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Han F, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Yun Y, Xu Y, Guo S, Zhong Y, Xie X, Shen J. Discovery and exploration of novel somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) antagonists for the treatment of cholesterol gallstones. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:116017. [PMID: 38070432 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The shortage of cholesterol gallstones treatment intensifies the need to discover of effective small molecule drugs. Clinical follow-up and studies have found that activation of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) reduce gallbladder contraction and thus increase the risk of cholesterol gallstones, implying that antagonizing SSTR5 may promote gallbladder emptying and reduce the formation of gallstones. Herein, we discovered novel SSTR5 antagonists and firstly investigated its effects on cholesterol gallstone. From loperamide, a reported seed structure with micromole activity, we identified optimal compound 23 as an SSTR5 antagonist exhibiting single-digit nanomolar potency, low hERG inhibition and oral availability. Further in vivo evaluation revealed that 23 significantly promoted gallbladder emptying. Moreover, in a mouse cholesterol gallstone model, 23 (3 mg/kg) effectively reduced the cholesterol gallstones formation, showing better efficacy than the clinical first-line drug UDCA (60 mg/kg), providing a new insight into the development of anti-gallstone drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghui Han
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yanglong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Yun
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Shimeng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yongqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310024, China; Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, Shandong, 264117, China.
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210046, China.
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Medak KD, Weber AJ, Shamshoum H, McKie GL, Hahn MK, Wright DC. Enhancing endogenous levels of GLP1 dampens acute olanzapine induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1127634. [PMID: 36937886 PMCID: PMC10014622 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1127634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Olanzapine is a second-generation antipsychotic (SGA) used in the treatment of schizophrenia and several on- and off-label conditions. While effective in reducing psychoses, acute olanzapine treatment causes rapid hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia and these perturbations are linked to an increased risk of developing cardiometabolic disease. Pharmacological agonists of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) receptor have been shown to offset weight-gain associated with chronic SGA administration and mitigate the acute metabolic side effects of SGAs. The purpose of this study was to determine if increasing endogenous GLP1 is sufficient to protect against acute olanzapine-induced impairments in glucose and lipid homeostasis. Male C57BL/6J mice were treated with olanzapine, in the absence or presence of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and a combination of compounds to increase endogenous GLP1. These include the non-nutritive sweetener allulose which acts to induce GLP1 secretion but not other incretins, the DPPiv inhibitor sitagliptin which prevents degradation of active GLP1, and an SSTR5 antagonist which relieves inhibition on GLP1 secretion. We hypothesized that this cocktail of agents would increase circulating GLP1 to supraphysiological concentrations and would protect against olanzapine-induced perturbations in glucose and lipid homeostasis. We found that 'triple treatment' increased both active and total GLP1 and protected against olanzapine-induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism under glucose stimulated conditions and this was paralleled by an attenuation in the olanzapine induced increase in the glucagon:insulin ratio. Our findings provide evidence that pharmacological approaches to increase endogenous GLP1 could be a useful adjunct approach to reduce acute olanzapine-induced perturbations in lipid and glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Medak
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa J. Weber
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Greg L. McKie
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret K. Hahn
- Centre for Addition and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David C. Wright
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Food and Land Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: David C. Wright,
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Batista VF, Pinto DCGA, Silva AMS. Recent in vivo advances of spirocyclic scaffolds for drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:603-618. [PMID: 35333138 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2055544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spirocyclic scaffolds are an exceptional tool in drug design, allowing fine-tuning of a molecule's conformational and physicochemical properties. As it expands and diversifies, so does the number of therapeutics that contain this core. Several spirocyclic drugs are already marketed, and considerably more have shown promising results. AREAS COVERED This review addresses recent in vivo studies (2017-2021) on applying spirocyclic compounds to treat various diseases, mainly grouped within neurological, infectious, and metabolic diseases and cancer. An emphasis is given on the influence of the spiro-structure on activity and consequent structure-activity study. In vivo results and their significance in the future progression towards clinical trials are also presented. EXPERT OPINION Spirocyclic compounds present an exciting opportunity as an unexplored chemical space in medicinal chemistry. However, their development is hindered by their complexity and synthesis challenges. Furthermore, a clear preference is still seen for readily available spirocyclic compounds involving amine or amide bonds. Nevertheless, these are temporary as high-throughput synthesis, and computational techniques allow fast optimization studies. In our opinion, the field of spirocyclic chemistry will continue to thrive and contribute to drug development, improving activity and selectivity on emergent ailments, such as cancer, metabolic, infectious, and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasco F Batista
- Laqv-requimte & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Diana C G A Pinto
- Laqv-requimte & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- Laqv-requimte & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Veale CGL. Into the Fray! A Beginner's Guide to Medicinal Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:1199-1225. [PMID: 33591595 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern medicinal chemistry is a complex, multidimensional discipline that operates at the interface of the chemical and biological sciences. The medicinal chemistry contribution to drug discovery is typically described in the context of the well-recited linear progression of the drug discovery pipeline. However, compound optimization is idiosyncratic to each project, and clear definitions of hit and lead molecules and the subsequent progress along the pipeline becomes easily blurred. In addition, this description lacks insight into the entangled relationship between chemical and pharmacological properties, and thus provides limited guidance on how innovative medicinal chemistry strategies can be applied to solve optimization problems, regardless of the stage in the pipeline. Through discussion and illustrative examples, this article seeks to provide insights into the finesse of medicinal chemistry and the subtlety of balancing chemical properties pharmacology. In so doing, it aims to serve as an accessible and simple-to-digest guide for anyone who wishes to learn about the underlying principles of medicinal chemistry, in a context that has been decoupled from the pipeline description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Pietermaritzburg, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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