1
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Lin SN, Deng Y, Zhong H, Mao LL, Ji CB, Zhu XH, Zhang X, Yang BM. Visible Light-Induced Radical Cascade Difluoromethylation/Cyclization of Unactivated Alkenes: Access to CF 2H-Substituted Polycyclic Imidazoles. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:28129-28143. [PMID: 38973879 PMCID: PMC11223139 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and mild protocol for the visible light-induced radical cascade difluoromethylation/cyclization of imidazoles with unactivated alkenes using easily accessible and bench-stable difluoromethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide as the precursor of the -CF2H group has been developed to afford CF2H-substituted polycyclic imidazoles in moderate to good yields. This strategy, along with the construction of Csp3-CF2H/C-C bonds, is distinguished by mild conditions, no requirement of additives, simple operation, and wide substrate scope. In addition, the mechanistic experiments have indicated that the difluoromethyl radical pathway is essential for the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Nan Lin
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Yuanyuan Deng
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Hanxun Zhong
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Liu-Liang Mao
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Cong-Bin Ji
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xian-Hong Zhu
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Shangrao
Normal University, Shangrao 334001, China
| | - Bin-Miao Yang
- Joint
School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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2
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Martino SD, Petri GL, De Rosa M. Hepatitis C: The Story of a Long Journey through First, Second, and Third Generation NS3/4A Peptidomimetic Inhibitors. What Did We Learn? J Med Chem 2024; 67:885-921. [PMID: 38179950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Hepatitis C viral (HCV) infection is the leading cause of liver failure and still represents a global health burden. Over the past decade, great advancements made HCV curable, and sustained viral remission significantly improved to more than 98%. Historical treatment with pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin has been displaced by combinations of direct-acting antivirals. These regimens include drugs targeting different stages of the HCV life cycle. However, the emergence of viral resistance remains a big concern. The design of peptidomimetic inhibitors (PIs) able to fit and fill the conserved substrate envelope region within the active site helped avoid contact with the vulnerable sites of the most common resistance-associated substitutions Arg155, Ala156, and Asp168. Herein, we give an overview of HCV NS3 PIs discovered during the past decade, and we deeply discuss the rationale behind the structural optimization efforts essential to achieve pangenotypic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Martino
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Giovanna Li Petri
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
| | - Maria De Rosa
- Drug Discovery Unit, Medicinal Chemistry Group, Ri.MED Foundation, Palermo 90133, Italy
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3
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Meanwell NA. Applications of Bioisosteres in the Design of Biologically Active Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18087-18122. [PMID: 36961953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The design of bioisosteres represents a creative and productive approach to improve a molecule, including by enhancing potency, addressing pharmacokinetic challenges, reducing off-target liabilities, and productively modulating physicochemical properties. Bioisosterism is a principle exploited in the design of bioactive compounds of interest to both medicinal and agricultural chemists, and in this review, we provide a synopsis of applications where this kind of molecular editing has proved to be advantageous in molecule optimization. The examples selected for discussion focus on bioisosteres of carboxylic acids, applications of fluorine and fluorinated motifs in compound design, some applications of the sulfoximine functionality, the design of bioisosteres of drug-H2O complexes, and the design of bioisosteres of the phenyl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, 3805 Old Easton Rd, Doylestown, Pennsylvania 18902, United States
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4
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Miles SA, Nillama JA, Hunter L. Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy: The Diverse Roles That Fluorine Can Play within Amino Acid Side Chains. Molecules 2023; 28:6192. [PMID: 37687021 PMCID: PMC10489206 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Side chain-fluorinated amino acids are useful tools in medicinal chemistry and protein science. In this review, we outline some general strategies for incorporating fluorine atom(s) into amino acid side chains and for elaborating such building blocks into more complex fluorinated peptides and proteins. We then describe the diverse benefits that fluorine can offer when located within amino acid side chains, including enabling 19F NMR and 18F PET imaging applications, enhancing pharmacokinetic properties, controlling molecular conformation, and optimizing target-binding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luke Hunter
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney 2052, Australia
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5
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Su Q, Gao H, Qin G, Jiang Y, Xiao T. Controlled Synthesis of α-CF 2H or α-CF 2Cl Styrenes from the Same Precursors: Dehydrazinative Hydrogenation or Chlorination of 3,3-Difluoroallyl Hydrazines. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37262306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
By carefully choosing the reaction conditions, we have developed the controllable FeCl3- or CuCl2-mediated dehydrazinative hydrogenation or chlorination of 3,3-difluoroallyl hydrazines to access α-CF2H or α-CF2Cl styrenes. The current reaction provides for the first time a facile method for the direct and selective synthesis of α-CF2H and α-CF2Cl styrenes starting from the same precursors, which is easy to scale up and displays a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Moreover, product derivatization experiments demonstrated that the resulting α-CF2Cl styrenes are practical and versatile building blocks for the diversified synthesis of fluorinated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinshuang Su
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road 727, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Haotian Gao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road 727, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Guiping Qin
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road 727, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Jiang
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road 727, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
| | - Tiebo Xiao
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Jingming South Road 727, Chenggong District, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, P. R. China
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6
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Box JR, Avanthay ME, Poole DL, Lennox AJJ. Electronically Ambivalent Hydrodefluorination of Aryl‐CF 3 groups enabled by Electrochemical Deep‐Reduction on a Ni Cathode. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218195. [PMID: 36705627 PMCID: PMC10946569 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report a general procedure for the direct mono- and di-hydrodefluorination of ArCF3 compounds. Exploiting the tunability of electrochemistry and the selectivity enabled by a Ni cathode, the deep reduction garners high selectivity with good to excellent yields up to gram scale. The late-stage peripheral editing of CF3 feedstocks to construct fluoromethyl moieties will aid the rapid diversification of lead-compounds and compound libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Box
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBristolBS8 1TSUK
| | | | - Darren L. Poole
- Discovery High-Throughput ChemistryMedicinal ChemistryGSK Medicines Research CentreStevenageSG1 2NYUK
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7
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Livingstone K, Siebold K, Meyer S, Martín-Heras V, Daniliuc CG, Gilmour R. Skeletal Ring Contractions via I(I)/I(III) Catalysis: Stereoselective Synthesis of cis-α,α-Difluorocyclopropanes. ACS Catal 2022; 12:14507-14516. [PMID: 36504915 PMCID: PMC9724094 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical success of α,α-difluorocyclopropanes, combined with limitations in the existing synthesis portfolio, inspired the development of an operationally simple, organocatalysis-based strategy to access cis-configured derivatives with high levels of stereoselectivity (up to >20:1 cis:trans). Leveraging an I(I)/I(III)-catalysis platform in the presence of an inexpensive HF source, it has been possible to exploit disubstituted bicyclobutanes (BCBs) as masked cyclobutene equivalents for this purpose. In situ generation of this strained alkene, enabled by Brønsted acid activation, facilitates an unprecedented 4 → 3 fluorinative ring contraction, to furnish cis-α,α-difluorinated cyclopropanes in a highly stereoselective manner (up to 88% yield). Mechanistic studies are disclosed together with conformational analysis (X-ray crystallography and NMR) to validate cis-α,α-difluorocyclopropanes as isosteres of the 1,4-dicarbonyl moiety. Given the importance of this unit in biology and the foundational no → π* interactions that manifest themselves in this conformation (e.g., collagen), it is envisaged that the title motif will find application in focused molecular design.
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8
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Han T, Wang KH, Yang M, Zhao P, Wang F, Wang J, Huang D, Hu Y. Synthesis of Difluoromethylated Pyrazoles by the [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Difluoroacetohydrazonoyl Bromides. J Org Chem 2021; 87:498-511. [PMID: 34913680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As novel and efficient difluoromethyl building blocks, difluoroacetohydrazonoyl bromides have been synthesized for the first time. The synthetic utility of this reagent for the construction of difluoromethyl organic compounds is demonstrated by their effective regioselective [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with ynones, alkynoates, and ynamides. The reactions provide a novel and efficient protocol to access difluoromethyl-substituted pyrazoles in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongyu Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Ke-Hu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Ming Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Junjiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yulai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, 967 Anning East Road, Lanzhou 730070, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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9
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Regio- and chemoselectivity in S- and O- difluoromethylation reactions using diethyl (bromodifluoromethyl)phosphonate. J Fluor Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2021.109867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Messara A, Vanthuyne N, Diter P, Elhabiri M, Panossian A, Hanquet G, Magnier E, Leroux FR. Aryl Fluoroalkyl Sulfoxides: Optical Stability and p
K
a
Measurement. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amélia Messara
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, UMR 7313-iSm2 52 Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen Marseille 13013 France
| | - Patrick Diter
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles 45 avenue des Etats-Unis Versailles 78035 France
| | - Mourad Elhabiri
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Gilles Hanquet
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
| | - Emmanuel Magnier
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, CNRS, UMR 8180 Institut Lavoisier de Versailles 45 avenue des Etats-Unis Versailles 78035 France
| | - Frédéric R. Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM 25 rue Becquerel Strasbourg 67087 France
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11
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Box JR, Atkins AP, Lennox AJJ. Direct electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones enabled by non-protic conditions. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10252-10258. [PMID: 34377412 PMCID: PMC8336478 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01574e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CF2H groups are unique due to the combination of their lipophilic and hydrogen bonding properties. The strength of H-bonding is determined by the group to which it is appended. Several functional groups have been explored in this context including O, S, SO and SO2 to tune the intermolecular interaction. Difluoromethyl ketones are under-studied in this context, without a broadly accessible method for their preparation. Herein, we describe the development of an electrochemical hydrodefluorination of readily accessible trifluoromethylketones. The single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials is uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionality. Key to this success is the use of non-protic conditions enabled by an ammonium salt that serves as a reductively stable, masked proton source. Analysis of their H-bonding has revealed difluoromethyl ketones to be potentially highly useful dual H-bond donor/acceptor moieties. The electrochemical hydrodefluorination of trifluoromethylketones under non-protic conditions make this single-step reaction at deeply reductive potentials uniquely amenable to challenging electron-rich substrates and reductively sensitive functionalities.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Box
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alexander P Atkins
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Alastair J J Lennox
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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12
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Cai A, Yan W, Zeng X, Zacate SB, Chao TH, Krause JA, Cheng MJ, Liu W. Copper-catalyzed carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes via radical relay. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3272. [PMID: 34075051 PMCID: PMC8169770 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic molecules that contain alkyl-difluoromethyl moieties have received increased attention in medicinal chemistry, but their synthesis in a modular and late-stage fashion remains challenging. We report herein an efficient copper-catalyzed radical relay approach for the carbo-difluoromethylation of alkenes. This approach simultaneously introduces CF2H groups along with complex alkyl or aryl groups into alkenes with regioselectivity opposite to traditional CF2H radical addition. We demonstrate a broad substrate scope and a wide functional group compatibility. This scalable protocol is applied to the late-stage functionalization of complex molecules and the synthesis of CF2H analogues of bioactive molecules. Mechanistic studies and density functional theory calculations suggest a unique ligand effect on the reactivity of the Cu-CF2H species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijie Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Wenhao Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Xiaojun Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Jeanette A Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA
| | - Mu-Jeng Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221, USA.
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13
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Zafrani Y, Parvari G, Amir D, Ghindes-Azaria L, Elias S, Pevzner A, Fridkin G, Berliner A, Gershonov E, Eichen Y, Saphier S, Katalan S. Modulation of the H-Bond Basicity of Functional Groups by α-Fluorine-Containing Functions and its Implications for Lipophilicity and Bioisosterism. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4516-4531. [PMID: 33844540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the H-bond basicity (pKHB) of various functional groups (FGs) by attaching fluorine functions and its impact on lipophilicity and bioisosterism considerations are described. In general, H/F replacement at the α-position to H-bond acceptors leads to a decrease of the pKHB value, resulting, in many cases, in a dramatic increase in the compounds' lipophilicity (log Po/w). In the case of α-CF2H, we found that these properties may also be affected by intramolecular H-bonds between CF2H and the FG. A computational study of ketone and sulfone series revealed that α-fluorination can significantly affect overall polarity, charge distribution, and conformational preference. The unique case of α-di- and trifluoromethyl ketones, which exist in octanol/water phases as ketone, hemiketal, and gem-diol forms, in equilibrium, prevents direct log Po/w determination by conventional methods, and therefore, the specific log Po/w values of these species were determined directly, for the first time, using Linclau's 19F NMR-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yossi Zafrani
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Galit Parvari
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Dafna Amir
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Lee Ghindes-Azaria
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shlomi Elias
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Alexander Pevzner
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Gil Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Anat Berliner
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Eytan Gershonov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Yoav Eichen
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200008, Israel
| | - Sigal Saphier
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Shahaf Katalan
- Department of Pharmacology, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona 74100, Israel
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14
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Takezawa H. The Difluoromethyl Group as a Hydrogen Bond Donor. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2021. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.79.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Takezawa
- School of Engineering, Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo
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15
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Santos L, Panossian A, Donnard M, Vors JP, Pazenok S, Bernier D, Leroux FR. Deprotonative Functionalization of the Difluoromethyl Group. Org Lett 2020; 22:8741-8745. [PMID: 33089999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functionalization of 3-(difluoromethyl)pyridine has been developed via direct deprotonation of -CHF2 with a lithiated base and subsequent trapping with various electrophiles in THF. In situ quenching gives access to 3-pyridyl-CF2-SiMe2Ph as a new silylated compound, which can be postfunctionalized with a fluoride source to obtain a larger library of 3-(difluoroalkyl)pyridines that could not be accessed via direct deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Santos
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Armen Panossian
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Morgan Donnard
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Vors
- Bayer S.A.S., 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, BP99163, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Sergii Pazenok
- Bayer CropScience AG, Alfred-Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - David Bernier
- Bayer S.A.S., 14 Impasse Pierre Baizet, BP99163, 69263 Lyon Cedex 09, France
| | - Frédéric R Leroux
- Université de Strasbourg, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, UMR 7042-LIMA, ECPM, 25 Rue Becquerel, Strasbourg 67087, France
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16
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Chernykh AV, Olifir OS, Kuchkovska YO, Volochnyuk DM, Yarmolchuk VS, Grygorenko OO. Fluoroalkyl-Substituted Cyclopropane Derivatives: Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties. J Org Chem 2020; 85:12692-12702. [PMID: 32870003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A series of all 12 cis- and trans-cyclopropanecarboxylic acids and cyclopropylamines bearing CH2F, CHF2, and CF3 substituents were synthesized by different methods on a multigram scale. Dissociation constants (pKa) and log P values were measured for the obtained compounds or their derivatives to evaluate the influence of the type and relative position of fluoroalkyl substituents on the acidity and lipophilicity of monofunctionalized cyclopropanes. An analysis of the selected products by X-ray crystallography was carried out to obtain a better insight into the observed differences in physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleksandr S Olifir
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya O Kuchkovska
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Dmitriy M Volochnyuk
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Murmanska Street 5, Kyiv 02660, Ukraine
| | | | - Oleksandr O Grygorenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
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17
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Utilizing the CF2H moiety as a H-bond-donating group in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2020; 12:361-365. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2019-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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18
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Robalo JR, Mendes de Oliveira D, Imhof P, Ben-Amotz D, Vila Verde A. Quantifying how step-wise fluorination tunes local solute hydrophobicity, hydration shell thermodynamics and the quantum mechanical contributions of solute–water interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:22997-23008. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp04205f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Locally tuning solute–water interactions with fluorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R. Robalo
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces
- Science Park
- Potsdam 14476
- Germany
| | | | - Petra Imhof
- Institute for Theoretical Physics
- Free University of Berlin
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Dor Ben-Amotz
- Purdue University
- Department of Chemistry
- West Lafayette
- USA
| | - Ana Vila Verde
- Department of Theory & Bio-Systems
- Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces
- Science Park
- Potsdam 14476
- Germany
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19
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Mei H, Han J, Klika KD, Izawa K, Sato T, Meanwell NA, Soloshonok VA. Applications of fluorine-containing amino acids for drug design. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 186:111826. [PMID: 31740056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine-containing amino acids are becoming increasingly prominent in new drugs due to two general trends in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the growing acceptance of peptides and modified peptides as drugs; and secondly, fluorine editing has become a prevalent protocol in drug-candidate optimization. Accordingly, fluorine-containing amino acids represent one of the more promising and rapidly developing areas of research in organic, bio-organic and medicinal chemistry. The goal of this Review article is to highlight the current state-of-the-art in this area by profiling 42 selected compounds that combine fluorine and amino acid structural elements. The compounds under discussion represent pharmaceutical drugs currently on the market, or in clinical trials as well as examples of drug-candidates that although withdrawn from development had a significant impact on the progress of medicinal chemistry and/or provided a deeper understanding of the nature and mechanism of biological action. For each compound, we present features of biological activity, a brief history of the design principles and the development of the synthetic approach, focusing on the source of tailor-made amino acid structures and fluorination methods. General aspects of the medicinal chemistry of fluorine-containing amino acids and synthetic methodology are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jianlin Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Karel D Klika
- Molecular Structure Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan.
| | - Tatsunori Sato
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, 533-0024, Japan
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ, 08543-4000, United States.
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018, San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, Plaza Bizkaia, 48013, Bilbao, Spain.
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20
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Malquin N, Rahgoshay K, Lensen N, Chaume G, Miclet E, Brigaud T. CF 2H as a hydrogen bond donor group for the fine tuning of peptide bond geometry with difluoromethylated pseudoprolines. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12487-12490. [PMID: 31566647 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CF2H-Pseudoprolines obtained from difluoroacetaldehyde hemiacetal and serine are stable proline surrogates. The consequence of the incorporation of the CF2H group is an important decrease of the trans to cis amide bond isomerization energy and a remarkable stabilisation of the cis conformer by an hydrogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malquin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - K Rahgoshay
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - N Lensen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - G Chaume
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
| | - E Miclet
- Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Brigaud
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology (LCB, EA 4505), Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95000 Cergy-Pontoise, France.
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21
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Sun N, Guo H, Wang Y. Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma-t (RORγt) inhibitors in clinical development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases: a patent review (2016-present). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:663-674. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1655541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Sukach V, Melnykov S, Bertho S, Diachenko I, Retailleau P, Vovk M, Gillaizeau I. Access to Unprotected β-Fluoroalkyl β-Amino Acids and Their α-Hydroxy Derivatives. Org Lett 2019; 21:2340-2345. [PMID: 30873840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Unprotected β-(het)aryl-β-fluoroalkyl β-amino acids and their α-hydroxy derivatives can be readily obtained using a decarboxylative Mannich-type reaction without protection/deprotection steps. This protocol utilizes lithium hexamethyldisilazide and (het)arylfluoroalkyl ketones to generate NH-ketimine intermediates. The mild reaction conditions allow the preparation of original fluorinated β-amino acids as useful building blocks in a practical and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Sukach
- Le Studium Loire Valley Institute for Advanced Studies , 1, rue Dupanloup , Orléans 45000 , France.,Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS , Université d'Orléans , rue de Chartres , Orléans 45100 , France
| | - Serhii Melnykov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine , 5, Murmanska Str ., Kyiv 02660 , Ukraine.,Enamine LTD , 78 Chervonotkats'ka Str. , Kyiv 02094 , Ukraine
| | - Sylvain Bertho
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS , Université d'Orléans , rue de Chartres , Orléans 45100 , France
| | - Iryna Diachenko
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS , Université d'Orléans , rue de Chartres , Orléans 45100 , France
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Avenue de la Terrasse , Gif-sur-Yvette 91198 , France
| | - Mykhailo Vovk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine , 5, Murmanska Str ., Kyiv 02660 , Ukraine
| | - Isabelle Gillaizeau
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry, ICOA UMR 7311 CNRS , Université d'Orléans , rue de Chartres , Orléans 45100 , France
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23
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Mykhailiuk PK, Koenigs RM. Difluorodiazoethane (CF
2
HCHN
2
): A New Reagent for the Introduction of the Difluoromethyl Group. Chemistry 2019; 25:6053-6063. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel K. Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd. Chervonotkatska 78 02094 Kyiv Ukraine
- Chemistry DepartmentTaras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska 64 01601 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Rene M. Koenigs
- Institute of Organic ChemistryRWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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24
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Liverton NJ. Evolution of HCV NS3/4a Protease Inhibitors. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2018_39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Wolska J, Walkowiak-Kulikowska J, Szwajca A, Koroniak H, Améduri B. Aromatic fluorocopolymers based on α-(difluoromethyl)styrene and styrene: synthesis, characterization, and thermal and surface properties. RSC Adv 2018; 8:41836-41849. [PMID: 35558785 PMCID: PMC9091978 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09340g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A study on the α-(difluoromethyl)styrene (DFMST) reactivity under conventional radical copolymerization conditions is presented. Although the homopolymerization of DFMST failed, its radical bulk copolymerization with styrene (ST) led to the synthesis of fluorinated aromatic polymers (FAPs). The resulting novel poly(DFMST-co-ST) copolymers were characterized by 1H, 19F and 13C NMR spectroscopies that evidenced the successful incorporation of DFMST units into copolymers and enabled the assessment of their respective molar percentages (10.4-48.2 mol%). The molar masses were in the range of 1900-17 200 g mol-1. The bulkier CF2H group in the α-position induced the lower reactivity of the DFMST comonomer. ST and DFMST monomer reactivity ratios (r DFMST = 0.0 and r ST = 0.70 ± 0.05 at 70 °C) were determined based on linear least-square methods. These values indicate that DFMST monomer is less reactive than ST, retards the polymerization rate, and thus reduces the molar masses. Moreover, the thermal properties (T g, T d) of the resulting copolymers indicate that the presence of DFMST units incorporated into poly(ST) structure promotes an increase of the T g values up to 109 °C and a slightly better thermal stability than that of poly(ST). Additionally, the thermal decomposition of poly(DFMST-co-ST) copolymer (10.4/89.6) was assessed by simultaneous thermal analysis coupled with Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry showing that H2O, CO2, CO and styrene were released. The surface analysis was focused on the effects of the -CF2H group at the α-position of styrene comonomers on surface free energy of the copolymer films. Water and diiodomethane contact angle (CA) measurements confirmed that these copolymers (M n = 2300-17 200 g mol-1) are not exactly the same as polystyrenes (M n = 2100-21 600 g mol-1) in the solid state. The CA hysteresis for poly(ST) (6-8°) and poly(DFMST-co-ST) copolymers (3-5°) reflected these differences even more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Wolska
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry Umultowska 89b 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | | | - Anna Szwajca
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry Umultowska 89b 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Henryk Koroniak
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Chemistry Umultowska 89b 61-614 Poznań Poland
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, Ingénierie et Architectures Macromoléculaires, UMR CNRS 5253, ENSCM, University of Montpellier Palace Eugene Bataillon 34095 Montpellier France
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26
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Ghiazza C, Tlili A, Billard T. Direct α-C-H Trifluoromethylselenolation of Carbonyl Compounds. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clément Ghiazza
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (UMR CNRS 5246); Université Lyon 1, CNRS; 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918 -69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Anis Tlili
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (UMR CNRS 5246); Université Lyon 1, CNRS; 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918 -69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Thierry Billard
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (UMR CNRS 5246); Université Lyon 1, CNRS; 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918 -69622 Villeurbanne France
- CERMEP-in vivo imaging; Groupement Hospitalier Est; 59 Bd Pinel 69003 Lyon France
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27
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Meanwell NA. Fluorine and Fluorinated Motifs in the Design and Application of Bioisosteres for Drug Design. J Med Chem 2018; 61:5822-5880. [PMID: 29400967 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1365] [Impact Index Per Article: 227.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties and relatively small size of fluorine endow it with considerable versatility as a bioisostere and it has found application as a substitute for lone pairs of electrons, the hydrogen atom, and the methyl group while also acting as a functional mimetic of the carbonyl, carbinol, and nitrile moieties. In this context, fluorine substitution can influence the potency, conformation, metabolism, membrane permeability, and P-gp recognition of a molecule and temper inhibition of the hERG channel by basic amines. However, as a consequence of the unique properties of fluorine, it features prominently in the design of higher order structural metaphors that are more esoteric in their conception and which reflect a more sophisticated molecular construction that broadens biological mimesis. In this Perspective, applications of fluorine in the construction of bioisosteric elements designed to enhance the in vitro and in vivo properties of a molecule are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development P.O. Box 4000, Princeton , New Jersey 08543-4000 , United States
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