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Salimizadeh Z, Enferadi ST, Majidizadeh T, Mahjoubi F. Cytotoxicity of alkaloids isolated from Peganum harmala seeds on HCT116 human colon cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:732. [PMID: 38872006 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to elucidate the potential anticancer activity and mechanism of P. harmala's alkaloid extract, harmine (HAR), and harmaline (HAL) in HCT-116 colorectal cancer cells. METHODS AND RESULTS P. harmala's alkaloid was extracted from harmala seeds. HCT-116 cells were treated with P. harmala's alkaloid extract, HAR and HAL. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay, apoptotic activity detected via flow cytometry and acridine orange (AO)/ethidium bromide (EB) dual staining, and cell cycle distribution analyzed with flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3β) was measured by real-time PCR. Furthermore, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, GSK3β and p53 proteins, were determined by western blotting. The findings indicated that, P. harmala's alkaloids extract, HAR and HAL were significantly cytotoxic toward HCT116 cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment. We showed that P. harmala's alkaloid extract induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2 phase in the HCT116 cell line. Downregulation of GSK3β and Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax and p53 were observed. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicate that the P. harmala's alkaloid extract has anticancer activity and may be further investigated to develop future anticancer chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Salimizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sattar Tahmasebi Enferadi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Majidizadeh
- Department of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Frouzandeh Mahjoubi
- Department of Medical Genetic, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran.
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Miciaccia M, Rizzo F, Centonze A, Cavallaro G, Contino M, Armenise D, Baldelli OM, Solidoro R, Ferorelli S, Scarcia P, Agrimi G, Zingales V, Cimetta E, Ronsisvalle S, Sipala FM, Polosa PL, Fortuna CG, Perrone MG, Scilimati A. Harmaline to Human Mitochondrial Caseinolytic Serine Protease Activation for Pediatric Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:135. [PMID: 38276008 PMCID: PMC10821046 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), affecting children aged 4-7 years, is a rare, aggressive tumor that originates in the pons and then spreads to nearby tissue. DIPG is the leading cause of death for pediatric brain tumors due to its infiltrative nature and inoperability. Radiotherapy has only a palliative effect on stabilizing symptoms. In silico and preclinical studies identified ONC201 as a cytotoxic agent against some human cancer cell lines, including DIPG ones. A single-crystal X-ray analysis of the complex of the human mitochondrial caseinolytic serine protease type C (hClpP) and ONC201 (PDB ID: 6DL7) allowed hClpP to be identified as its main target. The hyperactivation of hClpP causes damage to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and cell death. In some DIPG patients receiving ONC201, an acquired resistance was observed. In this context, a wide program was initiated to discover original scaffolds for new hClpP activators to treat ONC201-non-responding patients. Harmaline, a small molecule belonging to the chemical class of β-carboline, was identified through Fingerprints for Ligands and Proteins (FLAP), a structure-based virtual screening approach. Molecular dynamics simulations and a deep in vitro investigation showed interesting information on the interaction and activation of hClpP by harmaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morena Miciaccia
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Antonella Centonze
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Gianfranco Cavallaro
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Heterocyclic Compounds ModHet, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Marialessandra Contino
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Domenico Armenise
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Olga Maria Baldelli
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Roberta Solidoro
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Savina Ferorelli
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Pasquale Scarcia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Gennaro Agrimi
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Veronica Zingales
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisa Cimetta
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy; (V.Z.); (E.C.)
| | - Simone Ronsisvalle
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Federica Maria Sipala
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; (S.R.); (F.M.S.)
| | - Paola Loguercio Polosa
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies, and Environment, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (F.R.); (P.S.); (G.A.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Cosimo Gianluca Fortuna
- Laboratory of Molecular Modelling and Heterocyclic Compounds ModHet, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
| | - Antonio Scilimati
- Research Laboratory for Woman and Child Health, Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (D.A.); (O.M.B.); (R.S.); (S.F.)
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Mahboubi-Rabbani M, Abbasi M, Zarghi A. Natural-Derived COX-2 Inhibitors as Anticancer Drugs: A Review of their Structural Diversity and Mechanism of Action. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2023; 23:15-36. [PMID: 35638275 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220516153915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is a key-type enzyme playing a crucial role in cancer development, making it a target of high interest for drug designers. In the last two decades, numerous selective COX-2 inhibitors have been approved for various clinical conditions. However, data from clinical trials propose that the prolonged use of COX-2 inhibitors is associated with life-threatening cardiovascular side effects. The data indicate that a slight structural modification can help develop COX-2 selective inhibitors with comparative efficacy and limited side effects. In this regard, secondary metabolites from natural sources offer great hope for developing novel COX-2 inhibitors with potential anticancer activity. In recent years, various nature-derived organic scaffolds are being explored as leads for developing new COX-2 inhibitors. The current review attempts to highlight the COX-2 inhibition activity of some naturally occurring secondary metabolites, concerning their capacity to inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes and inhibit cancer development, aiming to establish a structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahboubi-Rabbani
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abbasi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Hassan AY, Abou-Amra ES, El-Sebaey SA. Design and Synthesis of New Series of Chiral Pyrimidine and Purine analogs as COX-2 Inhibitors: Anticancer Screening, Molecular Modelling, and In Silico Studies. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Purification Process and In Vitro and In Vivo Bioactivity Evaluation of Pectolinarin and Linarin from Cirsium japonicum. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27248695. [PMID: 36557828 PMCID: PMC9780979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectolinarin and linarin are two major flavone O-glycosides of Cirsium japonicum, which has been used for thousands of years in traditional Chinese medicine. Pharmacological research on pectolinarin and linarin is meaningful and necessary. Here, a process for the purification of pectolinarin and linarin from C. japonicum was established using macroporous resin enrichment followed by prep-HPLC separation. The results show the purity of pectolinarin and linarin reached 97.39% and 96.65%, respectively. The in vitro bioactivities result shows the ORAC values of pectolinarin and linarin are 4543 and 1441 µmol TE/g, respectively, meanwhile their inhibition rate of BSA-MGO-derived AGEs is 63.58% and 19.31% at 2 mg/mL, which is 56.03% and 30.73% in the BSA-fructose system, respectively. The COX-2 inhibition rate at 50 µg/mL of linarin and pectolinarin reached 55.35% and 40.40%, respectively. Furthermore, the in vivo bioassay combining of histopathologic evaluation and biochemical analysis of liver glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum creatinine and TNF-α show pectolinarin can alleviate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute liver and kidney injury in mice. Metabolomics analysis shows that pectolinarin attenuates LPS-challenged liver and kidney stress through regulating the arachidonic acid metabolism and glutathione synthesis pathways. Collectively, our work presents a solid process for pectolinarin and linarin purification and has discovered a promising natural therapeutic agent-pectolinarin.
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Ahmadi M, Bekeschus S, Weltmann KD, von Woedtke T, Wende K. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: recent advances in the use of synthetic COX-2 inhibitors. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:471-496. [PMID: 35685617 PMCID: PMC9132194 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00280e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes comprise COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms and are responsible for prostaglandin production. Prostaglandins have critical roles in the inflammation pathway and must be controlled by administration of selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Selective COX-2 inhibitors have been among the most used NSAIDs during the ongoing coronavirus 2019 pandemic because they reduce pain and protect against inflammation-related diseases. In this framework, the mechanism of action of both COX isoforms (particularly COX-2) as inflammation mediators must be reviewed. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and IL-8 must be highlighted due to their major participation in upregulation of the inflammatory reaction. Structural and functional analyses of selective COX-2 inhibitors within the active-site cavity of COXs could enable introduction of lead structures with higher selectivity and potency against inflammation with fewer adverse effects. This review focuses on the biological activity of recently discovered synthetic COX-2, dual COX-2/lipoxygenase, and COX-2/soluble epoxide hydrolase hybrid inhibitors based primarily on the active motifs of related US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs. These new agents could provide several advantages with regard to anti-inflammatory activity, gastrointestinal protection, and a safer profile compared with those of the NSAIDs celecoxib, valdecoxib, and rofecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ahmadi
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Sander Bekeschus
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Weltmann
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald) Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
| | - Thomas von Woedtke
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald) Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
- University Medicine Greifswald, Institute for Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Walther-Rathenau-Straße 49A 17489 Germany
| | - Kristian Wende
- Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Center for Innovation Competence (ZIK) plasmatis Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 2 17489 Greifswald Germany
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Negm WA, El-Aasr M, Attia G, Alqahtani MJ, Yassien RI, Abo Kamer A, Elekhnawy E. Promising Antifungal Activity of Encephalartos laurentianus de Wild against Candida albicans Clinical Isolates: In Vitro and In Vivo Effects on Renal Cortex of Adult Albino Rats. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8050426. [PMID: 35628682 PMCID: PMC9144060 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans can cause various infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. Its ability to develop resistance to the current antifungal drugs as well as its multiple virulence factors have rendered the problem even more complicated. Thus, in the present investigation, we elucidated an in vitro and in vivo antifungal activity of Encephalartos laurentianus methanol extract (ELME) against C. albicans clinical isolates for the first time. A phytochemical identification of 64 compounds was conducted in ELME using LC-MS/MS. Interestingly, ELME exhibited antifungal activity with MIC values that ranged from 32–256 µg/mL. Furthermore, we investigated the antibiofilm activity of ELME against the biofilms formed by C. albicans isolates. ELME displayed antibiofilm activity using a crystal violet assay as it decreased the percentages of cells, moderately and strongly forming biofilms from 62.5% to 25%. Moreover, the antibiofilm impact of ELME was elucidated using SEM and fluorescent microscope. A significant reduction in the biofilm formation by C. albicans isolates was observed. In addition, we observed that ELME resulted in the downregulation of the biofilm-related tested genes (ALS1, BCR1, PLB2, and SAP5) in 37.5% of the isolates using qRT-PCR. Besides, the in vivo antifungal activity of ELME on the kidney tissues of rats infected with C. albicans was investigated using histological and immunohistochemical studies. ELME was found to protect against C. albicans induced renal damage, decrease desmin and inducible nitric oxide synthase, increase alkaline phosphatase, and increase infected rats’ survival rate. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of ELME was elucidated on Human Skin Fibroblast normal cells using MTT assay. ELME had an IC50 of 31.26 µg/mL. Thus, we can conclude that ELME might be a promising future source for antifungal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A. Negm
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (M.E.-A.); (G.A.)
- Correspondence: (W.A.N.); (E.E.)
| | - Mona El-Aasr
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (M.E.-A.); (G.A.)
| | - Ghada Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt; (M.E.-A.); (G.A.)
| | - Moneerah J. Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of BioMolecular Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Rania Ibrahim Yassien
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt;
| | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt;
- Correspondence: (W.A.N.); (E.E.)
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Abdul Salam AA, Nayek U, Mathew G, Unnikrishnan M. Structural, CSD, and computational studies of 6b, 11b-Dihydroxy-6b, 11-b-dihydro-7H-indeno[1,2-b]naptho[2,1-d]furan-7-one, a therapeutic potential small molecule. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cuesta SA, Meneses L. The Role of Organic Small Molecules in Pain Management. Molecules 2021; 26:4029. [PMID: 34279369 PMCID: PMC8271912 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, a timeline starting at the willow bark and ending in the latest discoveries of analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs will be discussed. Furthermore, the chemical features of the different small organic molecules that have been used in pain management will be studied. Then, the mechanism of different types of pain will be assessed, including neuropathic pain, inflammatory pain, and the relationship found between oxidative stress and pain. This will include obtaining insights into the cyclooxygenase action mechanism of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) such as ibuprofen and etoricoxib and the structural difference between the two cyclooxygenase isoforms leading to a selective inhibition, the action mechanism of pregabalin and its use in chronic neuropathic pain, new theories and studies on the analgesic action mechanism of paracetamol and how changes in its structure can lead to better characteristics of this drug, and cannabinoid action mechanism in managing pain through a cannabinoid receptor mechanism. Finally, an overview of the different approaches science is taking to develop more efficient molecules for pain treatment will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Meneses
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Escuela de Ciencias Químicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Av. 12 de Octubre 1076 Apartado, Quito 17-01-2184, Ecuador;
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Cui J, Jia J. Natural COX-2 Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory Agents: An Update. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:3622-3646. [PMID: 32942970 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327999200917150939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COX-2, a key enzyme that catalyzed the rate-limiting steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, played a pivotal role in the inflammatory process. Different from other family members, COX-2 was barely detectable in normal physiological conditions and highly inducible during the acute inflammatory response of human bodies to injuries or infections. Therefore, the therapeutic utilization of selective COX-2 inhibitors has already been considered as an effective approach for the treatment of inflammation with diminished side effects. Currently, both traditional and newer NSAIDs are the commonly prescribed medications that treat inflammatory diseases by targeting COX-2. However, due to the cardiovascular side-effects of the NSAIDs, finding reasonable alternatives for these frequently prescribed medicines are a hot spot in medicinal chemistry research. Naturallyoccurring compounds have been reported to inhibit COX-2, thereby possessing beneficial effects against inflammation and certain cell injury. The review mainly concentrated on recently identified natural products and derivatives as COX-2 inhibitors, the characteristics of their structural core scaffolds, their anti-inflammatory effects, molecular mechanisms for enzymatic inhibition, and related structure-activity relationships. According to the structural features, the natural COX-2 inhibitors were mainly divided into the following categories: natural phenols, flavonoids, stilbenes, terpenoids, quinones, and alkaloids. Apart from the anti-inflammatory activities, a few dietary COX-2 inhibitors from nature origin also exhibited chemopreventive effects by targeting COX-2-mediated carcinogenesis. The utilization of these natural remedies in future cancer prevention was also discussed. In all, the survey on the characterized COX-2 inhibitors from natural sources paves the way for the further development of more potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Jinping Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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Tallima H. Clarification of Arachidonic Acid Metabolic Pathway Intricacies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:15559-15563. [PMID: 34179599 PMCID: PMC8223202 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surrounding inflammation activates phospholipase A2, which cleaves and releases arachidonic acid (ARA) from cell membranes. The four cis double bonds are instrumental in ARA susceptibility to oxidation, resulting in the generation of numerous bioactive metabolites of critical importance for the immune system, namely inflammation in response to pathogens, resolution of inflammation, wound healing, and mood and energy balance. The ARA metabolism steps are replete with intricacies, deterring researchers from identifying targets, which could be useful in modulating the synthesis of ARA metabolites toward exclusive protection of the host from pathogens, endogenous excessive danger signals, pain, inflammation, stress, and anxiety disorders. While ARA metabolic pathways are reasonably defined, it was deemed mandatory to fully clarify the flow and direction of protons, electrons, and oxygen atoms and the intricacies behind formation and breakage of double bonds and cyclic structures. This in-depth novel information will perfect the development of strategies and drugs aimed at counteracting inflammation and promoting healing.
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Maryanoff BE, Wipf P. Presenting a Special Issue on "Medicinal Chemistry: From Targets to Therapies". ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1780-1782. [PMID: 33062151 PMCID: PMC7549098 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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13
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Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Structural and Chemical Biology of the Interaction of Cyclooxygenase with Substrates and Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7592-7641. [PMID: 32609495 PMCID: PMC8253488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxgenases are key enzymes of lipid signaling. They carry out the first step in the production of prostaglandins, important mediators of inflammation, pain, cardiovascular disease, and cancer, and they are the molecular targets for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which are among the oldest and most chemically diverse set of drugs known. Homodimeric proteins that behave as allosterically modulated, functional heterodimers, the cyclooxygenases exhibit complex kinetic behavior, requiring peroxide-dependent activation and undergoing suicide inactivation. Due to their important physiological and pathophysiological roles and keen interest on the part of the pharmaceutical industry, the cyclooxygenases have been the focus of a vast array of structural studies, leading to the publication of over 80 crystal structures of the enzymes in complex with substrates or inhibitors supported by a wealth of functional data generated by site-directed mutation experiments. In this review, we explore the chemical biology of the cyclooxygenases through the lens of this wealth of structural and functional information. We identify key structural features of the cyclooxygenases, break down their active site into regional binding pockets to facilitate comparisons between structures, and explore similarities and differences in the binding modes of the wide variety of ligands (both substrates and inhibitors) that have been characterized in complex with the enzymes. Throughout, we correlate structure with function whenever possible. Finally, we summarize what can and cannot be learned from the currently available structural data and discuss the critical intriguing questions that remain despite the wealth of information that has been amassed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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