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Kurniaty N, Maharani R, Hidayat AT, Supratman U. An Overview on Antimalarial Peptides: Natural Sources, Synthetic Methodology and Biological Properties. Molecules 2023; 28:7778. [PMID: 38067508 PMCID: PMC10708299 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide compounds play a significant role in medicinal chemistry as they can inhibit the activity of species that cause malaria. This literature review summarizes the isolation of antimalarial peptides, the synthesis method with the detailed structure and sequences of each peptide, and discusses the biological activity of the isolated and synthesized compounds. The synthetic routes and reactions for cyclic and linear antimalarial peptides are systematically highlighted in this review including preparing building blocks, protection and deprotection, coupling and cyclization reactions until the target compound is obtained. Based on the literature data and the results, this review's aim is to provide information to discover and synthesize more antimalarial peptide for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nety Kurniaty
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Islam Bandung, Jl. Tamansari No.1, Tamansari, Kec. Bandung Wetan, Kota Bandung 40116, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
| | - Rani Maharani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Ace Tatang Hidayat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | - Unang Supratman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia; (A.T.H.); (U.S.)
- Laboratorium Sentral, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
- Centre of Natural Products and Synthesis Studies, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
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Bernard MM, Mohanty A, Rajendran V. Title: A Comprehensive Review on Classifying Fast-acting and Slow-acting Antimalarial Agents Based on Time of Action and Target Organelle of Plasmodium sp. Pathog Dis 2022; 80:6589403. [PMID: 35588061 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical resistance towards malarial parasites has rendered many antimalarials ineffective, likely due to a lack of understanding of time of action and stage specificity of all life stages. Therefore, to tackle this problem a more incisive comprehensive analysis of the fast and slow-acting profile of antimalarial agents relating to parasite time-kill kinetics and the target organelle on the progression of blood-stage parasites was carried out. It is evident from numerous findings that drugs targeting food vacuole, nuclear components, and endoplasmic reticulum mainly exhibit a fast-killing phenotype within 24h affecting first-cycle activity. Whereas drugs targeting mitochondria, apicoplast, microtubules, parasite invasion and egress exhibit a largely slow-killing phenotype within 96-120h, affecting second-cycle activity with few exemptions as moderately fast-killing. It is essential to understand the susceptibility of drugs on rings, trophozoites, schizonts, merozoites, and the appearance of organelle at each stage of 48h intraerythrocytic parasite cycle. Therefore, these parameters may facilitate the paradigm for understanding the timing of antimalarials action in deciphering its precise mechanism linked with time. Thus, classifying drugs based on the time of killing may promote designing new combination regimens against varied strains of P. falciparum and evaluating potential clinical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Marie Bernard
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Abhinab Mohanty
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry 605014, India
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Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27031012. [PMID: 35164274 PMCID: PMC8839925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic strategies toward macrocycles (Molecules, 2013, 18, 6230). In this work, I first reviewed recent FDA-approved macrocyclic drugs since 2014, followed by new advances in macrocycle synthesis using high throughput chemistry, including microwave-assisted and/or solid-supported macrocyclization strategies. Examples and highlights of macrocyclization include macrolactonization and macrolactamization, transition-metal catalyzed olefin ring-closure metathesis, intramolecular C–C and C–heteroatom cross-coupling, copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition, intramolecular SNAr or SN2 nucleophilic substitution, condensation reaction, and multi-component reaction-mediated macrocyclization, and covering the literature since 2010.
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Synthesis and antiplasmodial assessment of nitazoxanide and analogs as new antimalarial candidates. Med Chem Res 2022; 31:426-435. [PMID: 35106047 PMCID: PMC8794615 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-021-02843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Three Methods for Peptide Cyclization Via Lactamization. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 34596840 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1689-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Lactamization is the key step in the synthesis of many compounds with macrocyclic structure. As the interest for these types of molecules grows in various fields such as drug discovery and nanomaterials, different methodologies to access them are being developed. Three different strategies to obtain cyclic peptides via lactamization are described in this chapter: solution-phase macrocyclization following solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) of the linear precursor, SPPS and on-resin cyclization on the 2-chlorotrityl chloride (2-CTC) resin, and SPPS and on-resin cyclization by native chemical ligation on the amino-PEGA resin.
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Yoshida Y, Inagaki M, Masuda Y. Solid-phase synthesis and bioactivity evaluation of cherimolacyclopeptide E. J Pept Sci 2021; 27:e3308. [PMID: 33586251 DOI: 10.1002/psc.3308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cherimolacylopeptide E (1) is a cyclic hexapeptide isolated from the seeds of Annona cherimola. Peptide 1 reportedly exhibits potent cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 0.017 μM). To confirm the structure and bioactivity of 1, we conducted a total synthesis of its proposed structure. The synthesis was accomplished via solid-phase peptide elongation and macrocyclization by employing Fmoc/OAll-protected amino acids on 2-Cl-trityl resin. NMR analysis revealed that synthetic 1 exists in two conformations in pyridine-d5 . As the spectroscopic data of the major conformer of synthetic 1 were consistent with those of natural 1, the structure of cherimolacyclopeptide E was confirmed to be 1. However, our synthetic 1 exhibited low cytotoxicity against KB cells (IC50 > 100 μM). In contrast to previously-reported findings, our synthetic 1 exhibited little antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Yoshida
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Minoru Inagaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yuichi Masuda
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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Posada L, Davyt D, Serra G. First total synthesis of versicotide A, B and C. RSC Adv 2020; 10:43653-43659. [PMID: 35519702 PMCID: PMC9058379 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09635k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The syntheses of versicotides A-C, natural products containing anthranilic acid and NMe-Ala, were achieved by solid phase peptide synthesis on 2-chlorotrityl resin followed by solution phase macrocyclization. Using an oxyma additive, the difficult coupling reactions to the deactivated aromatic amine of o-aminobenzoic acid, were performed in high yield, avoiding anthranilic rearrangements or side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Posada
- Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República General Flores 2124 CC1157 Montevideo Uruguay
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República Uruguay
| | - Danilo Davyt
- Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República General Flores 2124 CC1157 Montevideo Uruguay
| | - Gloria Serra
- Química Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República General Flores 2124 CC1157 Montevideo Uruguay
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Gurjar J, Fokin VV. Sulfuryl Fluoride Mediated Synthesis of Amides and Amidines from Ketoximes via Beckmann Rearrangement. Chemistry 2020; 26:10402-10405. [PMID: 31997464 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A metal-free and redox-neutral method for Beckmann rearrangement employing inexpensive and readily available SO2 F2 gas is described. The reported transformation proceeds at ambient temperature and is compatible with a wide range of sterically and electronically diverse aromatic, heteroaromatic, aliphatic and lignin-like oximes providing amides in good to excellent yields. The reaction proceeds through the formation of an imidoyl fluoride intermediate that can also be used for the synthesis of amidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Gurjar
- University of Southern California, The Bridge@USC and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3502, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- University of Southern California, The Bridge@USC and Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, 1002 Childs Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-3502, USA
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Garcia ML, de Oliveira AA, Bueno RV, Nogueira VHR, de Souza GE, Guido RVC. QSAR studies on benzothiophene derivatives as Plasmodium falciparum N-myristoyltransferase inhibitors: Molecular insights into affinity and selectivity. Drug Dev Res 2020; 83:264-284. [PMID: 32045013 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles spp. mosquitos. Due to the emerging resistance to currently available drugs, great efforts must be invested in discovering new molecular targets and drugs. N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) is an essential enzyme to parasites and has been validated as a chemically tractable target for the discovery of new drug candidates against malaria. In this work, 2D and 3D quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) studies were conducted on a series of benzothiophene derivatives as P. falciparum NMT (PfNMT) and human NMT (HsNMT) inhibitors to shed light on the molecular requirements for inhibitor affinity and selectivity. A combination of Quantitative Structure-activity Relationship (QSAR) methods, including the hologram quantitative structure-activity relationship (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA), and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models, were used, and the impacts of the molecular alignment strategies (maximum common substructure and flexible ligand alignment) and atomic partial charge methods (Gasteiger-Hückel, MMFF94, AM1-BCC, CHELPG, and Mulliken) on the quality and reliability of the models were assessed. The best models exhibited internal consistency and could reasonably predict the inhibitory activity against both PfNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.83/0.98/0.81; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.78/0.97/0.86; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.74/0.95/0.82) and HsNMT (HQSAR: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.79/0.93/0.74; CoMFA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.82/0.98/0.60; CoMSIA: q2 /r2 /r2 pred = 0.62/0.95/0.56). The results enabled the identification of the polar interactions (electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding properties) as the major molecular features that affected the inhibitory activity and selectivity. These findings should be useful for the design of PfNMT inhibitors with high affinities and selectivities as antimalarial lead candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana L Garcia
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrew A de Oliveira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata V Bueno
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor H R Nogueira
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme E de Souza
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of Sao Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Serra G, Posada L, Hojo H. On-resin synthesis of cyclic peptides via tandem N-to-S acyl migration and intramolecular thiol additive-free native chemical ligation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:956-959. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07783a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel methodology for the synthesis of cyclic peptides by on-resin intramolecular native chemical ligation (NCL) assisted by N-ethylcysteine using Fmoc/SPPS is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Serra
- Química Farmacéutica
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
| | - Laura Posada
- Química Farmacéutica
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Facultad de Química
- Universidad de la República
- Montevideo
| | - Hironobu Hojo
- Institute for Protein Research
- Osaka University
- Yamadaoka
- Suita-shi
- Japan
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