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Hall A, Chatzopoulou M, Frost J. Bioisoteres for carboxylic acids: From ionized isosteres to novel unionized replacements. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 104:117653. [PMID: 38579492 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Carboxylic acids are key pharmacophoric elements in many molecules. They can be seen as a problem by some, due to perceived permeability challenges, potential for high plasma protein binding and the risk of forming reactive metabolites due to acyl-glucuronidation. By others they are viewed more favorably as they can decrease lipophilicity by adding an ionizable center which can be beneficial for solubility, and can add enthalpic interactions with the target protein. However, there are many instances where the replacement of a carboxylic acid with a bioisosteric group is required. This has led to the development of a number of ionizable groups which sufficiently mimic the carboxylic acid functionality whilst improving, for example, the metabolic profile of the molecule in question. An alternative strategy involves replacement of the carboxylate by neutral functional groups. This review initially details carefully selected examples whereby tetrazoles, acyl sulfonamides or isoxazolols have been beneficially utilized as carboxylic acid bioisosteres altering physicohemical properties, interactions with the target and metabolism and/or pharmacokinetics, before delving further into the binding mode of carboxylic acid derivatives with their target proteins. This analysis highlights new ways to consider the replacement of carboxylic acids by neutral bioisosteric groups which either rely on hydrogen bonds or cation-π interactions. It should serve as a useful guide for scientists working in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hall
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK.
| | - Maria Chatzopoulou
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
| | - James Frost
- UCB, Chemin du Foriest, Braine l'Alleud, Belgium, 1420 UCB, 216 Bath Road, Slough SL1 3WE, UK
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2
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Iqbal S, Firdous F, Furqan M, Bilal A, Fozail S, Pohl SÖG, Doleschall NJ, Myant KB, Singh U, Emwas AH, Jaremko M, Faisal A, Saleem RSZ. Synthesis and characterization of bis-amide SSE1917 as a microtubule-stabilizing anticancer agent. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:107094. [PMID: 38199139 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.107094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics are critical for spindle assembly and chromosome segregation during cell division. Pharmacological inhibition of microtubule dynamics in cells causes prolonged mitotic arrest, resulting in apoptosis, an approach extensively employed in treating different types of cancers. The present study reports the synthesis of thirty-two novel bis-amides (SSE1901-SSE1932) and the evaluation of their antiproliferative activities. N-(1-oxo-3-phenyl-1-(phenylamino)propan-2-yl)benzamide (SSE1917) exhibited the most potent activity with GI50 values of 0.331 ± 0.01 µM in HCT116 colorectal and 0.48 ± 0.27 µM in BT-549 breast cancer cells. SSE1917 stabilized microtubules in biochemical and cellular assays, bound to taxol site in docking studies, and caused aberrant mitosis and G2/M arrest in cells. Prolonged treatment of cells with the compound increased p53 expression and triggered apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, SSE1917 suppressed the growth of both mouse and patient-derived human colon cancer organoids, highlighting its potential therapeutic value as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Farhat Firdous
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan; Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Furqan
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Aishah Bilal
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Salman Fozail
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Sebastian Öther-Gee Pohl
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nora Julia Doleschall
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B Myant
- Institute of Genetics and Cancer, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital Campus, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Upendra Singh
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amir Faisal
- Department of Life Sciences, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan.
| | - Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan.
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3
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Marschall E, Cass RW, Prasad KM, Swarbrick JD, McKay AI, Payne JAE, Cryle MJ, Tailhades J. Synthetic ramoplanin analogues are accessible by effective incorporation of arylglycines in solid-phase peptide synthesis. Chem Sci 2023; 15:195-203. [PMID: 38131086 PMCID: PMC10732013 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The threat of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics requires a continual effort to develop alternative treatments. Arylglycines (or phenylglycines) are one of the signature amino acids found in many natural peptide antibiotics, but their propensity for epimerization in solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) has prevented their use in long peptide sequences. We have now identified an optimized protocol that allows the synthesis of challenging non-ribosomal peptides including precursors of the glycopeptide antibiotics and an analogue of feglymycin (1 analogue, 20%). We have exploited this protocol to synthesize analogues of the peptide antibiotic ramoplanin using native chemical ligation/desulfurization (1 analogue, 6.5%) and head-to-tail macrocyclization in excellent yield (6 analogues, 3-9%), with these compounds extensively characterized by NMR (U-shaped structure) and antimicrobial activity assays (two clinical isolates). This method significantly reduces synthesis time (6-9 days) when compared with total syntheses (2-3 months) and enables drug discovery programs to include arylglycines in structure-activity relationship studies and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Marschall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Rachel W Cass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Komal M Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - James D Swarbrick
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- Department of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Jennifer A E Payne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Max J Cryle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Julien Tailhades
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- EMBL Australia, Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Innovations in Peptide and Protein Science Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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4
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Nilsson M, Berggren K, Berglund S, Cerboni S, Collins M, Dahl G, Elmqvist D, Grimster NP, Hendrickx R, Johansson JR, Kettle JG, Lepistö M, Rhedin M, Smailagic A, Su Q, Wennberg T, Wu A, Österlund T, Naessens T, Mitra S. Discovery of the Potent and Selective Inhaled Janus Kinase 1 Inhibitor AZD4604 and Its Preclinical Characterization. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13400-13415. [PMID: 37738648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
JAK-STAT cytokines are critical in regulating immunity. Persistent activation of JAK-STAT signaling pathways by cytokines drives chronic inflammatory diseases such as asthma. Herein, we report on the discovery of a highly JAK1-selective, ATP-competitive series of inhibitors having a 1000-fold selectivity over other JAK family members and the approach used to identify compounds suitable for inhaled administration. Ultimately, compound 16 was selected as the clinical candidate, and upon dry powder inhalation, we could demonstrate a high local concentration in the lung as well as low plasma concentrations, suggesting no systemic JAK1 target engagement. Compound 16 has progressed into clinical trials. Using 16, we found JAK1 inhibition to be more efficacious than JAK3 inhibition in IL-4-driven Th2 asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Nilsson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Kristina Berggren
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Susanne Berglund
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Silvia Cerboni
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Mia Collins
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Göran Dahl
- Structure and Biophysics, Research and Early Development, Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - David Elmqvist
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Neil P Grimster
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Ramon Hendrickx
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Johan R Johansson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Jason G Kettle
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Matti Lepistö
- Medicinal Chemistry, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Rhedin
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Amir Smailagic
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Qibin Su
- Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Tiiu Wennberg
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Allan Wu
- Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca R&D, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Torben Österlund
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Research and Early Development, Discovery Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Thomas Naessens
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Suman Mitra
- Bioscience, Research and Early Development, Respiratory & Immunology, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
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5
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Zhang J, Chen B, Zhang C, Sun N, Huang X, Wang W, Fu W. Modes of action insights from the crystallographic structures of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-γt (RORγt). Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115039. [PMID: 36566711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RORγt plays an important role in mediating IL-17 production and some tumor cells. It has four functional domains, of which the ligand-binding domain (LBD) is responsible for binding agonists to recruit co-activators or inverse agonists to prevent co-activator recruiting the agonists. Thus, potent ligands targeting the LBD of this protein could provide novel treatments for cancer and autoimmune diseases. In this perspective, we summarized and discussed various modes of action (MOA) of RORγt-ligand binding structures. The ligands can bind with RORγt at either orthosteric site or the allosteric site, and the binding modes at these two sites are different for agonists and inverse agonist. At the orthosteric site, the binding of agonist is to stabilize the H479-Y502-F506 triplet interaction network of RORγt. The binding of inverse agonist features as these four apparent ways: (1) blocking the entrance of the agonist pocket in RORγt; (2) directly breaking the H479-Y502 pair interactions; (3) destabilizing the triplet H479-Y502-F506 interaction network through perturbing the conformation of the side chain in M358 at the bottom of the binding pocket; (4) and destabilizing the triplet H479-Y502-F506 through changing the conformation of the side chain of residue W317 side chain. At the allosteric site of RORγt, the binding of inverse agonist was found recently to inhibit the activation of protein by interacting directly with H12, which results in unfolding of helix 11' and orientation of H12 to directly block cofactor peptide binding. This overview of recent advances in the RORγt structures is expected to provide a guidance of designing more potent drugs to treat RORγt-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China
| | - Baiyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China
| | - Chao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China
| | - Nannan Sun
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Center for Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Wuqing Wang
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China
| | - Wei Fu
- School of Pharmacy & Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201301, PR China.
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6
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Pham B, Cheng Z, Lopez D, Lindsay RJ, Foutch D, Majors RT, Shen T. Statistical Analysis of Protein-Ligand Interaction Patterns in Nuclear Receptor RORγ. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:904445. [PMID: 35782874 PMCID: PMC9240913 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.904445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor RORγ belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily that senses small signaling molecules and regulates at the gene transcription level. Since RORγ has a high basal activity and plays an important role in immune responses, inhibitors targeting this receptor have been a focus for many studies. The receptor-ligand interaction is complex, and often subtle differences in ligand structure can determine its role as an inverse agonist or an agonist. We examined more than 130 existing RORγ crystal structures that have the same receptor complexed with different ligands. We reported the features of receptor-ligand interaction patterns and the differences between agonist and inverse agonist binding. Specific changes in the contact interaction map are identified to distinguish active and inactive conformations. Further statistical analysis of the contact interaction patterns using principal component analysis reveals a dominant mode which separates allosteric binding vs. canonical binding and a second mode which may indicate active vs. inactive structures. We also studied the nature of constitutive activity by performing a 100-ns computer simulation of apo RORγ. Using constitutively active nuclear receptor CAR as a comparison, we identified a group of conserved contacts that have similar contact strength between the two receptors. These conserved contact interactions, especially a couple key contacts in H11–H12 interaction, can be considered essential to the constitutive activity of RORγ. These protein-ligand and internal protein contact interactions can be useful in the development of new drugs that direct receptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Ziju Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Richard J. Lindsay
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - David Foutch
- UT-ORNL Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Rily T. Majors
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Tongye Shen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
- *Correspondence: Tongye Shen,
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7
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Suri C, Awasthi A, Asthana S. Crystallographic landscape provides molecular insights into the modes of action of diverse ROR-γt modulators. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:652-663. [PMID: 34838728 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
ROR-γt, the master regulator of Th-17 cells, is activated by the binding of small molecules at its orthosteric site, followed by the recruitment of co-activators or co-repressors in the ligand binding domain (LBD). Th-17 cells provide immune-dependent protection against cancers and pathogens. Their dysregulation causes inflammation and is therefore implicated in various autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. Consequently, there is enormous interest in the development of ROR-γt modulators, both agonist and inverse-agonists. Here, we review advances in the development of ROR-γt modulators that have been made over the past decade, focusing on the rich crystallography landscape for ROR-γt co-crystals that has delineated the relationship between the binding patterns of modulators and the resulting biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charu Suri
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India.
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Haryana 121001, India.
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8
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Li Z, Liu T, He X, Bai C. The evolution paths of some reprehensive scaffolds of RORγt modulators, a perspective from medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 228:113962. [PMID: 34776280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ligand binding domain (LBD) of retinoid-related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) has been exploited as a promising target for the new small molecule therapeutics to cure autoimmune diseases via modulating the IL-17 and IL-22 production by Th17 cells. Diverse chemical scaffolds of these small molecules have been discovered by multiple groups with methods such as high throughput screening (HTS) and virtual screening. These different scaffolds are further developed by medicinal chemists to afford lead compounds the best of which enter clinical trials. In this review, we summarize these chemical scaffolds and their evolution paths according to the groups in which they have been discovered or studied. We combine the data of the chemistry, biological assays and structural biology of each chemical scaffold, in order to afford insight to develop new RORγt modulators with higher potency, less toxicity and elucidated working mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohao Li
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xixin He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Bai
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Antimicrobial Agent and Immunotechnology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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9
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Narjes F, Llinas A, von Berg S, Jirholt J, Lever S, Pehrson R, Collins M, Malmberg A, Svanberg P, Xue Y, Olsson RI, Malmberg J, Hughes G, Hossain N, Grindebacke H, Leffler A, Krutrök N, Bäck E, Ramnegård M, Lepistö M, Thunberg L, Aagaard A, McPheat J, Hansson EL, Chen R, Xiong Y, Hansson TG. AZD0284, a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable Inverse Agonist of Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor C2. J Med Chem 2021; 64:13807-13829. [PMID: 34464130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2 have been widely pursued as a potential treatment for a variety of autoimmune diseases. We have discovered a novel series of isoindoline-based inverse agonists of the nuclear receptor RORC2, derived from our recently disclosed RORC2 inverse agonist 2. Extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies resulted in AZD0284 (20), which combined potent inhibition of IL-17A secretion from primary human TH17 cells with excellent metabolic stability and good PK in preclinical species. In two preclinical in vivo studies, compound 20 reduced thymocyte numbers in mice and showed dose-dependent reduction of IL-17A containing γδ-T cells and of IL-17A and IL-22 RNA in the imiquimod induced inflammation model. Based on these data and a favorable safety profile, 20 was progressed to phase 1 clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yafeng Xue
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Thunberg
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Eva L Hansson
- Mechanistic & Structural Biology, Discovery Science, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-431 83, Sweden
| | - Rongfeng Chen
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing Co., Ltd., Taihe Road BDA, Beijing 100176, P. R. China
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10
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Sun N, Xie Q, Dang Y, Wang Y. Agonist Lock Touched and Untouched Retinoic Acid Receptor-Related Orphan Receptor-γt (RORγt) Inverse Agonists: Classification Based on the Molecular Mechanisms of Action. J Med Chem 2021; 64:10519-10536. [PMID: 34264059 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor-gamma-t (RORγt) is a potential drug target for autoimmune diseases with a clear biological mechanism in the Th17/IL-17 pathway. The "agonist lock", which is formed by residues His479-Tyr502-Phe506 in RORγt, makes H12 tightly contact H11 in a suitable conformation for coactivator binding and, thus, is related to RORγt transcriptional activation. The inverse agonism of RORγt is complex because not all RORγt inverse agonists directly break the agonist lock to interfere with coactivator recruitment and the transcription of RORγt. Here, we analyze the complex structures, binding modes, and biological activities of various RORγt inverse agonists and classify them as "agonist lock touched" and "agonist lock untouched" RORγt inverse agonists according to whether they infringe on the agonist lock directly or not. We aim at providing a comprehensive review and insights into drug discovery of RORγt inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiong Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China.,Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongjun Dang
- Key Laboratory of Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, the Ministry of Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.,Centre for Novel Target and Therapeutic Intervention, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixueyuan Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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11
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Gege C. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) inverse agonists/antagonists for the treatment of inflammatory diseases - where are we presently? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1517-1535. [PMID: 34192992 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1948833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The transcription factor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) has been identified as the master regulator of TH17 cell differentiation and IL-17/22 production and is therefore an attractive target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Several orally or topically administered small molecule RORγt inverse agonists (RIAs) have progressed up to the end of clinical Phase 2.Areas covered: Based on publications and patent evaluations this review summarizes the evolution of the chemical matter for all 16 pharmaceutical companies, who develop(ed) a clinical-stage RIAs (until March 2021). Structure proposals for some clinical stage RIAs are presented and the outcome of the clinical trials is discussed.Expert opinion: So far, the clinical trials have been plagued with a high attrition rate. Main reasons were lack of efficacy (topical) or safety signals (oral) as well as, amongst other things, thymic lymphomas as seen with BMS-986251 in a preclinical study and liver enzyme elevations in humans with VTP-43742. Possibilities to mitigate these risks could be the use of RIAs with different chemical structures not interfering with thymocytes maturation and no livertox-inducing properties. With new frontrunners (e.g., ABBV-157 (cedirogant), BI 730357 or IMU-935) this is still an exciting time for this treatment approach.
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12
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Ribeiro RFN, Cavadas C, Silva MMC. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock: Pharmacological potentials in circadian-related diseases. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1620-1641. [PMID: 33781946 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of circadian oscillations has a wide-ranging impact on health, with the potential to induce the development of clock-related diseases. Small-molecule modulators of the circadian clock (SMMCC) target core or noncore clock proteins, modulating physiological effects as a consequence of agonist, inverse agonist, or antagonist interference. These pharmacological modulators are usually identified using chemical screening of large libraries of active compounds. However, target-based screens, chemical optimization, and circadian crystallography have recently assisted in the identification of these compounds. In this review, we focus on established and novel SMMCCs targeting both core and noncore clock proteins, identifying their circadian targets, detailed circadian effects, and specific physiological effects. In addition, we discuss their therapeutic potential for the treatment of diverse clock-related disorders (such as metabolic-associated disorders, autoimmune diseases, mood disorders, and cancer) and as chronotherapeutics. Future perspectives are also considered, such as clinical trials, and potential safety hazards, including those in the absence of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F N Ribeiro
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Manuel C Silva
- Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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13
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Zhu TZ, Shao PL, Zhang X. Asymmetric hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones: application in the synthesis of Odanacatib and LX-1031. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00368b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric hydrogenation of trifluoromethyl ketones via iridium catalysis to access chiral secondary 2,2,2-trifluoroethanols is presented. The key intermediates of Odanacatib and LX1301 were prepared with high yields and enantioselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiao-Zhen Zhu
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Pan-Lin Shao
- College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen 518055
- China
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis
- Department of Chemistry
- Southern University of Science and Technology
- Shenzhen
- China
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14
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Gege C, Albers M, Kinzel O, Kleymann G, Schlüter T, Steeneck C, Hoffmann T, Xue X, Cummings MD, Spurlino J, Milligan C, Fourie AM, Edwards JP, Leonard K, Coe K, Scott B, Pippel D, Goldberg SD. Optimization and biological evaluation of thiazole-bis-amide inverse agonists of RORγt. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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15
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Xu W, Xu X, Qing F. Synthesis and Properties of
CF
3
(
OCF
3
)
CH‐Substituted
Arenes and Alkenes
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Qi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Xiu‐Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Feng‐Ling Qing
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Chinese Academy of Science 345 Lingling Lu Shanghai 200032 China
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University 2999 North Renmin Lu Shanghai 201620 China
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16
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Marcoux D, Duan JJW, Shi Q, Cherney RJ, Srivastava AS, Cornelius L, Batt DG, Liu Q, Beaudoin-Bertrand M, Weigelt CA, Khandelwal P, Vishwakrishnan S, Selvakumar K, Karmakar A, Gupta AK, Basha M, Ramlingam S, Manjunath N, Vanteru S, Karmakar S, Maddala N, Vetrichelvan M, Gupta A, Rampulla RA, Mathur A, Yip S, Li P, Wu DR, Khan J, Ruzanov M, Sack JS, Wang J, Yarde M, Cvijic ME, Li S, Shuster DJ, Borowski V, Xie JH, McIntyre KW, Obermeier MT, Fura A, Stefanski K, Cornelius G, Hynes J, Tino JA, Macor JE, Salter-Cid L, Denton R, Zhao Q, Carter PH, Dhar TGM. Rationally Designed, Conformationally Constrained Inverse Agonists of RORγt-Identification of a Potent, Selective Series with Biologic-Like in Vivo Efficacy. J Med Chem 2019; 62:9931-9946. [PMID: 31638797 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
RORγt is an important nuclear receptor that regulates the production of several pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22. As a result, RORγt has been identified as a potential target for the treatment of various immunological disorders such as psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Structure and computer-assisted drug design led to the identification of a novel series of tricyclic RORγt inverse agonists with significantly improved in vitro activity in the reporter (Gal4) and human whole blood assays compared to our previous chemotype. Through careful structure activity relationship, several potent and selective RORγt inverse agonists have been identified. Pharmacokinetic studies allowed the identification of the lead molecule 32 with a low peak-to-trough ratio. This molecule showed excellent activity in an IL-2/IL-23-induced mouse pharmacodynamic study and demonstrated biologic-like efficacy in an IL-23-induced preclinical model of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marcoux
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - James J-W Duan
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Qing Shi
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Robert J Cherney
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Anurag S Srivastava
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Lyndon Cornelius
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Douglas G Batt
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Qingjie Liu
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Myra Beaudoin-Bertrand
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Carolyn A Weigelt
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Purnima Khandelwal
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Sureshbabu Vishwakrishnan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Kumaravel Selvakumar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Ananta Karmakar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Arun Kumar Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Mushkin Basha
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Sridharan Ramlingam
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Naveen Manjunath
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Sridhar Vanteru
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Sukhen Karmakar
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Nageswara Maddala
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Muthalagu Vetrichelvan
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis , Biocon Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Centre , Biocon Park, Bommasandra IV Phase, Jigani Link Road , Bengaluru 560099 , India
| | - Richard A Rampulla
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Shiuhang Yip
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Peng Li
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Javed Khan
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Max Ruzanov
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - John S Sack
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Jinhong Wang
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Melissa Yarde
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Sha Li
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - David J Shuster
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Virna Borowski
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Jenny H Xie
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Kim W McIntyre
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Mary T Obermeier
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Aberra Fura
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Georgia Cornelius
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - John Hynes
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Joseph A Tino
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - John E Macor
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Luisa Salter-Cid
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Rex Denton
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - Percy H Carter
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
| | - T G Murali Dhar
- Research and Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , 3551 Lawrenceville Rd , Princeton , New Jersey 08540 , United States
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