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Liao S, Wu G, Xie Z, Lei X, Yang X, Huang S, Deng X, Wang Z, Tang G. pH regulators and their inhibitors in tumor microenvironment. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 267:116170. [PMID: 38308950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
As an important characteristic of tumor, acidic tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely related to immune escape, invasion, migration and drug resistance of tumor. The acidity of the TME mainly comes from the acidic products produced by the high level of tumor metabolism, such as lactic acid and carbon dioxide. pH regulators such as monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), and Na+/H+ exchange 1 (NHE1) expel protons directly or indirectly from the tumor to maintain the pH balance of tumor cells and create an acidic TME. We review the functions of several pH regulators involved in the construction of acidic TME, the structure and structure-activity relationship of pH regulator inhibitors, and provide strategies for the development of small-molecule antitumor inhibitors based on these targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyi Liao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Guang Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhizhong Xie
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiuzhitang Co., Ltd, Changsha, Hunan, 410007, China
| | - Xiangping Deng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Zhe Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Pharmacy, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Guotao Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment Responsive Drug Research, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, 421001, China.
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2
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Manisha DS, Ratheesh AK, Benny S, Presanna AT. Heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic arena of monocarboxylate transporter inhibitors to battle tumorigenesis. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 102:1604-1617. [PMID: 37688395 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) have gained significant attention in cancer research due to their critical role in tumour metabolism. MCTs are legends for transporting lactate molecules in cancer cells, an oncometabolite and waste product of glycolysis, acting as an indispensable factor of tumour proliferation. Targeting MCTs with inhibitors has emerged as a promising strategy to combat tumorigenesis. This article summarizes the most recent research on MCT inhibitors in preventing carcinogenesis, covering both heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds. Heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic compounds such as pteridine, pyrazole, indole, flavonoids, coumarin derivatives and cyanoacetic acid derivatives have been reported as potent MCT inhibitors. We examine the molecular underpinnings of MCTs in cancer metabolism, the design and synthesis of heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic MCT inhibitors, their impact on tumour cells and the microenvironment and their potential as therapeutic agents. Moreover, we explore the challenges associated with MCT inhibitor development and propose future directions for advancing this field. This write-up aims to provide researchers, scientists and clinicians with a comprehensive understanding of the heterocyclic and non-heterocyclic MCT inhibitors and their potential in combating tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi S Manisha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Anandu Kizhakkedath Ratheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sonu Benny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Aneesh Thankappan Presanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, India
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3
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Deen SS, Rooney C, Shinozaki A, McGing J, Grist JT, Tyler DJ, Serrão E, Gallagher FA. Hyperpolarized Carbon 13 MRI: Clinical Applications and Future Directions in Oncology. Radiol Imaging Cancer 2023; 5:e230005. [PMID: 37682052 PMCID: PMC10546364 DOI: 10.1148/rycan.230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized carbon 13 MRI (13C MRI) is a novel imaging approach that can noninvasively probe tissue metabolism in both normal and pathologic tissues. The process of hyperpolarization increases the signal acquired by several orders of magnitude, allowing injected 13C-labeled molecules and their downstream metabolites to be imaged in vivo, thus providing real-time information on kinetics. To date, the most important reaction studied with hyperpolarized 13C MRI is exchange of the hyperpolarized 13C signal from injected [1-13C]pyruvate with the resident tissue lactate pool. Recent preclinical and human studies have shown the role of several biologic factors such as the lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, pyruvate transporter expression, and tissue hypoxia in generating the MRI signal from this reaction. Potential clinical applications of hyperpolarized 13C MRI in oncology include using metabolism to stratify tumors by grade, selecting therapeutic pathways based on tumor metabolic profiles, and detecting early treatment response through the imaging of shifts in metabolism that precede tumor structural changes. This review summarizes the foundations of hyperpolarized 13C MRI, presents key findings from human cancer studies, and explores the future clinical directions of the technique in oncology. Keywords: Hyperpolarized Carbon 13 MRI, Molecular Imaging, Cancer, Tissue Metabolism © RSNA, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surrin S Deen
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Catriona Rooney
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Ayaka Shinozaki
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Jordan McGing
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - James T Grist
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Damian J Tyler
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Eva Serrão
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- From the Department of Radiology, Cambridge University Hospitals, Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, England (S.S.D., E.S., F.A.G.); Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics (C.R., A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.) and the Oxford Centre for Clinical Magnetic Resonance Research (A.S., J.T.G., D.J.T.), University of Oxford, Oxford, England; Department of Radiology, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, England (J.M., J.T.G.); Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England (J.T.G.); Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England (E.S., F.A.G.); Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, Cambridge, England (F.A.G.); and Joint Department of Medical Imaging, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (E.S.)
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4
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Singh M, Afonso J, Sharma D, Gupta R, Kumar V, Rani R, Baltazar F, Kumar V. Targeting monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) in cancer: How close are we to the clinics? Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 90:1-14. [PMID: 36706846 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
As a result of metabolic reprogramming, cancer cells display high rates of glycolysis, causing an excess production of lactate along with an increase in extracellular acidity. Proton-linked monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) are crucial in the maintenance of this metabolic phenotype, by mediating the proton-coupled lactate flux across cell membranes, also contributing to cancer cell pH regulation. Among the proteins codified by the SLC16 gene family, MCT1 and MCT4 isoforms are the most explored in cancers, being overexpressed in many cancer types, from solid tumours to haematological malignancies. Similarly to what occurs in particular physiological settings, MCT1 and MCT4 are able to mediate lactate shuttles among cancer cells, and also between cancer and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment. This form of metabolic cooperation is responsible for important cancer aggressiveness features, such as cell proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, migration, invasion, metastasis, immune tolerance and therapy resistance. The growing understanding of MCT functions and regulation is offering a new path to the design of novel inhibitors that can be foreseen in clinical practices. This review provides an overview of the role of MCT isoforms in cancer and summarizes the recent advances in their pharmacological targeting, highlighting the potential of new potent and selective MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors in cancer therapeutics, and anticipating its inclusion in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Julieta Afonso
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Dolly Sharma
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India; Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University UP, Sector-125, Noida, India-201313
| | - Rajat Gupta
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, DBG College, Sector-18, Panipat, Haryana, India
| | - Reshma Rani
- Drug Discovery, Jubilant Biosys, Greater Noida 201306, UP, India.
| | - Fátima Baltazar
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Vinit Kumar
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research Amity, University UP, Sector-125, Noida 201313, India.
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5
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Puri S, Stefan K, Khan SL, Pahnke J, Stefan SM, Juvale K. Indole Derivatives as New Structural Class of Potent and Antiproliferative Inhibitors of Monocarboxylate Transporter 1 (MCT1; SLC16A1). J Med Chem 2023; 66:657-676. [PMID: 36584238 PMCID: PMC9841531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier (SLC) monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1; SLC16A1) represents a promising target for the treatment of cancer; however, the MCT1 modulator landscape is underexplored with only roughly 100 reported compounds. To expand the knowledge about MCT1 modulation, we synthesized a library of 16 indole-based molecules and subjected these to a comprehensive biological assessment platform. All compounds showed functional inhibitory activities against MCT1 at low nanomolar concentrations and great antiproliferative activities against the MCT1-expressing cancer cell lines A-549 and MCF-7, while the compounds were selective over MCT4 (SLC16A4). Lead compound 24 demonstrated a greater potency than the reference compound, and molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities to MCT1. Compound 24 led to cancer cell cycle arrest as well as apoptosis, and it showed to sensitize these cancer cells toward an antineoplastic agent. Strikingly, compound 24 had also significant inhibitory power against the multidrug transporter ABCB1 and showed to reverse ABCB1-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Puri
- Shobhaben
Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s
NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road,
Vile Parle (W), Mumbai400056, India
| | - Katja Stefan
- Department
of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Translational Neurodegeneration
Research and Neuropathology Lab (www.pahnkelab.eu), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372Oslo, Norway
| | - Sharuk L. Khan
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, N.B.S. Institute
of Pharmacy, Ausa413520, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department
of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Translational Neurodegeneration
Research and Neuropathology Lab (www.pahnkelab.eu), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372Oslo, Norway
- Drug
Development and Chemical Biology Lab, Lübeck Institute of Experimental
Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck
and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538Lübeck, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Latvia, Jelgavas iela
4, 1004Ri̅ga, Latvia
| | - Sven Marcel Stefan
- Department
of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Translational Neurodegeneration
Research and Neuropathology Lab (www.pahnkelab.eu), University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, 0372Oslo, Norway
- Drug
Development and Chemical Biology Lab, Lübeck Institute of Experimental
Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck
and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kapil Juvale
- Shobhaben
Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’s
NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road,
Vile Parle (W), Mumbai400056, India
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6
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McDonald CJ, Blankenheim ZJ, Drewes LR. Brain Endothelial Cells: Metabolic Flux and Energy Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 273:59-79. [PMID: 34251530 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) consists of multiple cell types including brain endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons that function collectively to maintain homeostasis within the CNS microenvironment. As the principal barrier-forming component of the NVU, the endothelial cells perform an array of complex functions that require substantial energy resources. The principal metabolic pathways for producing ATP are glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. While previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis is a primary pathway for most endothelial cells, details about the energy producing pathways of brain endothelial cells are not fully characterized. The contributions of glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration to energy metabolism are quantifiable using metabolic flux analysis that measures cellular oxygen consumption and acidification (proton production) in a closed microtiter plate format. ATP production rates are then calculated. The bioenergetics of the human brain microvascular endothelial cell line, hCMEC/D3, indicate that these cells exhibit relatively elevated rates of glycolytic flux and glycolytic ATP production, thus confirming their glycolytic nature even in the presence of abundant oxygen. Furthermore, energy producing pathways involving mitochondrial respiration are relatively low, although contributing significantly to total ATP production. Interestingly, the bioenergetics of the hCMEC/D3 cells are relatively similar to those of human primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBVECs). These findings allow a quantitative understanding of the bioenergetics of brain endothelial cells in a cultured and proliferative state and also provide a platform for comparative studies of disease states and conditions involving exposures to drugs or metabolic disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cade J McDonald
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Zachery J Blankenheim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth Medical School, Duluth, MN, USA.
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7
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Minadakis MP, Mavreas K, Neofytos DD, Paschou M, Kogkaki A, Athanasiou V, Mamais M, Veclani D, Iatrou H, Venturini A, Chrysina ED, Papazafiri P, Gimisis T. A glucose-based molecular rotor inhibitor of glycogen phosphorylase as a probe of cellular enzymatic function. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:2407-2423. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02211c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Molecular rotors belong to a family of fluorescent compounds characterized as molecular switches, where a fluorescence on/off signal signifies a change in the molecule’s microenvironment. Herein, the successful synthesis and...
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8
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Wang Y, Qin L, Chen W, Chen Q, Sun J, Wang G. Novel strategies to improve tumour therapy by targeting the proteins MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113806. [PMID: 34517305 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Poor selectivity, potential systemic toxicity and drug resistance are the main challenges associated with chemotherapeutic drugs. MCT1 and MCT4 and LAT1 play vital roles in tumour metabolism and growth by taking up nutrients and are thus potential targets for tumour therapy. An increasing number of studies have shown the feasibility of including these transporters as components of tumour-targeting therapy. Here, we summarize the recent progress in MCT1-, MCT4-and LAT1-based therapeutic strategies. First, protein structures, expression, relationships with cancer, and substrate characteristics are introduced. Then, different drug targeting and delivery strategies using these proteins have been reviewed, including designing protein inhibitors, prodrugs and nanoparticles. Finally, a dual targeted strategy is discussed because these proteins exert a synergistic effect on tumour proliferation. This article concentrates on tumour treatments targeting MCT1, MCT4 and LAT1 and delivery techniques for improving the antitumour effect. These innovative tactics represent current state-of-the-art developments in transporter-based antitumour drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Personnel Department, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Liuxin Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Qing Chen
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China
| | - Jin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Zhuang Yao Medicine Center of Engineering and Technology, Guang Xi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, 530200, PR China.
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9
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Heinrich T, Sala-Hojman A, Ferretti R, Petersson C, Minguzzi S, Gondela A, Ramaswamy S, Bartosik A, Czauderna F, Crowley L, Wahra P, Schilke H, Böpple P, Dudek Ł, Leś M, Niedziejko P, Olech K, Pawlik H, Włoszczak Ł, Zuchowicz K, Suarez Alvarez JR, Martyka J, Sitek E, Mikulski M, Szczęśniak J, Jäckel S, Krier M, Król M, Wegener A, Gałęzowski M, Nowak M, Becker F, Herhaus C. Discovery of 5-{2-[5-Chloro-2-(5-ethoxyquinoline-8-sulfonamido)phenyl]ethynyl}-4-methoxypyridine-2-carboxylic Acid, a Highly Selective in Vivo Useable Chemical Probe to Dissect MCT4 Biology. J Med Chem 2021; 64:11904-11933. [PMID: 34382802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to increased lactate production during glucose metabolism, tumor cells heavily rely on efficient lactate transport to avoid intracellular lactate accumulation and acidification. Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4/SLC16A3) is a lactate transporter that plays a central role in tumor pH modulation. The discovery and optimization of a novel class of MCT4 inhibitors (hit 9a), identified by a cellular screening in MDA-MB-231, is described. Direct target interaction of the optimized compound 18n with the cytosolic domain of MCT4 was shown after solubilization of the GFP-tagged transporter by fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy and microscopic studies. In vitro treatment with 18n resulted in lactate efflux inhibition and reduction of cellular viability in MCT4 high expressing cells. Moreover, pharmacokinetic properties of 18n allowed assessment of lactate modulation and antitumor activity in a mouse tumor model. Thus, 18n represents a valuable tool for investigating selective MCT4 inhibition and its effect on tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Heinrich
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ada Sala-Hojman
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Roberta Ferretti
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Carl Petersson
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefano Minguzzi
- Intana, Bioscience GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 29a, 82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | - Shivapriya Ramaswamy
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Anna Bartosik
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | - Frank Czauderna
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Lindsey Crowley
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Pamela Wahra
- EMD Serono Research & Development Institute, Inc., 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
| | - Heike Schilke
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pia Böpple
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Łukasz Dudek
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Leś
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Kamila Olech
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henryk Pawlik
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | - Ewa Sitek
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | - Sven Jäckel
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mireille Krier
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcin Król
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ansgar Wegener
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Mateusz Nowak
- Ryvu Therapeutics, Sternbacha 2, 30-394 Kraków, Poland
| | - Frank Becker
- Intana, Bioscience GmbH, Lochhamer Str. 29a, 82152 Planegg, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Herhaus
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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10
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Cong ATQ, Pimenta RML, Holy J, Heikal AA. Associated anisotropy of intrinsic NAD(P)H for monitoring changes in the metabolic activities of breast cancer cells (4T1) in three-dimensional collagen matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12692-12705. [PMID: 34036961 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06635d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The majority of in vitro studies of living cells are routinely conducted in a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. Recent studies, however, suggest that 2D cell culture promotes specific types of aberrant cell behaviors due to the growth on non-physiologically stiff surfaces and the lack of the tissue-based extracellular matrix. Here, we investigate the sensitivity of the two-photon (2P) rotational dynamics of the intrinsic reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate), NAD(P)H, to changes in the metabolic state of the metastatic murine breast cancer cells (4T1) in 2D monolayer and three-dimensional (3D) collagen matrix cultures. Time-resolved 2P-associated anisotropy measurements reveal that the rotational dynamics of free and enzyme-bound NAD(P)H in 4T1 cells are correlated to changes in the metabolic state of 2D and 3D cell cultures. In addition to the type of cell culture, we also investigated the metabolic response of 4T1 cells to treatment with two metabolic inhibitors (MD1 and TPPBr). The statistical analyses of our results enabled us to identify which of the fitting parameters of the observed time-resolved associate anisotropy of cellular NAD(P)H were significantly sensitive to changes in the metabolic state of 4T1 cells. Using a black-box model, the population fractions of free and bound NAD(P)H were used to estimate the corresponding equilibrium constant and the standard Gibbs free energy changes that are associated with underlying metabolic pathways of 4T1 cells in 2D and 3D cultures. These rotational dynamics analyses are in agreement with the standard 2P-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) measurements on the same cell line, cell cultures, and metabolic inhibition. These studies represent an important step towards the development of a noninvasive, time-resolved associated anisotropy to complement 2P-FLIM in order to elucidate the underlying cellular metabolism and metabolic plasticity in more complex in vivo, tumor-like models using intrinsic NADH autofluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh T Q Cong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1039 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.
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11
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Gardner ZS, Schumacher TJ, Ronayne CT, Kumpati GP, Williams MJ, Yoshimura A, Palle H, Mani C, Rumbley J, Mereddy VR. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 2-alkoxycarbonylallylester phosphonium derivatives as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 45:128136. [PMID: 34044122 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several phosphonium derivatives have been synthesized from Baylis-Hillman (BH) reaction derived allyl bromides and aryl phosphines as mitochondria targeting anticancer agents. In vitro cell proliferation inhibition studies on various solid tumor cell lines indicate that most of the compounds exhibit IC50 values in µM concentrations. Further studies reveal that β-substituted BH bromide derived phosphonium derivatives enhance the biological activity to low µM IC50 values. In vitrometabolic studies show that the lead candidate compound 16 inhibits the production of mitochondrial ATP, increases the proton leak within the mitochondrial membrane and abolishes the spare respiratory capacity in a concentration dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Gardner
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States
| | - Tanner J Schumacher
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States
| | - Greeshma P Kumpati
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States
| | - Michael J Williams
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States
| | - Akira Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 126 Heikkila Chemistry & Advanced Materials Science Building, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Hithardha Palle
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, United States
| | - Jon Rumbley
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Life Science 232, 1110 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3003, United States
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Duluth, James I. Swenson Science Building 251, 1035 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3004, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 126 Heikkila Chemistry & Advanced Materials Science Building, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota Duluth, Life Science 232, 1110 Kirby Drive, Duluth, MN 55812-3003, United States.
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12
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Recent developments of human monocarboxylate transporter (hMCT) inhibitors as anticancer agents. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:836-844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Aghakhani S, Zerrouk N, Niarakis A. Metabolic Reprogramming of Fibroblasts as Therapeutic Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cancer: Deciphering Key Mechanisms Using Computational Systems Biology Approaches. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 13:E35. [PMID: 33374292 PMCID: PMC7795338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts, the most abundant cells in the connective tissue, are key modulators of the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. These spindle-shaped cells are capable of synthesizing various extracellular matrix proteins and collagen. They also provide the structural framework (stroma) for tissues and play a pivotal role in the wound healing process. While they are maintainers of the ECM turnover and regulate several physiological processes, they can also undergo transformations responding to certain stimuli and display aggressive phenotypes that contribute to disease pathophysiology. In this review, we focus on the metabolic pathways of glucose and highlight metabolic reprogramming as a critical event that contributes to the transition of fibroblasts from quiescent to activated and aggressive cells. We also cover the emerging evidence that allows us to draw parallels between fibroblasts in autoimmune disorders and more specifically in rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. We link the metabolic changes of fibroblasts to the toxic environment created by the disease condition and discuss how targeting of metabolic reprogramming could be employed in the treatment of such diseases. Lastly, we discuss Systems Biology approaches, and more specifically, computational modeling, as a means to elucidate pathogenetic mechanisms and accelerate the identification of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Aghakhani
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Naouel Zerrouk
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
| | - Anna Niarakis
- GenHotel, University of Evry, University of Paris-Saclay, Genopole, 91000 Evry, France; (S.A.); (N.Z.)
- Lifeware Group, Inria Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
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14
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Benny S, Mishra R, Manojkumar MK, Aneesh TP. From Warburg effect to Reverse Warburg effect; the new horizons of anti-cancer therapy. Med Hypotheses 2020; 144:110216. [PMID: 33254523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An old ideology of killing the cancer cells by starving them is the underlying concept of the Warburg effect. It is the process of aerobic glycolysis exhibited by the cancer cells irrespective of anaerobic glycolysis or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation following by their healthy counterparts. Dr Otto Heinrich Warburg proposed this abnormal metabolic behaviour of tumour cells in 1920. This phenomenon illustrates the metabolic switching in tumour cells from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis triggered by an injury to the mitochondrial respiration. A modernised perspective of the Warburg hypothesis termed the Reverse Warburg effect introduced in 2009, with a two-compartment model describing the metabolic symbiosis between cancer cells and its neighbouring stromal cells or cancer-associated fibroblasts. This theory is elucidating the aerobic glycolysis occurring in cancer-associated fibroblasts which leads to the generation and deposition of the lactate in tumour microenvironment along with its significance. The transportation of lactate to and from the cancer cell and extracellular space is facilitated by the lactate transporters called monocarboxylate transporters. This lactate generated irrespective of the hypoxic or aerobic conditions acts as a primary metabolic fuel for the cancer cells. Besides, it will create a tumour microenvironment that is favouring the progression and metastasis of malignancy through several means. Overall, the lactate produced through this metabolic reprogramming is supporting and worsening the conditions of cancer. The concept of the Reverse Warburg effect proposes a new anti-cancer treatment modality by preventing the generation and transport of lactate through the inhibition of monocarboxylate transporters and in turn, defeating the cancer disease by arresting the cancer cells along with silencing tumour microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Benny
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Rohan Mishra
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - Maneesha K Manojkumar
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India
| | - T P Aneesh
- Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala 682041, India.
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15
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Sadeghzadeh M, Wenzel B, Gündel D, Deuther-Conrad W, Toussaint M, Moldovan RP, Fischer S, Ludwig FA, Teodoro R, Jonnalagadda S, Jonnalagadda SK, Schüürmann G, Mereddy VR, Drewes LR, Brust P. Development of Novel Analogs of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Ligand FACH and Biological Validation of One Potential Radiotracer for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25102309. [PMID: 32423056 PMCID: PMC7288138 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1-4 (MCT1-4) are involved in several metabolism-related diseases, especially cancer, providing the chance to be considered as relevant targets for diagnosis and therapy. [18F]FACH was recently developed and showed very promising preclinical results as a potential positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging of MCTs. Given that [18F]FACH did not show high blood-brain barrier permeability, the current work is aimed to investigate whether more lipophilic analogs of FACH could improve brain uptake for imaging of gliomas, while retaining binding to MCTs. The 2-fluoropyridinyl-substituted analogs 1 and 2 were synthesized and their MCT1 inhibition was estimated by [14C]lactate uptake assay on rat brain endothelial-4 (RBE4) cells. While compounds 1 and 2 showed lower MCT1 inhibitory potencies than FACH (IC50 = 11 nM) by factors of 11 and 25, respectively, 1 (IC50 = 118 nM) could still be a suitable PET candidate. Therefore, 1 was selected for radiosynthesis of [18F]1 and subsequent biological evaluation for imaging of the MCT expression in mouse brain. Regarding lipophilicity, the experimental log D7.4 result for [18F]1 agrees pretty well with its predicted value. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed high uptake of the new radiotracer in kidney and other peripheral MCT-expressing organs together with significant reduction by using specific MCT1 inhibitor α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Despite a higher lipophilicity of [18F]1 compared to [18F]FACH, the in vivo brain uptake of [18F]1 was in a similar range, which is reflected by calculated BBB permeabilities as well through similar transport rates by MCTs on RBE4 cells. Further investigation is needed to clarify the MCT-mediated transport mechanism of these radiotracers in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-341-2341794630; Fax: +49-341-2341794699
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Daniel Gündel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Sravan K. Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany;
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Straße 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Venkatram R. Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; (S.J.); (S.K.J.); (V.R.M.)
| | - Lester R. Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, 251 SMed, 1035 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA;
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (B.W.); (D.G.); (W.D.-C.); (M.T.); (R.-P.M.); (S.F.); (F.-A.L.); (R.T.); (P.B.)
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16
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Puri S, Juvale K. Monocarboxylate transporter 1 and 4 inhibitors as potential therapeutics for treating solid tumours: A review with structure-activity relationship insights. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 199:112393. [PMID: 32388280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of multidrug resistance (MDR) is one of the major causes leading to failure of cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) MCT1 and MCT4, which are overexpressed in solid tumours, play a very important role in cancer cell survival and proliferation. These lactate transporters work complimentarily to drive lactate shuttle in tumour cells, which results in maintenance of H+ ion (pH) balance necessary for their survival. Inhibition of these transmembrane proteins has been demonstrated as a novel strategy to treat drug resistant solid cancers. Presently, only a few small molecule MCT1 inhibitors such as AZD3965 and AR-C155858 are known with clinical potential. Even lesser mention of MCT4 inhibitors, which include molecules having scaffolds such as pyrazole and indazole, is available in the literature. Current overview presents the status of recent developments undertaken in identification of efficacious MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors as a potential anticancer therapy overcoming MDR. Further, detailed structure-activity relationships for different classes of compounds has been proposed to streamline the understandings learnt from ongoing research work. Through this review, we aim to highlight the importance of these excellent targets and facilitate future development of selective, potent and safe MCT1 and/or MCT4 inhibitors as promising chemotherapy for drug resistant cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Puri
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kapil Juvale
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India.
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17
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Sadeghzadeh M, Moldovan RP, Fischer S, Wenzel B, Ludwig FA, Teodoro R, Deuther-Conrad W, Jonnalagadda S, Jonnalagadda SK, Gudelis E, Šačkus A, Higuchi K, Ganapathy V, Mereddy VR, Drewes LR, Brust P. Development and radiosynthesis of the first 18 F-labeled inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs). J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 62:411-424. [PMID: 31017677 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4) are involved in tumor development and progression. Their expression levels are related to clinical disease prognosis. Accordingly, both MCTs are promising drug targets for treatment of a variety of human cancers. The noninvasive imaging of these MCTs in cancers is regarded to be advantageous for assessing MCT-mediated effects on chemotherapy and radiosensitization using specific MCT inhibitors. Herein, we describe a method for the radiosynthesis of [18 F]FACH ((E)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylic acid), as a novel radiolabeled MCT1/4 inhibitor for imaging with PET. A fluorinated analog of α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (FACH) was synthesized, and the inhibition of MCT1 and MCT4 was measured via an L-[14 C]lactate uptake assay. Radiolabeling was performed by a two-step protocol comprising the radiosynthesis of the intermediate (E)/(Z)-[18 F]tert-Bu-FACH (tert-butyl (E)/(Z)-2-cyano-3-{4-[(3-[18 F]fluoropropyl)(propyl)amino]-2-methoxyphenyl}acrylate) followed by deprotection of the tert-butyl group. The radiofluorination was successfully implemented using either K[18 F]F-K2.2.2 -carbonate or [18 F]TBAF. The final deprotected product [18 F]FACH was only obtained when [18 F]tert-Bu-FACH was formed by the latter procedure. After optimization of the deprotection reaction, [18 F]FACH was obtained in high radiochemical yields (39.6 ± 8.3%, end of bombardment (EOB) and radiochemical purity (greater than 98%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Steffen Fischer
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emilis Gudelis
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Šačkus
- Institute of Synthetic Chemistry, Kaunas University of Technology, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Kei Higuchi
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter Brust
- Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Research Site Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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18
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Sattler B, Kranz M, Wenzel B, Jain NT, Moldovan RP, Toussaint M, Deuther-Conrad W, Ludwig FA, Teodoro R, Sattler T, Sadeghzadeh M, Sabri O, Brust P. Preclinical Incorporation Dosimetry of [ 18F]FACH-A Novel 18F-Labeled MCT1/MCT4 Lactate Transporter Inhibitor for Imaging Cancer Metabolism with PET. Molecules 2020; 25:E2024. [PMID: 32357571 PMCID: PMC7248880 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) has been shown for a variety of human cancers (e.g., colon, brain, breast, and kidney) and inhibition resulted in intracellular lactate accumulation, acidosis, and cell death. Thus, MCTs are promising targets to investigate tumor cancer metabolism with positron emission tomography (PET). Here, the organ doses (ODs) and the effective dose (ED) of the first 18F-labeled MCT1/MCT4 inhibitor were estimated in juvenile pigs. Whole-body dosimetry was performed in three piglets (age: ~6 weeks, weight: ~13-15 kg). The animals were anesthetized and subjected to sequential hybrid Positron Emission Tomography and Computed Tomography (PET/CT) up to 5 h after an intravenous (iv) injection of 156 ± 54 MBq [18F]FACH. All relevant organs were defined by volumes of interest. Exponential curves were fitted to the time-activity data. Time and mass scales were adapted to the human order of magnitude and the ODs calculated using the ICRP 89 adult male phantom with OLINDA 2.1. The ED was calculated using tissue weighting factors as published in Publication 103 of the International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP103). The highest organ dose was received by the urinary bladder (62.6 ± 28.9 µSv/MBq), followed by the gall bladder (50.4 ± 37.5 µSv/MBq) and the pancreas (30.5 ± 27.3 µSv/MBq). The highest contribution to the ED was by the urinary bladder (2.5 ± 1.1 µSv/MBq), followed by the red marrow (1.7 ± 0.3 µSv/MBq) and the stomach (1.3 ± 0.4 µSv/MBq). According to this preclinical analysis, the ED to humans is 12.4 µSv/MBq when applying the ICRP103 tissue weighting factors. Taking into account that preclinical dosimetry underestimates the dose to humans by up to 40%, the conversion factor applied for estimation of the ED to humans would rise to 20.6 µSv/MBq. In this case, the ED to humans upon an iv application of ~300 MBq [18F]FACH would be about 6.2 mSv. This risk assessment encourages the translation of [18F]FACH into clinical study phases and the further investigation of its potential as a clinical tool for cancer imaging with PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Sattler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Kranz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Tromsø PET Center, University Hospital of North Norway, 9009 Tromsø, Norway
- Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Biology Research Group, The Arctic University of Norway, 9009 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nalin T. Jain
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Magali Toussaint
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Friedrich-Alexander Ludwig
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tatjana Sattler
- Department of Claw Animals, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Masoud Sadeghzadeh
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Osama Sabri
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Department of Neuroradiopharmaceuticals, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Serpa J. Metabolic Remodeling as a Way of Adapting to Tumor Microenvironment (TME), a Job of Several Holders. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:1-34. [PMID: 32130691 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment depends and generates dependence on all the cells and structures that share the same niche, the biotope. The contemporaneous view of the tumor microenvironment (TME) agrees with this idea. The cells that make up the tumor, whether malignant or not, behave similarly to classes of elements within a living community. These elements inhabit, modify and benefit from all the facilities the microenvironment has to offer and that will contribute to the survival and growth of the tumor and the progression of the disease.The metabolic adaptation to microenvironment is a crucial process conducting to an established tumor able to grow locally, invade and metastasized. The metastatic cancer cells are reasonable more plastic than non-metastatic cancer cells, because the previous ones must survive in the microenvironment where the primary tumor develops and in addition, they must prosper in the microenvironment in the metastasized organ.The metabolic remodeling requires not only the adjustment of metabolic pathways per se but also the readjustment of signaling pathways that will receive and obey to the extracellular instructions, commanding the metabolic adaptation. Many diverse players are pivotal in cancer metabolic fitness from the initial signaling stimuli, going through the activation or repression of genes, until the phenotype display. The new phenotype will permit the import and consumption of organic compounds, useful for energy and biomass production, and the export of metabolic products that are useless or must be secreted for a further recycling or controlled uptake. In the metabolic network, three subsets of players are pivotal: (1) the organic compounds; (2) the transmembrane transporters, and (3) the enzymes.This chapter will present the "Pharaonic" intent of diagraming the interplay between these three elements in an attempt of simplifying and, at the same time, of showing the complex sight of cancer metabolism, addressing the orchestrating role of microenvironment and highlighting the influence of non-cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Serpa
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil (IPOLFG), Lisbon, Portugal.
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20
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One-step radiosynthesis of the MCTs imaging agent [ 18F]FACH by aliphatic 18F-labelling of a methylsulfonate precursor containing an unprotected carboxylic acid group. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18890. [PMID: 31827199 PMCID: PMC6906299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters 1 and 4 (MCT1 and MCT4) are involved in tumour development and progression. Their level of expression is particularly upregulated in glycolytic cancer cells and accordingly MCTs are considered as promising drug targets for treatment of a variety of human cancers. The non-invasive imaging of these transporters in cancer patients via positron emission tomography (PET) is regarded to be valuable for the monitoring of therapeutic effects of MCT inhibitors. Recently, we developed the first 18F-radiolabelled MCT1/MCT4 inhibitor [18F]FACH and reported on a two-step one-pot radiosynthesis procedure. We herein describe now a unique one-step radiosynthesis of this radiotracer which is based on the approach of using a methylsulfonate (mesylate) precursor bearing an unprotected carboxylic acid function. With the new procedure unexpected high radiochemical yields of 43 ± 8% at the end of the radiosynthesis could be obtained in a strongly reduced total synthesis time. Moreover, the radiosynthesis was successfully transferred to a TRACERlab FX2 N synthesis module ready for future preclinical applications of [18F]FACH.
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21
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Nelson GL, Ronayne CT, Solano LN, Jonnalagadda SK, Jonnalagadda S, Rumbley J, Holy J, Rose-Hellekant T, Drewes LR, Mereddy VR. Development of Novel Silyl Cyanocinnamic Acid Derivatives as Metabolic Plasticity Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18266. [PMID: 31797891 PMCID: PMC6892925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel silyl cyanocinnamic acid derivatives have been synthesized and evaluated as potential anticancer agents. In vitro studies reveal that lead derivatives 2a and 2b have enhanced cancer cell proliferation inhibition properties when compared to the parent monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) inhibitor cyano-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHC). Further, candidate compounds exhibit several-fold more potent MCT1 inhibition properties as determined by lactate-uptake studies, and these studies are supported by MCT homology modeling and computational inhibitor-docking studies. In vitro effects on glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism also illustrate that the lead derivatives 2a and 2b lead to significant effects on both metabolic pathways. In vivo systemic toxicity and efficacy studies in colorectal cancer cell WiDr tumor xenograft demonstrate that candidate compounds are well tolerated and exhibit good single agent anticancer efficacy properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grady L Nelson
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jon Rumbley
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Jon Holy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Teresa Rose-Hellekant
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA. .,Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, 55812, USA.
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22
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Khammanivong A, Saha J, Spartz AK, Sorenson BS, Bush AG, Korpela DM, Gopalakrishnan R, Jonnalagadda S, Mereddy VR, O'Brien TD, Drewes LR, Dickerson EB. A novel MCT1 and MCT4 dual inhibitor reduces mitochondrial metabolism and inhibits tumour growth of feline oral squamous cell carcinoma. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:324-341. [PMID: 31661586 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) support tumour growth by regulating the transport of metabolites in the tumour microenvironment. High MCT1 or MCT4 expression is correlated with poor outcomes in human patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Recently, drugs targeting these transporters have been developed and may prove to be an effective treatment strategy for HNSCC. Feline oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an aggressive and treatment-resistant malignancy resembling advanced or recurrent HNSCC. The goals of this study were to investigate the effects of a previously characterized dual MCT1 and MCT4 inhibitor, MD-1, in OSCC as a novel treatment approach for feline oral cancer. We also sought to determine the potential of feline OSCC as a large animal model for the further development of MCT inhibitors to treat human HNSCC. In vitro, MD-1 reduced the viability of feline OSCC and human HNSCC cell lines, altered glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism and synergized with platinum-based chemotherapies. While MD-1 treatment increased lactate concentrations in an HNSCC cell line, the inhibitor failed to alter lactate levels in feline OSCC cells, suggesting an MCT-independent activity. In vivo, MD-1 significantly inhibited tumour growth in a subcutaneous xenograft model and prolonged overall survival in an orthotopic model of feline OSCC. Our results show that MD-1 may be an effective therapy for the treatment of feline oral cancer. Our findings also support the further investigation of feline OSCC as a large animal model to inform the development of MCT inhibitors and future clinical studies in human HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khammanivong
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Jhuma Saha
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Angela K Spartz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brent S Sorenson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Alexander G Bush
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Derek M Korpela
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Raj Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Timothy D O'Brien
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Erin B Dickerson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Animal Cancer Care and Research Program, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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23
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Targeting L-Lactate Metabolism to Overcome Resistance to Immune Therapy of Melanoma and Other Tumor Entities. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2084195. [PMID: 31781212 PMCID: PMC6875281 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2084195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy plays a significant role in tumor therapy, its efficacy is impaired by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. A molecule that contributes to the protumor microenvironment is the metabolic product lactate. Lactate is produced in large amounts by cancer cells in response to either hypoxia or pseudohypoxia, and its presence in excess alters the normal functioning of immune cells. A key enzyme involved in lactate metabolism is lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Elevated baseline LDH serum levels are associated with poor outcomes of current anticancer (immune) therapies, especially in patients with melanoma. Therefore, targeting LDH and other molecules involved in lactate metabolism might improve the efficacy of immune therapies. This review summarizes current knowledge about lactate metabolism and its role in the tumor microenvironment. Based on that information, we develop a rationale for deploying drugs that target lactate metabolism in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors to overcome lactate-mediated immune escape of tumor cells.
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24
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Jonnalagadda S, Jonnalagadda SK, Ronayne CT, Nelson GL, Solano LN, Rumbley J, Holy J, Mereddy VR, Drewes LR. Novel N,N-dialkyl cyanocinnamic acids as monocarboxylate transporter 1 and 4 inhibitors. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2355-2368. [PMID: 31040927 PMCID: PMC6481325 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Potent and dual monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1 and 4 inhibitors have been developed for the first time as potential anticancer agents based on α-cyanocinnamic acid structural template. Candidate inhibitors 1-9 have been evaluated for in vitro cell proliferation against MCT1 and MCT4 expressing cancer cell lines. Potential MCT1 and MCT4 binding interactions of the lead compound 9 have been studied through homology modeling and molecular docking prediction. In vitro effects on extracellular flux via glycolysis and mitochondrial stress tests suggest that candidate compounds 3 and 9 disrupt glycolysis and OxPhos efficiently in MCT1 expressing colorectal adenocarcinoma WiDr and MCT4 expressing triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Fluorescence microscopy analyses in these cells also indicate that compound 9 is internalized and concentrated near mitochondria. In vivo tumor growth inhibition studies in WiDr and MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor models in mice indicate that the candidate compound 9 exhibits a significant single agent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirisha Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Grady L Nelson
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jon Rumbley
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jon Holy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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25
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Roseweir AK, Clark J, McSorley ST, vanWyk HC, Quinn JA, Horgan PG, McMillan DC, Park JH, Edwards J. The association between markers of tumour cell metabolism, the tumour microenvironment and outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2320-2329. [PMID: 30521130 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumour cell anaerobic metabolism has been reported to be a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. The present study investigated the association between monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 1, MCT 2, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1 and LDH 5, the tumour microenvironment, and outcome in patients with colorectal cancer. A cohort of 150 patients with stage I-III CRC were utilised to assess tumour cell expression of MCT-1, MCT-2, LDH-1 and LDH-5 by immunohistochemistry. Expression levels were dichotomised and associations with tumour factors, the tumour microenvironment and survival analysed. Nuclear LDH-5 associates with poor prognosis (HR 1.68 95% CI 0.99-2.84, p = 0.050) and trends toward increased tumour stroma percentage (TSP, p = 0.125). Cytoplasmic MCT-2 also trends toward increased TSP (p = 0.081). When combined into a single score; nuclear LDH-5 + TSP significantly associated with decreased survival independent of stage (HR 2.61 95% CI 1.27-5.35, p = 0.009), increased tumour budding (p = 0.002) and decreased stromal T-lymphocytes (p = 0.014). Similarly, cytoplasmic MCT-2 + TSP significantly associated with decreased survival (HR 2.32 95% CI 1.31-4.11, p = 0.003), decreased necrosis (p = 0.039), and increased tumour budding (p = 0.004). The present study reports that the combination of TSP and nuclear LDH-5 was significantly associated with survival, increased tumour budding, and decreased stromal T-lymphocytes. This supports the hypothesis that increased stromal invasion promotes tumour progression via modulation of tumour metabolism. Moreover, MCT-2 and LDH-5 may provide promising therapeutic targets for patients with stromal-rich CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia K Roseweir
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Clark
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen T McSorley
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Hester C vanWyk
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jean A Quinn
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul G Horgan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Donald C McMillan
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James H Park
- Academic Unit of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Edwards
- Unit of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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26
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Cong A, Pimenta RML, Lee HB, Mereddy V, Holy J, Heikal AA. Two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging of intrinsic NADH in three-dimensional tumor models. Cytometry A 2018; 95:80-92. [PMID: 30343512 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most studies using intrinsic NAD(P)H as biomarkers for energy metabolism and mitochondrial anomalies have been conducted in routine two-dimensional (2D) cell culture formats. Cellular metabolism and cell behavior, however, can be significantly different in 2D cultures from that in vivo. As a result, there are emerging interests in integrating noninvasive, quantitative imaging techniques of NAD(P)H with in vivo-like three-dimensional (3D) models. The overall features and metabolic responses of the murine breast cancer cells line 4T1 in 2D cultures were compared with those in 3D collagen matrix using integrated optical micro-spectroscopy. The metabolic responses to two novel compounds, MD1 and TPPBr, that target metabolism by disrupting monocarboxylate transporters or oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), respectively, were investigated using two-photon fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (2P-FLIM) of intracellular NAD(P)H in 2D and 3D cultures. 4T1 cells exhibit distinct behaviors in a collagenous 3D matrix from those in 2D culture, forming anastomosing multicellular networks and spherical acini in 3D culture, as opposed to simple flattened epithelial plaques in 2D culture. The cellular NAD(P)H in 3D collagen matrix exhibits a longer fluorescence lifetime as compared with 2D culture, which is attributed to an enhanced population of enzyme-bound NAD(P)H in the 3D culture. TPPBr induces mitochondrial hyperpolarization in 2D culture of 4T1 cells along with an enhanced free NAD(P)H population, which suggest an interference with OXPHOS. In contrast, 2P-FLIM of cellular NAD(P)H revealed an enhanced autofluorescence lifetime in 3D 4T1 cultures after MD1 treatment as compared with MD1-treated 2D culture and the control 3D culture. Physical and chemical microenvironmental signaling are critical factors in understanding how therapeutic compounds target cancer cells by disrupting their metabolic pathways. Integrating 2P-FLIM of intrinsic NAD(P)H with refined 3D tumor-matrix in vitro models promises to advance our understanding of the roles of metabolism and metabolic plasticity in tumor growth and metastatic behavior. © 2018 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Cong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Rafaela M L Pimenta
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Hong Bok Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Venkatram Mereddy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Jon Holy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Ahmed A Heikal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Swenson College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
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27
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Johnson CR, Ansari MI, Coop A. Tetrabutylammonium Bromide-Promoted Metal-Free, Efficient, Rapid, and Scalable Synthesis of N-Aryl Amines. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10886-10890. [PMID: 30288459 PMCID: PMC6166220 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, transition metal-free, high-yielding, tetrabutylammonium bromide-promoted method of N-arylation is reported within. The optimized conditions tolerated a wide range of secondary amines and was equally effective with bromo- and chlorobenzene-including substituted aryl halides. The developed method is found to be effective for N-arylation when compared to earlier methods which involve harsh conditions, transition metals, lack of scalability, and long reaction times. Our method utilizes conventional heating only; it is readily scalable; and the products are facile to purify.
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28
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Futagi Y, Sasaki S, Kobayashi M, Narumi K, Furugen A, Iseki K. The flexible cytoplasmic loop 3 contributes to the substrate affinity of human monocarboxylate transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:1790-1795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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29
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Fu Y, Liu S, Yin S, Niu W, Xiong W, Tan M, Li G, Zhou M. The reverse Warburg effect is likely to be an Achilles' heel of cancer that can be exploited for cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57813-57825. [PMID: 28915713 PMCID: PMC5593685 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although survival outcomes of cancer patients have been improved dramatically via conventional chemotherapy and targeted therapy over the last decades, there are still some tough clinical challenges that badly needs to be overcome, such as anticancer drug resistance, inevitable recurrences, cancer progression and metastasis. Simultaneously, accumulated evidence demonstrates that aberrant glucose metabolism termed ‘the Warburg effect’ in cancer cell is closely associated with malignant phenotypes. In 2009, a novel ‘two-compartment metabolic coupling’ model, also named ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, was proposed and attracted lots of attention. Based on this new model, we consider whether this new viewpoint can be exploited for improving the existent anti-cancer therapeutic strategies. Our review focuses on the paradigm shift from ‘the Warburg effect’ to ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, the features and molecular mechanisms of ‘the reverse Warburg effect’, and then we discuss its significance in fundamental researches and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Shanghelin Yin
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Medical School of Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P. R. China
| | - Weihong Niu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ming Tan
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Guiyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of The Chinese Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China.,Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, P. R. China
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30
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Gurrapu S, Jonnalagadda SK, Alam MA, Ronayne CT, Nelson GL, Solano LN, Lueth EA, Drewes LR, Mereddy VR. Coumarin carboxylic acids as monocarboxylate transporter 1 inhibitors: In vitro and in vivo studies as potential anticancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3282-3286. [PMID: 27241692 PMCID: PMC5531278 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Novel N,N-dialkyl carboxy coumarins have been synthesized as potential anticancer agents via inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). These coumarin carboxylic acids have been evaluated for their in vitro MCT1 inhibition, MTT cancer cell viability, bidirectional Caco-2 cell permeability, and stability in human and liver microsomes. These results indicate that one of the lead candidate compounds 4a has good absorption, metabolic stability, and a low drug efflux ratio. Systemic toxicity studies with lead compound 4a in healthy mice demonstrate that this inhibitor is well tolerated based on zero animal mortality and normal body weight gains compared to the control group. In vivo tumor growth inhibition studies in mice show that the candidate compound 4a exhibits significant single agent activity in MCT1 expressing GL261-luc2 syngraft model but doesn't show significant activity in MCT4 expressing MDA-MB-231 xenograft model, indicating the selectivity of 4a for MCT1 expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirisha Gurrapu
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Sravan K Jonnalagadda
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Mohammad A Alam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Conor T Ronayne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Grady L Nelson
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Lucas N Solano
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Erica A Lueth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Lester R Drewes
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, University of Minnesota Duluth, MN 55812, United States
| | - Venkatram R Mereddy
- Integrated Biosciences Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, United States; Department of Pharmacy Practice & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN 55812, United States.
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