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Lee ST, Stonecipher CA, Green BT, Welch KD, Gardner DR, Cook D. Ruminant metabolism of zygacine, the major toxic alkaloid in foothill death camas (Zigadenuspaniculatus). Toxicon 2024; 240:107651. [PMID: 38364982 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Death Camas (Zigadenus spp.) are common poisonous plants distributed throughout North America. The toxic alkaloids in foothill death camas are zygadenine and a series of zygadenine esters, with zygacine, the 3-acetyl ester of zygadenine, being the most abundant. Both cattle and sheep can be poisoned by grazing death camas, however, sheep consume death camas more readily and are most often poisoned. We hypothesized that the presence of enzymes, including esterases present in the rumen, liver, and blood of livestock would metabolize zygacine. The objective of this study was to investigate the metabolism of zygacine in sheep and cattle using in-vitro and in-vivo systems. Results from experiments where zygacine was incubated in rumen culture, plasma, liver S9 fractions, and liver microsomes and from the analysis of rumen and sera from sheep and cattle dosed death camas plant material demonstrated that zygacine is metabolized to zygadenine in the rumen, liver and blood of sheep and cattle. The results from this study indicate that diagnosticians should analyze for zygadenine, and not zygacine, in the rumen and sera for the diagnosis of livestock suspected to have been poisoned by foothill death camas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Lee
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA.
| | - Clinton A Stonecipher
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Benedict T Green
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Kevin D Welch
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Dale R Gardner
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1150 E. 1400 N., Logan, UT, 84341, USA
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Crawford JJ, Feng J, Brightbill HD, Johnson AR, Wright M, Kolesnikov A, Lee W, Castanedo GM, Do S, Blaquiere N, Staben ST, Chiang PC, Fan PW, Baumgardner M, Wong S, Godemann R, Grabbe A, Wiegel C, Sujatha-Bhaskar S, Hymowitz SG, Liau N, Hsu PL, McEwan PA, Ismaili MHA, Landry ML. Filling a nick in NIK: extending the half-life of a NIK inhibitor through structure-based drug design. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 89:129277. [PMID: 37105490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) has been pursued as a promising therapeutic target for autoimmune disorders due to its highly regulated role in key steps of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Previously reported NIK inhibitors from our group were shown to be potent, selective, and efficacious, but had higher human dose projections than desirable for immunology indications. Herein we report the clearance-driven optimization of a NIK inhibitor guided by metabolite identification studies and structure-based drug design. This led to the identification of an azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanone motif that attenuated in vitro and in vivo clearance while maintaining NIK potency and increasing selectivity over other kinases, resulting in a greater than ten-fold reduction in predicted human dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jianwen Feng
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hans D Brightbill
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Adam R Johnson
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew Wright
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aleksandr Kolesnikov
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Steven Do
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicole Blaquiere
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Po-Chang Chiang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter W Fan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matt Baumgardner
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Susan Wong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Robert Godemann
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Alice Grabbe
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | - Catharina Wiegel
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Sarah G Hymowitz
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Nicholas Liau
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter L Hsu
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul A McEwan
- Evotec SE., Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, Hamburg 22419, Germany
| | | | - Matthew L Landry
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Wang Y, Lee W, Chen YC, Zhou Y, Plise E, Migliozzi M, Crawford JJ. Turning the Other Cheek: Influence of the cis-Tetrafluorocyclohexyl Motif on Physicochemical and Metabolic Properties. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1517-1523. [PMID: 36105337 PMCID: PMC9465827 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
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The targeted introduction of substituents in order to
tailor a
molecule’s pharmacologic, physicochemical, and metabolic properties
has long been of interest to medicinal chemists. The all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl motif—dubbed Janus face, due to its
electrostatically polarized cyclohexyl ring—represents one
such example where chemists might incorporate a metabolically stable,
polar, lipocompatible motif. To better understand its potential utility,
we have synthesized three series of matched molecular pairs (MMPs)
where each MMP differs only in the cyclohexane unit, i.e., with a
tetrafluorocyclohexyl or a standard cyclohexyl motif. With the introduction
of the facially polarized all-cis tetrafluorocyclohexyl
ring, the resulting compounds have significantly modified physicochemical
properties (e.g., kinetic solubility, lipophilicity and permeability)
and metabolic stabilities. These results further speak to the promise
of this substituent as a tactic to improve the drug-like properties
of molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuhui Zhou
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emile Plise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Madyson Migliozzi
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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