilization, activation, and degradation of over 500 client proteins, and is extensively involved in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival. Thus, it has emerged as an important target in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Therefore, targeted inhibition of HSP90 provides a valuable and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HSP90-related diseases. This review aims to systematically summarize the progress of research on HSP90 inhibitors in the last five years, focusing on their structural features, design strategies, and biological activities. It will refer to the natural products and their derivatives (including novobiocin derivatives, deguelin derivatives, quinone derivatives, and terpenoid derivatives), and to synthetic small molecules (including resorcinol derivatives, pyrazoles derivatives, triazole derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, benzamide derivatives, benzothiazole derivatives, and benzofuran derivatives). In addition, the major HSP90 small-molecule inhibitors that have moved into clinical trials to date are also presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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2
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Paoletti N, Supuran CT. Benzothiazole derivatives in the design of antitumor agents. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2400259. [PMID: 38873921 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202400259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Benzothiazoles are a class of heterocycles with multiple applications as anticancer, antibiotic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory agents. Benzothiazole is a privileged scaffold in drug discovery programs for modulating a variety of biological functions. This review focuses on the design and synthesis of new benzothiazole derivatives targeting hypoxic tumors. Cancer is a major health problem, being among the leading causes of death. Tumor-hypoxic areas promote proliferation, malignancy, and resistance to drug treatment, leading to the dysregulation of key signaling pathways that involve drug targets such as vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor receptor, dual-specificity protein kinase, cyclin-dependent protein kinases, casein kinase 2, Rho-related coil formation protein kinase, tunica interna endothelial cell kinase, cyclooxygenase-2, adenosine kinase, lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferases, stearoyl-CoA desaturase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, thioredoxin, heat shock proteins, and carbonic anhydrase IX/XII. In turn, they regulate angiogenesis, proliferation, differentiation, and cell survival, controlling the cell cycle, inflammation, the immune system, and metabolic alterations. A wide diversity of benzothiazoles were reported over the last years to interfere with various proteins involved in tumorigenesis and, more specifically, in hypoxic tumors. Many hypoxic targets are overexpressed as a result of the hypoxia-inducible factor activation cascade and may not be present in normal tissues, providing a potential strategy for selectively targeting hypoxic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Paoletti
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of Neurofarba, Section of Pharmaceutical & Nutraceutical Sciences, Polo Scientifico, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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3
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Zajec Ž, Dernovšek J, Cingl J, Ogris I, Gedgaudas M, Zubrienė A, Mitrović A, Golič Grdadolnik S, Gobec M, Tomašič T. New Class of Hsp90 C-Terminal Domain Inhibitors with Anti-tumor Properties against Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. J Med Chem 2024; 67:12984-13018. [PMID: 39042910 PMCID: PMC11320583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a treatment challenge and requires innovative therapies. Hsp90, crucial for the stability of numerous oncogenic proteins, has emerged as a promising therapeutic target. In this study, we present the optimization of the Hsp90 C-terminal domain (CTD) inhibitor TVS21. Biochemical methods, NMR binding studies, and molecular modeling were employed to investigate the binding of representative analogs to Hsp90. The newly synthesized analogs showed increased antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cell lines, including the MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line. Compounds 89 and 104 proved to be the most effective, inducing apoptosis, slowing proliferation, and degrading key oncogenic proteins without inducing a heat shock response. In vivo, compound 89 showed comparable efficacy to the clinical candidate AUY922 and a better safety profile in a TNBC xenograft model. These results highlight the promise of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors for TNBC therapy, potentially filling a significant treatment gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Živa Zajec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Dernovšek
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Cingl
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iza Ogris
- Laboratory
for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marius Gedgaudas
- Department
of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology,
Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department
of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology,
Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ana Mitrović
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department
of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory
for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martina Gobec
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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4
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Zheng CX, Liao YT, Wang HX, Yang C, Li D, Shao LD. Synthesis of C3'-Foused Aryl/Penta-1,4-Dien-3-One/Amine Hybrids as HSP90C-Terminal Inhibitors. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400870. [PMID: 38842484 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
24 C3'-focused hybrids of aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine (APDA) were designed and synthesized. Of these hybrids, 2 n demonstrated improved antiproliferative effects on HER2-positive breast cancer cells (SKBr3 and BT474) and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468) with IC50 values ranging from 7.45 to 10.75 μM, but less toxicity to normal breast cells MCF-10A than the first generation of hybrid 1. Additionally, 2 n retained its ability to inhibit HSP90C-terminus, leading to the degradation of HSP90 client proteins HER2, EGFR, pAKT, AKT, and CDK4, without inducing a heat-shock response. Notably, 2 n also demonstrated improved thermostability compared to 1 and maintained in vitro metabolic stability in simulated intestinal fluid. These findings will provide a scientific basis for developing HSP90C-terminal inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Xia Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Hua-Xiang Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Chen Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Dashan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
| | - Li-Dong Shao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500
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5
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Dernovšek J, Zajec Ž, Poje G, Urbančič D, Sturtzel C, Goričan T, Grissenberger S, Ciura K, Woziński M, Gedgaudas M, Zubrienė A, Grdadolnik SG, Mlinarič-Raščan I, Rajić Z, Cotman AE, Zidar N, Distel M, Tomašič T. Exploration and optimisation of structure-activity relationships of new triazole-based C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors towards in vivo anticancer potency. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116941. [PMID: 38889640 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new anticancer agents is one of the most urgent topics in drug discovery. Inhibition of molecular chaperone Hsp90 stands out as an approach that affects various oncogenic proteins in different types of cancer. These proteins rely on Hsp90 to obtain their functional structure, and thus Hsp90 is indirectly involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. However, the most studied ATP-competitive inhibition of Hsp90 at the N-terminal domain has proven to be largely unsuccessful clinically. Therefore, research has shifted towards Hsp90 C-terminal domain (CTD) inhibitors, which are also the focus of this study. Our recent discovery of compound C has provided us with a starting point for exploring the structure-activity relationship and optimising this new class of triazole-based Hsp90 inhibitors. This investigation has ultimately led to a library of 33 analogues of C that have suitable physicochemical properties and several inhibit the growth of different cancer types in the low micromolar range. Inhibition of Hsp90 was confirmed by biophysical and cellular assays and the binding epitopes of selected inhibitors were studied by STD NMR. Furthermore, the most promising Hsp90 CTD inhibitor 5x was shown to induce apoptosis in breast cancer (MCF-7) and Ewing sarcoma (SK-N-MC) cells while inducing cause cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. In MCF-7 cells, it caused a decrease in the levels of ERα and IGF1R, known Hsp90 client proteins. Finally, 5x was tested in zebrafish larvae xenografted with SK-N-MC tumour cells, where it limited tumour growth with no obvious adverse effects on normal zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Dernovšek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Živa Zajec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Goran Poje
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Dunja Urbančič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Caterina Sturtzel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tjaša Goričan
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Sarah Grissenberger
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Krzesimir Ciura
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Mateusz Woziński
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk 80-416, Poland
| | - Marius Gedgaudas
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, Vilnius LT-10257, Lithuania
| | - Simona Golič Grdadolnik
- Laboratory for Molecular Structural Dynamics, Theory Department, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Irena Mlinarič-Raščan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Zrinka Rajić
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kovačića 1, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Andrej Emanuel Cotman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Nace Zidar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Zimmermannplatz 10, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia.
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6
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Liao YT, Du XY, Wang M, Zheng CX, Li D, Chen CH, Li RT, Shao LD. A silicon-containing aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine hybrid exhibits antiproliferative effects on breast cancer cells by targeting the HSP90 C-terminus without inducing heat-shock response. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:2625-2639. [PMID: 38107168 PMCID: PMC10718586 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A pharmacophore-hybridized strategy based on previously reported HSP90 C-terminal inhibitors was utilized to prepare 32 aryl/penta-1,4-dien-3-one/amine hybrids. Among them, a silicon-containing compound 1z exhibited remarkable broad-spectrum antiproliferative effects on various human breast cancer cell lines. Through fluorescence polarization and AlphaScreen-based assays, we demonstrated that 1z specifically inhibited the HSP90 C-terminus without affecting HSP90 N-terminus. Furthermore, 1z effectively inhibited the HSP90 C-terminus without inducing heat-shock response (HSR), leading to the degradation of its client proteins HER2, pAKT, AKT, and CDK4, causing G1 arrest of MCF-7 and SKBr3 cells, and ultimately contributing to apoptosis of these cells through caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activation. Additionally, the penta-1,4-dien-3-one linker in the hybrid, a large bulky lipophilic substitution in the aryl fragment at the 3'-site, and the presence of N-methylpiperazine as the amine fragment were identified as crucial factors that significantly contributed to the observed antiproliferative activity through structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis. Lastly, we found that 1z exhibited superior thermostability compared to vibsanin B derivatives and good in vitro metabolic stability in simulated intestinal fluid, representing one of the few reported silicon-containing HSP90 C-terminal inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Liao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Xin-Ye Du
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Mei Wang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Chun-Xia Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Dashan Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Chuan-Huizi Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology Kunming 650500 China
| | - Li-Dong Shao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Southern Medicinal Resources, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine Kunming 650500 China
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7
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Xie X, Zhang N, Li X, Huang H, Peng C, Huang W, Foster LJ, He G, Han B. Small-molecule dual inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90 for cancer targeted therapy. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106721. [PMID: 37467620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90, also known as Hsp90, is an extensively preserved molecular chaperone that performs a critical function in organizing various biological pathways and cellular operations. As a potential drug target, Hsp90 is closely linked to cancer. Hsp90 inhibitors are a class of drugs that have been extensively studied in preclinical models and have shown promise in a variety of diseases, especially cancer. However, Hsp90 inhibitors have encountered several challenges in clinical development, such as low efficacy, toxicity, or drug resistance, few Hsp90 small molecule inhibitors have been approved worldwide. Nonetheless, combining Hsp90 inhibitors with other tumor inhibitors, such as HDAC inhibitors, tubulin inhibitors, and Topo II inhibitors, has been shown to have synergistic antitumor effects. Consequently, the development of Hsp90 dual-target inhibitors is an effective strategy in cancer treatment, as it enhances potency while reducing drug resistance. This article provides an overview of Hsp90's domain structure and biological functions, as well as a discussion of the design, discovery, and structure-activity relationships of Hsp90 dual inhibitors, aiming to provide insights into clinical drug research from a medicinal chemistry perspective and discover novel Hsp90 dual inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; Department of Dermatology & Venereology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology & Venereology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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8
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Huang G, Cierpicki T, Grembecka J. 2-Aminobenzothiazoles in anticancer drug design and discovery. Bioorg Chem 2023; 135:106477. [PMID: 36989736 PMCID: PMC10718064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Substantial research efforts have been made to develop new chemical entities with improved anticancer efficacy. 2-Aminobenzothiazole is an important class of heterocycles containing one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms, which is associated with a broad spectrum of medical and pharmacological activities, including antitumor, antibacterial, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities. In recent years, an extraordinary collection of potent and low-toxicity 2-aminobenzothiazole compounds have been discovered as new anticancer agents. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of this class of compounds based on their activities against tumor-related proteins, including tyrosine kinases (CSF1R, EGFR, VEGFR-2, FAK, and MET), serine/threonine kinases (Aurora, CDK, CK, RAF, and DYRK2), PI3K kinase, BCL-XL, HSP90, mutant p53 protein, DNA topoisomerase, HDAC, NSD1, LSD1, FTO, mPGES-1, SCD, hCA IX/XII, and CXCR. In addition, the anticancer potentials of 2-aminobenzothiazole-derived chelators and metal complexes are also described here. Moreover, the design strategies, mechanism of actions, structure-activity relationships (SAR) and more advanced stages of pre-clinical development of 2-aminobenzothiazoles as new anticancer agents are extensively reviewed in this article. Finally, the examples that 2-aminobenzothiazoles showcase an advantage over other heterocyclic systems are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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9
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Amatya E, Blagg BSJ. Recent advances toward the development of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 80:129111. [PMID: 36549397 PMCID: PMC9869726 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a dynamic protein which serves to ensure proper folding of nascent client proteins, regulate transcriptional responses to environmental stress and guide misfolded and damaged proteins to destruction via ubiquitin proteasome pathway. Recent advances in the field of Hsp90 have been made through development of isoform selective inhibitors, Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors and disruption of protein-protein interactions. These approaches have led to alleviation of adverse off-target effects caused by pan-inhibition of Hsp90 using N-terminal inhibitors. In this review, we provide an overview of relevant advances on targeting the Hsp90 C-terminal Domain (CTD) and the development of Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors (CTIs) since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Amatya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA; Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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10
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Zhou D, Zhuang Y, Sheng Z. Study on effective synthesis of 7-hydroxy-4-substituted coumarins. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2022-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Many coumarin derivatives have good biological activity and application value in fluorescent probes. Therefore, synthetic routes to coumarin derivatives have also attracted the attention of many research groups. In this work, based on the Pechmann coumarin synthesis method, the influence of various Lewis acids on the reaction was discussed, and the optimal synthesis conditions of 7-hydroxy-4-substituted coumarins were explored. Based on the experimental results, a possible mechanism was proposed, which provides a reference for future industrialized production of coumarins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengde Medical University , Chengde , 067000 , China
- Shandong Daguan Pharmaceutical Technology Co Ltd , Jinan , Shandong, 250100 , China
| | - Youchao Zhuang
- Shandong Daguan Pharmaceutical Technology Co Ltd , Jinan , Shandong, 250100 , China
| | - Zuntian Sheng
- Shandong Daguan Pharmaceutical Technology Co Ltd , Jinan , Shandong, 250100 , China
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11
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Barszczewska-Pietraszek G, Drzewiecka M, Czarny P, Skorski T, Śliwiński T. Polθ Inhibition: An Anticancer Therapy for HR-Deficient Tumours. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010319. [PMID: 36613762 PMCID: PMC9820168 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA polymerase theta (Polθ)-mediated end joining (TMEJ) is, along with homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), one of the most important mechanisms repairing potentially lethal DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Polθ is becoming a new target in cancer research because it demonstrates numerous synthetically lethal interactions with other DNA repair mechanisms, e.g., those involving PARP1, BRCA1/2, DNA-PK, ATR. Inhibition of Polθ could be achieved with different methods, such as RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/Cas9 technology, or using small molecule inhibitors. In the context of this topic, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9 are still more often applied in the research itself rather than clinical usage, different than small molecule inhibitors. Several Polθ inhibitors have been already generated, and two of them, novobiocin (NVB) and ART812 derivative, are being tested in clinical trials against HR-deficient tumors. In this review, we describe the significance of Polθ and the Polθ-mediated TMEJ pathway. In addition, we summarize the current state of knowledge about Polθ inhibitors and emphasize the promising role of Polθ as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Drzewiecka
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr Czarny
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-216 Lodz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skorski
- Fels Cancer Institute for Personalized Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Tomasz Śliwiński
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-86
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12
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In Silico Discovery and Optimisation of a Novel Structural Class of Hsp90 C-Terminal Domain Inhibitors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12070884. [PMID: 35883440 PMCID: PMC9312846 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hsp90 is a promising target for the development of novel agents for cancer treatment. The N-terminal Hsp90 inhibitors have several therapeutic limitations, the most important of which is the induction of heat shock response, which can be circumvented by targeting the allosteric binding site on the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Hsp90. In the absence of an Hsp90—CTD inhibitor co-crystal structure, the use of structure-based design approaches for the Hsp90 CTD is difficult and the structural diversity of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors is limited. In this study, we describe the discovery of a novel structural class of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors. A structure-based virtual screening was performed by docking a library of diverse compounds to the Hsp90β CTD binding site. Three selected virtual hits were tested in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line, with compound TVS-23 showing antiproliferative activity with an IC50 value of 26.4 ± 1.1 µM. We report here the optimisation, synthesis and biological evaluation of TVS-23 analogues. Several analogues showed significantly enhanced antiproliferative activities in MCF-7 breast cancer and SK-N-MC Ewing sarcoma cell lines, with 7l being the most potent (IC50 = 1.4 ± 0.4 µM MCF-7; IC50 = 2.8 ± 0.4 µM SK-N-MC). The results of this study highlight the use of virtual screening to expand the structural diversity of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors and provide new starting points for further development.
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13
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Kurt AH, Ayaz L, Ayaz F, Seferoglu Z, Nural Y. A review on the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationships of benzothiazole derivatives against hypoxic tumors. Curr Org Synth 2022; 19:772-796. [PMID: 35352663 DOI: 10.2174/1570179419666220330001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There has been a growing body of studies on benzothiazoles and benzothiazole derivatives as strong and effective antitumor agents against lung, liver, pancreas, breast, and brain tumors. Due to highly proliferative nature of the tumor cells, the oxygen levels get lower than that of a normal tissue in the tumor microenvironment. This situation is called as hypoxia and has been associated with increased ability for carcinogenesis. For the drug design and development strategies, hypoxic nature of the tumor tissues has been exploited more aggressively. Hypoxia itself acts as a signal initiating system to activate the pathways that eventually lead to the spread of the tumor cells into the different tissues, increases the rate of DNA damage and eventually ends up with more mutation levels that may increase the drug resistance. As one of the major mediators of hypoxic response, hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) has been shown to activate to angiogenesis, metastasis, apoptosis resistance, and many other protumorigenic responses in cancer development. In the current review, we will be discussing the design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships of benzothiazole derivatives against hypoxic tumors such lung, liver, pancreas, breast and brain as potential anticancer drug candidates. The focus points of the study will be the biology behind carcinogenesis and how hypoxia contributes to the process, recent studies on benzothiazole and its derivatives as anti-cancer agents against hypoxic cancers, conclusions and future perspectives. We believe that this review will be useful for the researchers in the field of drug design during their studies to generate novel benzothiazole-containing hybrids against hypoxic tumors with higher efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Hakan Kurt
- Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Lokman Ayaz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Trakya University, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Furkan Ayaz
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Mersin University, 33343, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Seferoglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, TR-06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yahya Nural
- Advanced Technology, Research and Application Center, Mersin University, 33343 Mersin, Turkey
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14
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Zhang M, Liao Y, Tong X, Yan F. Novel urea derivative-loaded PLGA nanoparticles to inhibit caries-associated Streptococcus mutans. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4072-4080. [PMID: 35425421 PMCID: PMC8981093 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Caries is the most common chronic infectious disease in the human oral cavity and the existing anti-caries agents may lead to drug resistance and microecological imbalance. A novel urea derivative, 1,3-bis[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea, has a potentially prominent antibacterial effect on cariogenic bacterial strain Streptococcus mutans UA159. In this study, we encapsulated the water-insoluble urea derivative in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, performed physicochemical characterizations and explored its potential as a caries-preventive agent. The results showed that the drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles exhibited satisfying surface morphology, particle size, size distribution and stability. With an optimized theoretical drug loading (10%), the drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles exhibited negligible cytotoxicity against human oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. We noticed a biphasic drug release in vitro and the rate and cumulative release was higher in an acidic environment (pH 4.5) compared to a neutral environment (pH 7.4). The drug-loaded PLGA nanoparticles significantly inhibited the growth and lactic acid production of planktonic S. mutans as well as S. mutans biofilms. Our results indicate that the novel urea derivative-loaded PLGA nanoparticles serve as a promising anti-caries agent with remarkable pharmaceutical characteristics, low cytotoxicity, and satisfying antimicrobial effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Zhang
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210008 China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210008 China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Oral Implantology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210008 China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Periodontology, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University Nanjing Jiangsu 210008 China
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15
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Xu S, Guo A, Chen NN, Dai W, Yang HA, Xie W, Wang M, You QD, Xu XL. Design and synthesis of Grp94 selective inhibitors based on Phe199 induced fit mechanism and their anti-inflammatory effects. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 223:113604. [PMID: 34174740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 94 (Grp94), a member of the Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family, is implicated in many human diseases, including cancer, neurodegeneration, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Here, we describe our effort to design and develop a new series of Grp94 inhibitors based on Phe199 induced fit mechanism. Using an alkynyl-containing inhibitor as a starting point, we developed compound 4, which showed potent inhibitory activity toward Grp94 in a fluorescence polarization-based assay. With improved physicochemical properties and suitable pharmacokinetic properties, compound 4 was advanced into in vivo bioactivity evaluation. In a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis (UC), compound 4 showed anti-inflammatory property and reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6). Together, these findings provide evidence that this approach may be promising for further Grp94 drug development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Anping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Nan-Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huan-Aoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenqin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mengjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qi-Dong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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16
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Abstract
Flaviviruses such as dengue, Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, Yellow Fever and Zika virus, cause viral hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis in humans. However, antiviral therapeutics to treat or prevent flavivirus infections are not yet available. Thus, there is pressing need to develop therapeutics and vaccines that target flavivirus infections. All flaviviruses carry a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome, which encodes ten proteins; three structural proteins form the virus shell, and seven nonstructural (NS) proteins are involved in replication of the viral genome. While all NS proteins (NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, and NS5) are part of a functional membrane-bound replication complex, enzymatic activities required for flaviviral replication reside in only two NS proteins, NS3 and NS5. NS3 functions as a protease, helicase, and triphosphatase, and NS5 as a capping enzyme, methyltransferase, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. In this chapter, we provide an overview of viral replication focusing on the structure and function of NS3 and NS5 replicases. We further describe strategies and examples of current efforts to identify potential flavivirus inhibitors against NS3 and NS5 enzymatic activities that can be developed as therapeutic agents to combat flavivirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Knyazhanskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Marc C Morais
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Kyung H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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17
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Dernovšek J, Zajec Ž, Durcik M, Mašič LP, Gobec M, Zidar N, Tomašič T. Structure-Activity Relationships of Benzothiazole-Based Hsp90 C-Terminal-Domain Inhibitors. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081283. [PMID: 34452244 PMCID: PMC8400049 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a chaperone responsible for the maturation of many cancer-related proteins, and is therefore an important target for the design of new anticancer agents. Several Hsp90 N-terminal domain inhibitors have been evaluated in clinical trials, but none have been approved as cancer therapies. This is partly due to induction of the heat shock response, which can be avoided using Hsp90 C-terminal-domain (CTD) inhibition. Several structural features have been shown to be useful in the design of Hsp90 CTD inhibitors, including an aromatic ring, a cationic center and the benzothiazole moiety. This study established a previously unknown link between these structural motifs. Using ligand-based design methodologies and structure-based pharmacophore models, a library of 29 benzothiazole-based Hsp90 CTD inhibitors was prepared, and their antiproliferative activities were evaluated in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Several showed low-micromolar IC50, with the most potent being compounds 5g and 9i (IC50, 2.8 ± 0.1, 3.9 ± 0.1 μM, respectively). Based on these results, a ligand-based structure-activity relationship model was built, and molecular dynamics simulation was performed to elaborate the binding mode of compound 9i. Moreover, compound 9i showed degradation of Hsp90 client proteins and no induction of the heat shock response.
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18
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Tomašič T, Zubrienė A, Skok Ž, Martini R, Pajk S, Sosič I, Ilaš J, Matulis D, Bryant SD. Selective DNA Gyrase Inhibitors: Multi-Target in Silico Profiling with 3D-Pharmacophores. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080789. [PMID: 34451886 PMCID: PMC8400042 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA gyrase is an important target for the development of novel antibiotics. Although ATP-competitive DNA gyrase (GyrB) inhibitors are a well-studied class of antibacterial agents, there is currently no representative used in therapy, largely due to unwanted off-target activities. Selectivity of GyrB inhibitors against closely related human ATP-binding enzymes should be evaluated early in development to avoid off-target binding to homologous binding domains. To address this challenge, we developed selective 3D-pharmacophore models for GyrB, human topoisomerase IIα (TopoII), and the Hsp90 N-terminal domain (NTD) to be used in in silico activity profiling paradigms to identify molecules selective for GyrB over TopoII and Hsp90, as starting points for hit expansion and lead optimization. The models were used to profile highly active GyrB, TopoII, and Hsp90 inhibitors. Selected compounds were tested in in vitro assays. GyrB inhibitors 1 and 2 were inactive against TopoII and Hsp90, while 3 and 4, potent Hsp90 inhibitors, displayed no inhibition of GyrB and TopoII, and TopoII inhibitors 5 and 6 were inactive at GyrB and Hsp90. The results provide a proof of concept for the use of target activity profiling methods to identify selective starting points for hit and lead identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihomir Tomašič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (S.P.); (I.S.); (J.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-1-4769-556
| | - Asta Zubrienė
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Z.); (D.M.)
| | - Žiga Skok
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (S.P.); (I.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Riccardo Martini
- Inte:Ligand Softwareentwicklungs- und Consulting GmbH, Mariahilferstrasse 74B, 1070 Vienna, Austria; (R.M.); (S.D.B.)
- Discngine S.A.S., 79 Avenue Ledru Rollin, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Stane Pajk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (S.P.); (I.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Izidor Sosič
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (S.P.); (I.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Janez Ilaš
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Ž.S.); (S.P.); (I.S.); (J.I.)
| | - Daumantas Matulis
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.Z.); (D.M.)
| | - Sharon D. Bryant
- Inte:Ligand Softwareentwicklungs- und Consulting GmbH, Mariahilferstrasse 74B, 1070 Vienna, Austria; (R.M.); (S.D.B.)
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19
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Banerjee M, Hatial I, Keegan BM, Blagg BSJ. Assay design and development strategies for finding Hsp90 inhibitors and their role in human diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 221:107747. [PMID: 33245994 PMCID: PMC8744950 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that facilitates the maturation of its client proteins including protein kinases, transcription factors, and steroid hormone receptors which are structurally and functionally diverse. These client proteins are involved in various cellular signaling pathways, and Hsp90 is implicated in various human diseases including cancer, inflammation, and diseases associated with protein misfolding; thus making Hsp90 a promising target for drug discovery. Some of its client proteins are well-known cancer targets. Instead of targeting these client proteins individually, however, targeting Hsp90 is more practical for cancer drug development. Efforts have been invested in recognizing potential drugs for clinical use that inhibit Hsp90 activity and result in the prevention of Hsp90 client maturation and dampening of subsequent signaling cascades. Here, we discuss current assays and technologies used to find and characterize Hsp90 inhibitors that include biophysical, biochemical, cell-based assays and computational modeling. This review highlights recent discoveries that N-terminal isoform-selective compounds and inhibitors that target the Hsp90 C-terminus that may offer the potential to overcome some of the detriments observed with pan Hsp90 inhibitors. The tools and assays summarized in this review should be used to develop Hsp90-targeting drugs with high specificity, potency, and drug-like properties that may prove immensely useful in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monimoy Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, 305 McCourtney Hall, University of Norte Dame, Norte Dame, IN 46656, USA
| | - Ishita Hatial
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, 305 McCourtney Hall, University of Norte Dame, Norte Dame, IN 46656, USA
| | - Bradley M Keegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, 305 McCourtney Hall, University of Norte Dame, Norte Dame, IN 46656, USA
| | - Brian S J Blagg
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Warren Family Research Center for Drug Discovery and Development, 305 McCourtney Hall, University of Norte Dame, Norte Dame, IN 46656, USA.
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