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Wei Y, Zhong S, Yang H, Wang X, Lv B, Bian Y, Pei Y, Xu C, Zhao Q, Wu Y, Luo D, Wang F, Sun H, Chen Y. Current therapy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): A review on past and future therapeutic strategies. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116496. [PMID: 38759454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that affects the first and second motoneurons (MNs), associated with muscle weakness, paralysis and finally death. The exact etiology of the disease still remains unclear. Currently, efforts to develop novel ALS treatments which target specific pathomechanisms are being studied. The mechanisms of ALS pathogenesis involve multiple factors, such as protein aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation etc. Unfortunately, to date, there are only two FDA-approved drugs for ALS, riluzole and edavarone, without curative treatment for ALS. Herein, we give an overview of the many pathways and review the recent discovery and preclinical characterization of neuroprotective compounds. Meanwhile, drug combination and other therapeutic approaches are also reviewed. In the last part, we analyze the reasons of clinical failure and propose perspective on the treatment of ALS in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Sheng Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huajing Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bingbing Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yaoyao Bian
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Center of TCM External Medication Researching and Industrializing, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqiong Pei
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chunlei Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yulan Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Daying Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ferraro G, Loreto D, Merlino A. Interaction of Platinum-based Drugs with Proteins: An Overview of Representative Crystallographic Studies. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:6-27. [PMID: 32579504 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200624162213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pt-based drugs are widely used in clinics for the treatment of cancer. The mechanism of action of these molecules relies on their interaction with DNA. However, the recognition of these metal compounds by proteins plays an important role in defining pharmacokinetics, side effects and their overall pharmacological profiles. Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies provided important information on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of this process. Here, the molecular structures of representative adducts obtained upon reaction with proteins of selected Pt-based drugs, including cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin, are briefly described and comparatively examined. Data indicate that metal ligands play a significant role in driving the reaction of Pt compounds with proteins; non-covalent interactions that occur in the early steps of Pt compound/protein recognition process play a crucial role in defining the structure of the final Pt-protein adduct. In the metallated protein structures, Pt centers coordinate few protein side chains, such as His, Met, Cys, Asp, Glu and Lys residues upon releasing labile ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giarita Ferraro
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Domenico Loreto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonello Merlino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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Maestrelli F, Landucci E, De Luca E, Nerli G, Bergonzi MC, Piazzini V, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE, Gullo F, Becchetti A, Tadini-Buoninsegni F, Francesconi O, Nativi C. Niosomal Formulation of a Lipoyl-Carnosine Derivative Targeting TRPA1 Channels in Brain. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E669. [PMID: 31835593 PMCID: PMC6956366 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11120669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential akyrin type-1 (TRPA1) is a non-selective cation channel playing a pivotal role in pain sensation and neurogenic inflammation. TRPA1 channels expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) have a critical role in the modulation of cortical spreading depression (CSD), which is a key pathophysiological basis of migraine pain. ADM_09 is a recently developed lipoic acid-based TRPA1 antagonist that is able to revert oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain and inflammatory trigeminal allodynia. In this context, aiming at developing drugs that are able to target TRPA1 channels in the CNS and promote an antioxidant effect, permeability across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) represents a central issue. Niosomes are nanovesicles that can be functionalized with specific ligands selectively recognized by transporters expressed on the BBB. In this work, the activity of ADM_09 on neocortex cultures was studied, and an efficient formulation to cross the BBB was developed with the aim of increasing the concentration of ADM_09 into the brain and selectively delivering it to the CNS rapidly after parenteral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.)
| | - Enrico De Luca
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Giulia Nerli
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Maria Camilla Bergonzi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Vieri Piazzini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Domenico E. Pellegrini-Giampietro
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (D.E.P.-G.)
| | - Francesca Gullo
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Becchetti
- Department of Biotechnologies and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (A.B.)
| | - Francesco Tadini-Buoninsegni
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Oscar Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Florence, Italy; (E.D.L.); (G.N.); (M.C.B.); (V.P.); (F.T.-B.); (C.N.)
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