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Bispat AS, Cardoso FC, Hasan MM, Dongol Y, Wilcox R, Lewis RJ, Duggan PJ, Tuck KL. Inhibition of N-type calcium channels by phenoxyaniline and sulfonamide analogues. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:916-936. [PMID: 38516585 PMCID: PMC10953480 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00714f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Building on previous investigations, structural modifications to the neuronal calcium ion channel blocker MONIRO-1 and related compounds were conducted that included replacement of the amide linker with an aniline and isosteric sulfonamide moiety, and the previously used strategy of substitution of the guanidinium group with less hydrophilic amine functionalities. A comprehensive SAR study revealed a number of phenoxyaniline and sulfonamide compounds that were more potent or had similar potency for the CaV2.2 and CaV3.2 channel compared to MONIRO-1 when evaluated in a FLIPR-based intracellular calcium response assay. Cytotoxicity investigations indicated that the sulfonamide analogues were well tolerated by Cos-7 cells at dosages required to inhibit both calcium ion channels. The sulfonamide derivatives were the most promising CaV2.2 inhibitors developed by us to date due, possessing high stability in plasma, low toxicity (estimated therapeutic index > 10), favourable CNS MPO scores (4.0-4.4) and high potency and selectivity, thereby, making this class of compounds suitable candidates for future in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjie S Bispat
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
| | - Fernanda C Cardoso
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Md Mahadhi Hasan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yashad Dongol
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Ricki Wilcox
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Richard J Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Peter J Duggan
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Research Way Clayton Victoria 3168 Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University Adelaide South Australia 5042 Australia
| | - Kellie L Tuck
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Victoria 3800 Australia
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2
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Figueroa-Valverde L, Rosas-Nexticapa M, Alvarez-Ramirez M, Melgarejo-Gutiérrez M, Mateu-Armand V, Garcimarrero-Espino A. Biological Activity of a Coumarin Derivative on Heart Failure Using an Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Model. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2024; 74:47-52. [PMID: 38232750 DOI: 10.1055/a-2228-4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure is a health problem worldwide. There are some drugs for it, including digoxin, spironolactone, captopril, and valsartan, but some of these drugs can produce secondary effects, such as arrhythmia, cough, hyperkalemia, hyponatremia and hypotension. The aim of this research was to evaluate the biological activity of coumarin (2H-chromen-2-one) and its derivatives (3BrAcet-C, 3-4Br-Ph-C, 4-CN-7D-C, 4-Me-7-Ph-C and 6Br-3-D-C) against ischemia/reperfusion injury as a therapeutic alternative for heart failure. In addition, the biological activity of the coumarin derivative 4-Me-7-Ph-C on left ventricular pressure (LVP) was determined in the absence or presence of ouabain and nifedipine at a dose of 1 nM using an isolated rat heart model. The results showed that i) the coumarin derivative 4-Me-7-Ph-C significantly decreased the infarct area (p+=+0.05) compared with 3BrAcet-C, 3-4Br-Ph-C, 4-CN-7D-C, and 6Br-3-D-C; and ii) 4-Me-7-Ph-C increased LVP in a dose-dependent manner, which effect was inhibited by nifedipine. These data suggest that coumarin 4-Me-7-Ph-C may act as a type-L calcium channel activator, so it could be a good agent to treat heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Figueroa-Valverde
- Laboratory of Pharmaco-Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Biological Sciences, University Autonomous of Campeche, Campeche, Camp., Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Mateu-Armand
- Faculty of Nutrition, Universidad Veracruzana, Unidad del Bosque Xalapa Veracruz, Mexico
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Liashuk OS, Andriashvili VA, Tolmachev AO, Grygorenko OO. Chemoselective Reactions of Functionalized Sulfonyl Halides. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300256. [PMID: 37823680 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemoselective transformations of functionalized sulfonyl fluorides and chlorides are surveyed comprehensively. It is shown that sulfonyl fluorides provide an excellent selectivity control in their reactions. Thus, numerous conditions are tolerated by the SO2 F group - from amide and ester formation to directed ortho-lithiation and transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings. Meanwhile, sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) is also compatible with numerous functional groups, thus confirming its title of "another click reaction". On the contrary, with a few exceptions, most transformations of functionalized sulfonyl chlorides typically occur at the SO2 Cl moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr S Liashuk
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslav A Andriashvili
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andriy O Tolmachev
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net), Winston Churchill Street 78, Kyїv, 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyїv, 01601, Ukraine
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Antunes FTT, Campos MM, Carvalho VDPR, da Silva Junior CA, Magno LAV, de Souza AH, Gomez MV. Current Drug Development Overview: Targeting Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels for the Treatment of Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119223. [PMID: 37298174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are targeted to treat pain conditions. Since the discovery of their relation to pain processing control, they are investigated to find new strategies for better pain control. This review provides an overview of naturally based and synthetic VGCC blockers, highlighting new evidence on the development of drugs focusing on the VGCC subtypes as well as mixed targets with pre-clinical and clinical analgesic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Tasmin Techera Antunes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Maria Martha Campos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90619-900, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luiz Alexandre Viana Magno
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG), Belo Horizonte 30110-005, MG, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Hubner de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais (FCMMG), Belo Horizonte 30110-005, MG, Brazil
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Voltage-dependent Ca V3.2 and Ca V2.2 channels in nociceptive pathways. Pflugers Arch 2022; 474:421-434. [PMID: 35043234 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-022-02666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Noxious stimuli like cold, heat, pH change, tissue damage, and inflammation depolarize a membrane of peripheral endings of specialized nociceptive neurons which eventually results in the generation of an action potential. The electrical signal is carried along a long axon of nociceptive neurons from peripheral organs to soma located in dorsal root ganglions and further to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it is transmitted through a chemical synapse and is carried through the spinal thalamic tract into the brain. Two subtypes of voltage-activated calcium play a major role in signal transmission: a low voltage-activated CaV3.2 channel and a high voltage-activated CaV2.2 channel. The CaV3.2 channel contributes mainly to the signal conductance along nociceptive neurons while the principal role of the CaV2.2 channel is in the synaptic transmission at the dorsal horn. Both channels contribute to the signal initiation at peripheral nerve endings. This review summarizes current knowledge about the expression and distribution of these channels in a nociceptive pathway, the regulation of their expression and gating during pain pathology, and their suitability as targets for pharmacological therapy.
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Alles SRA, Smith PA. Peripheral Voltage-Gated Cation Channels in Neuropathic Pain and Their Potential as Therapeutic Targets. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2021; 2:750583. [PMID: 35295464 PMCID: PMC8915663 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.750583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of increased excitability and spontaneous activity in injured peripheral neurons is imperative for the development and persistence of many forms of neuropathic pain. This aberrant activity involves increased activity and/or expression of voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels and hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide gated (HCN) channels as well as decreased function of K+ channels. Because they display limited central side effects, peripherally restricted Na+ and Ca2+ channel blockers and K+ channel activators offer potential therapeutic approaches to pain management. This review outlines the current status and future therapeutic promise of peripherally acting channel modulators. Selective blockers of Nav1.3, Nav1.7, Nav1.8, Cav3.2, and HCN2 and activators of Kv7.2 abrogate signs of neuropathic pain in animal models. Unfortunately, their performance in the clinic has been disappointing; some substances fail to meet therapeutic end points whereas others produce dose-limiting side effects. Despite this, peripheral voltage-gated cation channels retain their promise as therapeutic targets. The way forward may include (i) further structural refinement of K+ channel activators such as retigabine and ASP0819 to improve selectivity and limit toxicity; use or modification of Na+ channel blockers such as vixotrigine, PF-05089771, A803467, PF-01247324, VX-150 or arachnid toxins such as Tap1a; the use of Ca2+ channel blockers such as TTA-P2, TTA-A2, Z 944, ACT709478, and CNCB-2; (ii) improving methods for assessing "pain" as opposed to nociception in rodent models; (iii) recognizing sex differences in pain etiology; (iv) tailoring of therapeutic approaches to meet the symptoms and etiology of pain in individual patients via quantitative sensory testing and other personalized medicine approaches; (v) targeting genetic and biochemical mechanisms controlling channel expression using anti-NGF antibodies such as tanezumab or re-purposed drugs such as vorinostat, a histone methyltransferase inhibitor used in the management of T-cell lymphoma, or cercosporamide a MNK 1/2 inhibitor used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; (vi) combination therapy using drugs that are selective for different channel types or regulatory processes; (vii) directing preclinical validation work toward the use of human or human-derived tissue samples; and (viii) application of molecular biological approaches such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha R A Alles
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Peter A Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Mondal S, Malakar S. Synthesis of sulfonamide and their synthetic and therapeutic applications: Recent advances. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION T-type calcium channels are attractive targets for potential treatment of epilepsy inflammatory or neuropathic pain, insomnia, Parkinson's disease, and cancer. Three isoforms having different biophysical functions are expressed in peripheral and central nerve. Since the withdrawal of mibefradil, the first compound marketed for selective T-type calcium channel blockade, extensive efforts have been made to identify more selective T-type calcium channel blockers. AREAS COVERED This review covers the 43 patents describing 'organic small molecules as T-type calcium channel blockers'-published since 2012. The most recent similar patent review was published in 2011. Information from a recent review article and relevant research papers has been included, as well as biological data and clinical trial results where available. EXPERT OPINION Triazinone derivatives, carbazole compounds, and aryl triazole/imidazole amide derivatives display potent blockade activity α1H, α1G, and pan T-type calcium channel subtypes, respectively, though the specificity of the letter is still unsatisfactory. Nonetheless, improvements seen in the efficacy of compounds targeting α1H T-type calcium channels indicate significant progress. Ongoing clinical trials are for the candidates Z944 (Phase II) and ACT-709478 (Phase II) appear promising. These studies may lead to a new generation of inhibitors with higher selectivity, improved physicochemical properties, and reduced side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghilsoo Nam
- a Center for Neuro-Medicine , Brain Science Institute, Korea Institutes of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Division of Bio-Medical Science, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology Seoul , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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Yang HK, Son WS, Lim KS, Kim GH, Lim EJ, Gadhe CG, Lee JY, Jeong KS, Lim SM, Pae AN. Synthesis and biological evaluation of pyrrolidine-based T-type calcium channel inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2018; 33:1460-1471. [PMID: 30231778 PMCID: PMC6151954 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2018.1513926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The treatment of neuropathic pain is one of the urgent unmet medical needs and T-type calcium channels are promising therapeutic targets for neuropathic pain. Several potent T-type channel inhibitors showed promising in vivo efficacy in neuropathic pain animal models and are being investigated in clinical trials. Herein we report development of novel pyrrolidine-based T-type calcium channel inhibitors by pharmacophore mapping and structural hybridisation followed by evaluation of their Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 channel inhibitory activities. Among potent inhibitors against both Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 channels, a promising compound 20n based on in vitro ADME properties displayed satisfactory plasma and brain exposure in rats according to in vivo pharmacokinetic studies. We further demonstrated that 20n effectively improved the symptoms of neuropathic pain in both SNL and STZ neuropathic pain animal models, suggesting modulation of T-type calcium channels can be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hak Kyun Yang
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seung Son
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,b Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Keon Seung Lim
- c 1ST Biotherapeutics Inc. , Seongnam , Gyeonggi-do , Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Hee Kim
- d Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Lim
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Changdev G Gadhe
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeol Lee
- d Research Institute for Basic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Sung Jeong
- b Department of Chemistry , Yonsei University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Min Lim
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,e Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology , Korea University of Science and Technology , Daejon , Republic of Korea
| | - Ae Nim Pae
- a Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis, Treatment and Care System of Dementia , Korea Institute of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea.,f Division of Bio-Medical Science & Technology, KIST School , Korea University of Science and Technology , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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10
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Sairaman A, Cardoso FC, Bispat A, Lewis RJ, Duggan PJ, Tuck KL. Synthesis and evaluation of aminobenzothiazoles as blockers of N- and T-type calcium channels. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:3046-3059. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Siegrist R, Pozzi D, Jacob G, Torrisi C, Colas K, Braibant B, Mawet J, Pfeifer T, de Kanter R, Roch C, Kessler M, Corminboeuf O, Bezençon O. Structure–Activity Relationship, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Properties Optimization, and in Vivo Studies of New Brain Penetrant Triple T-Type Calcium Channel Blockers. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10661-10675. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Siegrist
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Davide Pozzi
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Gaël Jacob
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Torrisi
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Kilian Colas
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Braibant
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Mawet
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Pfeifer
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Ruben de Kanter
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Roch
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Kessler
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Corminboeuf
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Bezençon
- Drug Discovery Chemistry,
Biology and Pharmacology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Gewerbestrasse
16, CH-4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
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13
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In silico identification of T-type calcium channel blockers: A ligand-based pharmacophore mapping approach. J Adv Res 2016; 7:931-944. [PMID: 27713840 PMCID: PMC5045570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited progress has been made in the quest to identify both selective and non-toxic T-type calcium channel blocking compounds. The present research work was directed toward slaking the same by identifying the selective three dimensional (3D) pharmacophore map for T-type calcium channel blockers (CCBs). Using HipHop module in the CATALYST 4.10 software, both selective and non-selective HipHop pharmacophore maps for T-type CCBs were developed to identify its important common pharmacophoric features. HipHop pharmacophore map of the selective T-type CCBs contained six different chemical features, namely ring aromatic (R), positive ionizable (P), two hydrophobic aromatic (Y), hydrophobic aliphatic (Z), hydrogen bond acceptor (H) and hydrogen bond donor (D). However, non-selective T-type CCBs contain all the above mentioned features except ring aromatic (R). The present ligand-based pharmacophore mapping approach could thus be utilized in classifying selective vs. non-selective T-type CCBs. Further, the model can be used for virtual screening of several small molecule databases.
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