1
|
Liao Y, Remsing Rix LL, Li X, Fang B, Izumi V, Welsh EA, Monastyrskyi A, Haura EB, Koomen JM, Doebele RC, Rix U. Differential network analysis of ROS1 inhibitors reveals lorlatinib polypharmacology through co-targeting PYK2. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:284-297.e10. [PMID: 37848034 PMCID: PMC10922442 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are often developed for the same indication. However, their relative overall efficacy is frequently incompletely understood and they may harbor unrecognized targets that cooperate with the intended target. We compared several ROS1 TKIs for inhibition of ROS1-fusion-positive lung cancer cell viability, ROS1 autophosphorylation and kinase activity, which indicated disproportionately higher cellular potency of one TKI, lorlatinib. Quantitative chemical and phosphoproteomics across four ROS1 TKIs and differential network analysis revealed that lorlatinib uniquely impacted focal adhesion signaling. Functional validation using pharmacological probes, RNA interference, and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout uncovered a polypharmacology mechanism of lorlatinib by dual targeting ROS1 and PYK2, which form a multiprotein complex with SRC. Rational multi-targeting of this complex by combining lorlatinib with SRC inhibitors exhibited pronounced synergy. Taken together, we show that systems pharmacology-based differential network analysis can dissect mixed canonical/non-canonical polypharmacology mechanisms across multiple TKIs enabling the design of rational drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liao
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Lily L Remsing Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Xueli Li
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Bin Fang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Victoria Izumi
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Eric A Welsh
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Andrii Monastyrskyi
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Eric B Haura
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Koomen
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA; Department of Molecular Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Robert C Doebele
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Wang Y, Yu Y, Liu D, Zhao J, Zhang L. Deciphering Selectivity Mechanism of BRD9 and TAF1(2) toward Inhibitors Based on Multiple Short Molecular Dynamics Simulations and MM-GBSA Calculations. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062583. [PMID: 36985555 PMCID: PMC10052767 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BRD9 and TAF1(2) have been regarded as significant targets of drug design for clinically treating acute myeloid leukemia, malignancies, and inflammatory diseases. In this study, multiple short molecular dynamics simulations combined with the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area method were employed to investigate the binding selectivity of three ligands, 67B, 67C, and 69G, to BRD9/TAF1(2) with IC50 values of 230/59 nM, 1400/46 nM, and 160/410 nM, respectively. The computed binding free energies from the MM-GBSA method displayed good correlations with that provided by the experimental data. The results indicate that the enthalpic contributions played a critical factor in the selectivity recognition of inhibitors toward BRD9 and TAF1(2), indicating that 67B and 67C could more favorably bind to TAF1(2) than BRD9, while 69G had better selectivity toward BRD9 over TAF1(2). In addition, the residue-based free energy decomposition approach was adopted to calculate the inhibitor–residue interaction spectrum, and the results determined the gatekeeper (Y106 in BRD9 and Y1589 in TAF1(2)) and lipophilic shelf (G43, F44, and F45 in BRD9 and W1526, P1527, and F1528 in TAF1(2)), which could be identified as hotspots for designing efficient selective inhibitors toward BRD9 and TAF1(2). This work is also expected to provide significant theoretical guidance and insightful molecular mechanisms for the rational designs of efficient selective inhibitors targeting BRD9 and TAF1(2).
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu M, Zhang K, Li Q, Pang H, Pan Z, Huang X, Wang L, Wu F, He G. Recent Advances on Small-Molecule Bromodomain-Containing Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2023; 66:1678-1699. [PMID: 36695774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, substantial research has been conducted on molecular mechanisms and inhibitors targeting bromodomains (BRDs) and extra-terminal (BET) family proteins. On this basis, non-BET BRD is gradually becoming a research hot spot. BRDs are abundant in histone acetyltransferase (HAT)-associated activating transcription factors, and BRD-containing HATs have been linked to cancer, inflammation, and viral replication. Therefore, the development of BRD-containing HATs as chemical probes is useful for understanding the specific biological roles of BRDs in diseases and drug discovery. Several types of BRD-containing HATs, including CBP/P300, PCAF/GCN5, and TAF1, are discussed in this context in terms of their structures, functions, and small-molecule inhibitors. Additionally, progress in BRD inhibitors/chemical probes and proteolysis targeting chimeras in terms of drug design, biological activity, and disease application are summarized. These findings provide insights into the development of BRD inhibitors as potential drug candidates for various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Liu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kaiyao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qinjue Li
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Pang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhaoping Pan
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Huang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Lian Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Fengbo Wu
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology (CIII), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karim RM, Yang L, Chen L, Bikowitz MJ, Lu J, Grassie D, Shultz ZP, Lopchuk JM, Chen J, Schönbrunn E. Discovery of Dual TAF1-ATR Inhibitors and Ligand-Induced Structural Changes of the TAF1 Tandem Bromodomain. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4182-4200. [PMID: 35191694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Bromodomains regulate chromatin remodeling and gene transcription through recognition of acetylated lysines on histones and other proteins. Bromodomain-containing protein TAF1, a subunit of general transcription factor TFIID, initiates preinitiation complex formation and cellular transcription. TAF1 serves as a cofactor for certain oncogenic transcription factors and is implicated in regulating the p53 tumor suppressor. Therefore, TAF1 is a potential target to develop small molecule therapeutics for diseases arising from dysregulated transcription, such as cancer. Here, we report the ATR kinase inhibitor AZD6738 (Ceralasertib) and analogues thereof as bona fide inhibitors of TAF1. Crystallographic and small-angle X-ray scattering studies established that newly identified and previously reported inhibitors stabilize distinct structural states of the TAF1 tandem bromodomain through "open-closed" transitions and dimerization. Combined with functional studies on p53 signaling in cancer cell lines, the data provide new insights into the feasibility and challenges of TAF1 inhibitors as chemical probes and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rezaul Md Karim
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Leixiang Yang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Lihong Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Melissa J Bikowitz
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Junhao Lu
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Dylan Grassie
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Zachary P Shultz
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Justin M Lopchuk
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Jiandong Chen
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Ernst Schönbrunn
- Drug Discovery Department, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shafran YM, Hussein AA, Beliaev NA, Shevyrin VA, Shityakov S, Beryozkina TV, Bakulev VA. Selective Synthesis of Azoloyl NH-1,2,3-Triazoles and Azolyl Diazoketones: Experimental and Computational Insights. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5008-5031. [PMID: 35187318 PMCID: PMC8851643 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report that the reaction of enaminones, from a class of azole series, with sulfonyl azides leads to a difficult-to-separate mixture of two pairs of compounds: (1) 4-azoloyl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles with sulfonamides and (2) azolyl diazoketones with N-sulfonamidines, as a result of the implementation of two competing reactions. On one hand, the electron-donating methyl or methoxy group in the aryl para-position of arylsulfonyl azides favors the production of NH-1,2,3-triazoles together with sulfonamides. On the other hand, the use of highly electrophilic 4-nitrophenylsulfonyl azide promotes the formation of diazoketones and sulfonamidines. It is shown that the direction of each reaction is not only controlled by the nature of the initial enaminones and sulfonyl azides but also depends on the tested solvent. The problem of removing sulfonamides and amidines from the desired products was solved for the first time using new water-soluble enaminones. Based on the experimental and computational studies, the factors contributing to the selective course of alternative reactions were identified, and methods for the synthesis of azoloyl-NH-1,2,3-triazoles and azolyl diazoketones were developed. Density functional theory (DFT) results have shown that the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is totally driven toward one single regioisomer with a high asynchronous bond formation, and the introduction of an electron-deficient group in sulfonyl azides induces faster cycloaddition. Additionally, DFT calculations were used to gain further mechanistic insights on the reaction studied here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri M. Shafran
- Technology
for Organic Synthesis Department, Ural Federal
University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Aqeel A. Hussein
- Department
of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, Komar
University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah 46002, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Nikolai A. Beliaev
- Technology
for Organic Synthesis Department, Ural Federal
University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Shevyrin
- Technology
for Organic Synthesis Department, Ural Federal
University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Sergey Shityakov
- Laboratory
of Chemoinformatics, Infochemistry Scientific Center, ITMO University, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint-Petersburg 191002, Russia
| | - Tetyana V. Beryozkina
- Technology
for Organic Synthesis Department, Ural Federal
University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| | - Vasiliy A. Bakulev
- Technology
for Organic Synthesis Department, Ural Federal
University, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Feng L, Wang G, Chen Y, He G, Liu B, Liu J, Chiang CM, Ouyang L. Dual-target inhibitors of bromodomain and extra-terminal proteins in cancer: A review from medicinal chemistry perspectives. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:710-743. [PMID: 34633088 DOI: 10.1002/med.21859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), as the most studied member of the bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) family, is a chromatin reader protein interpreting epigenetic codes through binding to acetylated histones and non-histone proteins, thereby regulating diverse cellular processes including cell cycle, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. As a promising drug target, BRD4 function is closely related to cancer, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and liver fibrosis. Currently, clinical resistance to BET inhibitors has limited their applications but synergistic antitumor effects have been observed when used in combination with other tumor inhibitors targeting additional cellular components such as PLK1, HDAC, CDK, and PARP1. Therefore, designing dual-target inhibitors of BET bromodomains is a rational strategy in cancer treatment to increase potency and reduce drug resistance. This review summarizes the protein structures and biological functions of BRD4 and discusses recent advances of dual BET inhibitors from a medicinal chemistry perspective. We also discuss the current design and discovery strategies for dual BET inhibitors, providing insight into potential discovery of additional dual-target BET inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng-Ming Chiang
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jin W, Tan H, Wu J, He G, Liu B. Dual-target inhibitors of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in cancer therapy: Current situation and future directions. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:246-256. [PMID: 34438075 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) is emerging as a therapeutic target that acts synergistically with other targets of small-molecule drugs in cancer. Therefore, the discovery of potential new dual-target inhibitors of BRD4 may be a promising strategy for cancer therapy. In this review, we highlight a series of strategies to design therapeutic dual-target inhibitors of BRD4 that focus on the synergistic functions of this protein. Drug combinations that exploit synthetic lethality, protein-protein interactions, functional complementarity, and blocking of resistance mechanisms could ultimately overcome the barriers inherent to the development of BRD4 inhibitors as future cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenke Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huidan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center and Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Clegg MA, Theodoulou NH, Bamborough P, Chung CW, Craggs PD, Demont EH, Gordon LJ, Liwicki GM, Phillipou A, Tomkinson NCO, Prinjha RK, Humphreys PG. Optimization of Naphthyridones into Selective TATA-Binding Protein Associated Factor 1 (TAF1) Bromodomain Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1308-1317. [PMID: 34413961 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromodomain containing proteins and the acetyl-lysine binding bromodomains contained therein are increasingly attractive targets for the development of novel epigenetic therapeutics. To help validate this target class and unravel the complex associated biology, there has been a concerted effort to develop selective small molecule bromodomain inhibitors. Herein we describe the structure-based efforts and multiple challenges encountered in optimizing a naphthyridone template into selective TAF1(2) bromodomain inhibitors which, while unsuitable as chemical probes themselves, show promise for the future development of small molecules to interrogate TAF1(2) biology. Key to this work was the introduction and modulation of the basicity of a pendant amine which had a substantial impact on not only bromodomain selectivity but also cellular target engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Clegg
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie H. Theodoulou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Bamborough
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Chun-wa Chung
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D. Craggs
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Laurie J. Gordon
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma M. Liwicki
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Phillipou
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas C. O. Tomkinson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Thomas Graham Building, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, United Kingdom
| | - Rab K. Prinjha
- GlaxoSmithKline R&D, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Walters HA, Temesvari LA. Target acquired: transcriptional regulators as drug targets for protozoan parasites. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:599-611. [PMID: 33722681 PMCID: PMC8169582 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites are single-celled eukaryotic organisms that cause significant human disease and pose a substantial health and socioeconomic burden worldwide. They are responsible for at least 1 million deaths annually. The treatment of such diseases is hindered by the ability of parasites to form latent cysts, develop drug resistance, or be transmitted by insect vectors. Additionally, these pathogens have developed complex mechanisms to alter host gene expression. The prevalence of these diseases is predicted to increase as climate change leads to the augmentation of ambient temperatures, insect ranges, and warm water reservoirs. Therefore, the discovery of novel treatments is necessary. Transcription factors lie at the junction of multiple signalling pathways in eukaryotes and aberrant transcription factor function contributes to the progression of numerous human diseases including cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular disease. Transcription factors were previously thought to be undruggable. However, due to recent advances, transcription factors now represent appealing drug targets. It is conceivable that transcription factors, and the pathways they regulate, may also serve as targets for anti-parasitic drug design. Here, we review transcription factors and transcriptional modulators of protozoan parasites, and discuss how they may be useful in drug discovery. We also provide information on transcription factors that play a role in stage conversion of parasites, TATA box-binding proteins, and transcription factors and cofactors that participate with RNA polymerases I, II and III. We also highlight a significant gap in knowledge in that the transcription factors of some of parasites have been under-investigated. Understanding parasite transcriptional pathways and how parasites alter host gene expression will be essential in discovering innovative drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States; Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States
| | - L A Temesvari
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States; Eukaryotic Pathogens Innovation Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Larocque E, Chu EFY, Naganna N, Sintim HO. Nicotinamide-Ponatinib Analogues as Potent Anti-CML and Anti-AML Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2690-2698. [PMID: 32095692 PMCID: PMC7033671 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ponatinib is a multikinase inhibitor that is used to treat chronic myeloid leukemia patients harboring mutated ABL1(T315I) kinase. Due to the potent inhibition of FLT3, RET, and fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs), it is also being evaluated against acute myeloid leukemia (AML), biliary, and lung cancers. The multikinase inhibition profile of ponatinib may also account for its toxicity, thus analogs with improved kinase selectivity or different kinase inhibition profiles could be better tolerated. The introduction of nitrogen into drug compounds can enhance efficacy and drug properties (a concept called "necessary nitrogen"). Here, we introduce additional nitrogen into the benzamide moiety of ponatinib to arrive at nicotinamide analogs. A nicotinamide analogue of ponatinib, HSN748, retains activity against FLT3, ABL1, RET, and PDGFRα/β but loses activity against c-Src and P38α. MNK1 and 2 are key kinases that phosphorylate eIF4E to regulate the protein translation complex. MNK also modulates mTORC1 signaling and contributes to rapamycin resistance. Inhibitors of MNK1 and 2 are being evaluated for anticancer therapy. Ponatinib is not a potent inhibitor of MNK1 or 2, but the nicotinamide analogs are potent inhibitors of MNKs. This illustrates a powerful demonstration of the necessary nitrogen concept to alter both the potency and selectivity of drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Larocque
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Elizabeth Fei Yin Chu
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nimmashetti Naganna
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Herman O. Sintim
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Institute
for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, 720 Clinic Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue
University Center for Cancer Research, 201 S. University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| |
Collapse
|