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Zahmatkeshsaredorahi A, Jakob DS, Xu XG. Pulsed Force Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy-A New Type of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy under Ambient Conditions. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2024; 128:9813-9827. [PMID: 38919728 PMCID: PMC11194824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c01461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is an increasingly popular scanning probe microscopy technique used for nanoscale imaging of surface potential for various materials, such as metals, semiconductors, biological samples, and photovoltaics, to reveal their surface work function and/or local accumulation of charges. This featured review outlines the operation principles and applications of KPFM, including several typical commercially available variants. We highlight the significance of surface potential measurements, present the details of the method operation, and discuss the causes of the limitation on spatial resolution. Then, we present the pulsed force Kelvin probe force microscopy (PF-KPFM) as an innovative improvement to KPFM, which provides an enhanced spatial resolution of <10 nm under ambient conditions. PF-KPFM is promising for the characterization of heterogeneous materials with spatial variations of electrical properties. It will be especially instrumental for investigating emerging perovskite photovoltaics, heterogeneous catalysts, 2D materials, and ferroelectric materials, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devon S. Jakob
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Xiaoji G. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E. Packer Ave. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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2
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Lee J, Kim E, Cho J, Seok H, Woo G, Yu D, Jung G, Hwangbo H, Na J, Im I, Kim T. Remote-Controllable Interfacial Electron Tunneling at Heterogeneous Molecular Junctions via Tip-Induced Optoelectrical Engineering. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305512. [PMID: 38057140 PMCID: PMC10837351 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular electronics enables functional electronic behavior via single molecules or molecular self-assembled monolayers, providing versatile opportunities for hybrid molecular-scale electronic devices. Although various molecular junction structures are constructed to investigate charge transfer dynamics, significant challenges remain in terms of interfacial charging effects and far-field background signals, which dominantly block the optoelectrical observation of interfacial charge transfer dynamics. Here, tip-induced optoelectrical engineering is presented that synergistically correlates photo-induced force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy to remotely control and probe the interfacial charge transfer dynamics with sub-10 nm spatial resolution. Based on this approach, the optoelectrical origin of metal-molecule interfaces is clearly revealed by the nanoscale heterogeneity of the tip-sample interaction and optoelectrical reactivity, which theoretically aligned with density functional theory calculations. For a practical device-scale demonstration of tip-induced optoelectrical engineering, interfacial tunneling is remotely controlled at a 4-inch wafer-scale metal-insulator-metal capacitor, facilitating a 5.211-fold current amplification with the tip-induced electrical field. In conclusion, tip-induced optoelectrical engineering provides a novel strategy to comprehensively understand interfacial charge transfer dynamics and a non-destructive tunneling control platform that enables real-time and real-space investigation of ultrathin hybrid molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhyoung Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungchul Kim
- AVP process development team, Samsung Electronics, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31086, South Korea
| | - Jinill Cho
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Seok
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gunhoo Woo
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Dayoung Yu
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Gooeun Jung
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Hwangbo
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Na
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseob Im
- Park Systems Corp, R&D Center, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesung Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nano Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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3
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Meng Z, Zhang T, Zhang C, Shang Y, Lei Q, Chi Q. Advances in Polymer Dielectrics with High Energy Storage Performance by Designing Electric Charge Trap Structures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2310272. [PMID: 38109702 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric capacitors have been developed for nearly a century, and all-polymer film capacitors are currently the most popular. Much effort has been devoted to studying polymer dielectric capacitors and improving their capacitive performance, but their high conductivity and capacitance losses under high electric fields or elevated temperatures are still significant challenges. Although many review articles have reported various strategies to address these problems, to the best of current knowledge, no review article has summarized the recent progress in the high-energy storage performance of polymer-based dielectric films with electric charge trap structures. Therefore, this paper first reviews the charge trap characterization methods for polymeric dielectrics and discusses their strengths and weaknesses. The research progress on the design of charge trap structures in polymer dielectric films, including molecular chain optimization, organic doping, blending modification, inorganic doping, multilayered structures, and the mechanisms of the charge trap-induced enhancement of the capacitive performance of polymers are systematically reviewed. Finally, a summary and outlook on the fundamental theory of charge trap regulation, performance characterization, numerical calculations, and engineering applications are presented. This review provides a valuable reference for improving the insulation and energy storage performance of dielectric capacitive films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaotong Meng
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Tiandong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Changhai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Chi
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application, Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- School of Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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4
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Eftekhari Z, Rezaei N, Stokkel H, Zheng JY, Cerreta A, Hermes I, Nguyen M, Rijnders G, Saive R. Spatial mapping of photovoltage and light-induced displacement of on-chip coupled piezo/photodiodes by Kelvin probe force microscopy under modulated illumination. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:1059-1067. [PMID: 38025201 PMCID: PMC10644008 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a silicon photodiode integrated with a piezoelectric membrane is studied by Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) under modulated illumination. Time-dependent KPFM enables simultaneous quantification of the surface photovoltage generated by the photodiode as well as the resulting mechanical oscillation of the piezoelectric membrane with vertical atomic resolution in real-time. This technique offers the opportunity to measure concurrently the optoelectronic and mechanical response of the device at the nanoscale. Furthermore, time-dependent atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to spatially map voltage-induced oscillation of various sizes of piezoelectric membranes without the photodiode to investigate their position- and size-dependent displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Eftekhari
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Nasim Rezaei
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Hidde Stokkel
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Jian-Yao Zheng
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ilka Hermes
- Park Systems Europe GmbH, 68199 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Guus Rijnders
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Saive
- Inorganic Materials Science, MESA+, University of Twente, Enschede, 7522NB, the Netherlands
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5
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Zahmatkeshsaredorahi A, Jakob DS, Fang H, Fakhraai Z, Xu XG. Pulsed Force Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy through Integration of Lock-In Detection. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8953-8959. [PMID: 37737103 PMCID: PMC10571144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy measures surface potential and delivers insights into nanoscale electronic properties, including work function, doping levels, and localized charges. Recently developed pulsed force Kelvin probe force microscopy (PF-KPFM) provides sub-10 nm spatial resolution under ambient conditions, but its original implementation is hampered by instrument complexity and limited operational speed. Here, we introduce a solution for overcoming these two limitations: a lock-in amplifier-based PF-KPFM. Our method involves phase-synchronized switching of a field effect transistor to mediate the Coulombic force between the probe and the sample. We validate its efficacy on two-dimensional material MXene and aged perovskite photovoltaic films. Lock-in-based PF-KPFM successfully identifies the contact potential difference (CPD) of stacked flakes and finds that the CPDs of monoflake MXene are different from those of their multiflake counterparts, which are otherwise similar in value. In perovskite films, we uncover electrical degradation that remains elusive with surface topography.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devon S. Jakob
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Hui Fang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zahra Fakhraai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Xiaoji G. Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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6
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Xu XG. Multimodal Nano-IR through Peak Force Infrared (PFIR) Microscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:563. [PMID: 37613309 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad067.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, United States
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7
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Li F, Yue X, Liao Y, Qiao L, Lv K, Xiang Q. Understanding the unique S-scheme charge migration in triazine/heptazine crystalline carbon nitride homojunction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3901. [PMID: 37400443 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding charge transfer dynamics and carrier separation pathway is challenging due to the lack of appropriate characterization strategies. In this work, a crystalline triazine/heptazine carbon nitride homojunction is selected as a model system to demonstrate the interfacial electron-transfer mechanism. Surface bimetallic cocatalysts are used as sensitive probes during in situ photoemission for tracing the S-scheme transfer of interfacial photogenerated electrons from triazine phase to the heptazine phase. Variation of the sample surface potential under light on/off confirms dynamic S-scheme charge transfer. Further theoretical calculations demonstrate an interesting reversal of interfacial electron-transfer path under light/dark conditions, which also supports the experimental evidence of S-scheme transport. Benefiting from the unique merit of S-scheme electron transfer, homojunction shows significantly enhanced activity for CO2 photoreduction. Our work thus provides a strategy to probe dynamic electron transfer mechanisms and to design delicate material structures towards efficient CO2 photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Yulong Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China
| | - Liang Qiao
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
| | - Kangle Lv
- Key Laboratory of Resources Conversion and Pollution Control of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Resources and Environment, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, PR China.
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8
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Jia B, Zhou J, Chen J, Zhang Z, Wang Y, Lv Z, Wu K. Interfacial Insight of Charge Transport in BaTiO 3/Epoxy Composites. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:406. [PMID: 36770367 PMCID: PMC9920443 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Space charge accumulation greatly influences the dielectric performance of epoxy composites under high voltage. It has been reported that nano-fillers can suppress the charge accumulation in the bulk of insulation materials. However, it is still unclear how the nano-fillers influence the charge distribution at the interface between the filler and polymeric matrix. In this work, the dielectric properties and the local dynamic charge mobility behavior at the interface of barium titanate/epoxy resin (BTO/EP) composites were investigated from both bulk and local perspectives based on the macroscopic test techniques and in-situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) methods. Charge injection and dissipation behavior exhibited significant discrepancies at different interfaces. The interface between BTO and epoxy is easy to accumulates a negative charge, and nanoscale BTO (n-BTO) particles introduces deeper traps than microscale BTO (m-BTO) to inhibit charge migration. Under the same bias condition, the carriers are more likely to accumulate near the n-BTO than the m-BTO particles. The charge dissipation rate at the interface region in m-BTO/EP is about one order of magnitude higher than that of n-BTO/EP. This work offers experimental support for understanding the mechanism of charge transport in dielectric composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Jia
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Yang Wang
- School of Electronics and Information, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Zepeng Lv
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Center of Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
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Zhao Y, Liu F, Xie N, Wang Y, Liu M, Han Z, Hou T. Achieving Ultrasensitivity and Long-Term Durability Simultaneously for Microcantilevers Inspired by a Scorpion's Circular Tip Slits. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18048-18057. [PMID: 36255256 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microcantilevers are one of the most essential sensitive elements for various mechanical sensors. Their sensing performance determines the index level of a series of sensors. To date, the long-standing trade-off between ultrasensitivity and long-term durability of microcantilevers still remains a challenge. In nature, scorpions can sense vibrations as low as 10 nm amplitude through their circular tip slits sensilla. Such slit sensilla embedded in the exoskeleton of walking legs endure the compressing and stretching of every movement without spontaneous fracture failures. Here, we focused on the structural design of the circular tip slits which concentrate stress effectively and disperse energy smoothly, with the result that the microcantilevers are ultrasensitive and durable simultaneously in a single element. We devised a reproducible circular tip slits cantilever with enhanced sensitivity and ultralow detection limits to monitor 7 nm amplitude vibrations. The sensor possessed excellent durability and remained highly consistent with the correlation coefficient of nearly 0.999 over 100 000 cycles. Furthermore, the circular tip slits cantilever could precisely sense diverse subtle mechanical signals and exhibited potential applications in monitoring respiratory patterns. The simple geometric design can be easily manufactured on various sensory materials for applications requiring ultrahigh sensitivity and long-time durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhao
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fu Liu
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Nan Xie
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Yueqiao Wang
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Meihe Liu
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhiwu Han
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Tao Hou
- College of Communication Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
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Mull V, Kreplak L. Adhesion force microscopy is sensitive to the charge distribution at the surface of single collagen fibrils. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4829-4837. [PMID: 36381506 PMCID: PMC9642350 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00514j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collagen fibrils are a key component of the extracellular matrix of mammalian tissues where they serve as structural elements and as a ligand for receptor-mediated signaling. As collagen molecules assemble into fibrils, in vitro or in vivo, they acquire a modulation of their molecular and electron densities called the D-band, with a 67 nm spacing, that can be visualized by cryo-electron microscopy. The D-band is composed of a gap region missing one-fifth of the molecules in the cross-section compared to the overlap region. This leads to the gap region having a positive potential and the overlap region a negative potential with respect to an n-doped silicon probe as observed by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. In this study, we use the adhesion force between an n-doped silicon probe and a collagen substrate to demonstrate the sensitivity of adhesion force towards charge distribution on the surface of collagen fibrils. We also map the charge distribution at the surface of single in vivo and in vitro assembled collagen fibrils and characterize the three-dimensional location and strength of three sub D-band regions that have been observed previously by cryo-electron microscopy. Our approach provides an adhesion fingerprint unique to each fibril type we analyzed and points to local charge variations at the sub D-band level even along a single fibril. It opens the road for a detailed analysis of collagen fibrils surface modifications due to ligand binding or the accumulation of advanced glycation end products at sub D-band resolution on a fibril by fibril basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Mull
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada +1 902 494 8435
| | - Laurent Kreplak
- Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science, Dalhousie University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada +1 902 494 8435
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11
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Kilpatrick JI, Kargin E, Rodriguez BJ. Comparing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy techniques in air and water. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:922-943. [PMID: 36161252 PMCID: PMC9490074 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we derive and present quantitative expressions governing the performance of single and multifrequency Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) techniques in both air and water. Metrics such as minimum detectable contact potential difference, minimum required AC bias, and signal-to-noise ratio are compared and contrasted both off resonance and utilizing the first two eigenmodes of the cantilever. These comparisons allow the reader to quickly and quantitatively identify the parameters for the best performance for a given KPFM-based experiment in a given environment. Furthermore, we apply these performance metrics in the identification of KPFM-based modes that are most suitable for operation in liquid environments where bias application can lead to unwanted electrochemical reactions. We conclude that open-loop multifrequency KPFM modes operated with the first harmonic of the electrostatic response on the first eigenmode offer the best performance in liquid environments whilst needing the smallest AC bias for operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I Kilpatrick
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emrullah Kargin
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Brian J Rodriguez
- School of Physics and Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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12
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Wu X, Zhang W, Wang W, Chen Y. Accurate determination of MFM tip's magnetic parameters on nanoparticles by decoupling the influence of electrostatic force. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:475703. [PMID: 35970138 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac8998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) has become one of the most important instruments for characterizing magnetic materials with nanoscale spatial resolution. When analyzing magnetic particles by MFM, calibration of the magnetic tips using reference magnetic nanoparticles is a prerequisite due to similar orientation and dimension of the yielded magnetic fields. However, in such a calibration process, errors caused by extra electrostatic interactions will significantly affect the output results. In this work, we evaluate the magnetic moment and dipole radius of the MFM tip on Fe3O4nanoparticles by considering the associated electrostatic force. The coupling of electrostatic contribution on the measured MFM phase is eliminated by combining MFM and Kelvin probe force microscopy together with theoretical modeling. Numerical simulations and experiments on nickel nanoparticles demonstrate the effectiveness of decoupling. Results show that the calibrated MFM tip can enable a more accurate analysis of micro-and-nano magnetism. In addition, a fast and easy calibration method by using bimodal MFM is discussed, in which the acquisition of multiple phase shifts at different lift heights is not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Wu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenting Wang
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wang L, Wang H, Xu XG. Principle and applications of peak force infrared microscopy. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5268-5286. [PMID: 35703031 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00096b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy is an emerging atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based infrared microscopy that bypasses Abbe's diffraction limit on spatial resolution. The PFIR microscopy utilizes a nanoscopically sharp AFM tip to mechanically detect the tip-enhanced infrared photothermal response of the sample in the time domain. The time-gated mechanical signals of cantilever deflections transduce the infrared absorption of the sample, delivering infrared imaging and spectroscopy capability at sub 10 nm spatial resolution. Both the infrared absorption response and mechanical properties of the sample are obtained in parallel while preserving the surface integrity of the sample. This review describes the constructions of the PFIR microscope and several variations, including multiple-pulse excitation, total internal reflection geometry, dual-color configuration, liquid-phase operations, and integrations with simultaneous surface potential measurement. Representative applications of PFIR microscopy are also included in this review. In the outlook section, we lay out several future directions of innovations in PFIR microscopy and applications in chemical and material research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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14
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Wang J, Kim E, Kumar DP, Rangappa AP, Kim Y, Zhang Y, Kim TK. Highly Durable and Fully Dispersed Cobalt Diatomic Site Catalysts for CO
2
Photoreduction to CH
4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyo Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hubei University Wuhan 430072 China
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry Yonsei University Seoul 03722 Republic of Korea
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15
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Wu R, Matta M, Paulsen BD, Rivnay J. Operando Characterization of Organic Mixed Ionic/Electronic Conducting Materials. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4493-4551. [PMID: 35026108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Operando characterization plays an important role in revealing the structure-property relationships of organic mixed ionic/electronic conductors (OMIECs), enabling the direct observation of dynamic changes during device operation and thus guiding the development of new materials. This review focuses on the application of different operando characterization techniques in the study of OMIECs, highlighting the time-dependent and bias-dependent structure, composition, and morphology information extracted from these techniques. We first illustrate the needs, requirements, and challenges of operando characterization then provide an overview of relevant experimental techniques, including spectroscopy, scattering, microbalance, microprobe, and electron microscopy. We also compare different in silico methods and discuss the interplay of these computational methods with experimental techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook on the future development of operando for OMIEC-based devices and look toward multimodal operando techniques for more comprehensive and accurate description of OMIECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Micaela Matta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan D Paulsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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16
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González-Fialkowski JM, Wang L, Li Y, Xu XG. Nano-Chemical and Mechanical Mapping of Fine and Ultrafine Indoor Aerosols with Peak Force Infrared Microscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16845-16852. [PMID: 34871494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Indoor aerosols can adversely affect human health as we increasingly spend more time indoors. One of the aerosol research challenges is measuring fine and ultrafine aerosol particles with nanoscale dimensions. Spectroscopic tools, often diffraction-limited, cannot access the intra-particle heterogeneity. In this work, we extend the non-invasive nanoscopy method of peak force infrared (PFIR) microscopy to study indoor aerosols. Laboratory-generated fine bioaerosols were collected after filtration with a surgical face mask to serve as a benchmark sample, followed by a variety of field-collected indoor aerosols with and without the filtration of a facemask. A general heterogeneity is observed in individual aerosol particles, despite their nanoscale dimension. The presence of protein, triglycerides, and salt is detected through chemical and mechanical mapping. The PFIR microscopy is suitable to identify the composition of fine and ultrafine aerosols. Its application is particularly meaningful for understanding the particle structure to reduce aerosol-related transmission of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
| | - Yongjie Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem 18015, Pennsylvania
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17
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Wang J, Kim E, Kumar DP, Rangappa AP, Kim Y, Zhang Y, Kim TK. Highly Durable and Fully Dispersed Cobalt Diatomic Site Catalysts for CO 2 Photoreduction to CH 4. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113044. [PMID: 34750936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dual-atom-site catalysts (DACs) have emerged as a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis because the synergistic effect between adjacent metal atoms can promote their catalytic activity while maintaining the advantages of single-atom-site catalysts, such as almost 100 % atomic efficiency and excellent hydrocarbon selectivity. In this study, cobalt-based atom site catalysts with a Co2 -N coordination structure were synthesized and used for photodriven CO2 reduction. The resulting CoDAC containing 3.5 % Co atoms demonstrated a superior atom ratio for CO2 reduction catalytic performance, with 65.0 % CH4 selectivity, which far exceeds that of cobalt-based single-atom-site catalysts (CoSACs). The intrinsic reason for the superior activity of CoDACs is the excellent adsorption strength of CO2 and CO* intermediates at dimeric Co active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhyo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuexing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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18
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Stan G, Namboodiri P. Open-loop amplitude-modulation Kelvin probe force microscopy operated in single-pass PeakForce tapping mode. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:1115-1126. [PMID: 34703722 PMCID: PMC8505900 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The open-loop (OL) variant of Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) provides access to the voltage response of the electrostatic interaction between a conductive atomic force microscopy (AFM) probe and the investigated sample. The measured response can be analyzed a posteriori, modeled, and interpreted to include various contributions from the probe geometry and imaged features of the sample. In contrast to this, the currently implemented closed-loop (CL) variants of KPFM, either amplitude-modulation (AM) or frequency-modulation (FM), solely report on their final product in terms of the tip-sample contact potential difference. In ambient atmosphere, both CL AM-KPFM and CL FM-KPFM work at their best during the lift part of a two-pass scanning mode to avoid the direct contact with the surface of the sample. In this work, a new OL AM-KPFM mode was implemented in the single-pass scan of the PeakForce Tapping (PFT) mode. The topographical and electrical components were combined in a single pass by applying the electrical modulation only in between the PFT tip-sample contacts, when the AFM probe separates from the sample. In this way, any contact and tunneling discharges are avoided and, yet, the location of the measured electrical tip-sample interaction is directly affixed to the topography rendered by the mechanical PFT modulation at each tap. Furthermore, because the detailed response of the cantilever to the bias stimulation was recorded, it was possible to analyze and separate an average contribution of the cantilever to the determined local contact potential difference between the AFM probe and the imaged sample. The removal of this unwanted contribution greatly improved the accuracy of the AM-KPFM measurements to the level of the FM-KPFM counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gheorghe Stan
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Pradeep Namboodiri
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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19
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Jakob DS, Li N, Zhou H, Xu XG. Integrated Tapping Mode Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Photoinduced Force Microscopy for Correlative Chemical and Surface Potential Mapping. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2102495. [PMID: 34310045 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a popular technique for mapping the surface potential at the nanoscale through measurement of the Coulombic force between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and sample. The lateral resolution of conventional KPFM variants is limited to between ≈35 and 100 nm in ambient conditions due to the long-range nature of the Coulombic force. In this article, a novel way of generating the Coulombic force in tapping mode KPFM without the need for an external AC driving voltage is presented. A field-effect transistor (FET) is used to directly switch the electrical connectivity of the tip and sample on and off periodically. The resulting Coulomb force induced by Fermi level alignment of the tip and sample results in a detectable change of the cantilever oscillation at the FET-switching frequency. The resulting FET-switched KPFM delivers a spatial resolution of ≈25 nm and inherits the high operational speed of the AFM tapping mode. Moreover, the FET-switched KPFM is integrated with photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), enabling simultaneous acquisitions of high spatial resolution chemical distributions and surface potential maps. The integrated FET-switched KPFM with PiFM is expected to facilitate characterizations of nanoscale electrical properties of photoactive materials, semiconductors, and ferroelectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Nengxu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huanping Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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20
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Limani N, Boudet A, Blanchard N, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Local probe investigation of electrocatalytic activity. Chem Sci 2020; 12:71-98. [PMID: 34163583 PMCID: PMC8178752 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04319b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As the world energy crisis remains a long-term challenge, development and access to renewable energy sources are crucial for a sustainable modern society. Electrochemical energy conversion devices are a promising option for green energy supply, although the challenge associated with electrocatalysis have caused increasing complexity in the materials and systems, demanding further research and insights. In this field, scanning probe microscopy (SPM) represents a specific source of knowledge and understanding. Thus, our aim is to present recent findings on electrocatalysts for electrolysers and fuel cells, acquired mainly through scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and other related scanning probe techniques. This review begins with an introduction to the principles of several SPM techniques and then proceeds to the research done on various energy-related reactions, by emphasizing the progress on non-noble electrocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - A Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - N Blanchard
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - B Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
| | - R Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN Gif-sur-Yvette 91191 France
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21
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Dai X, Li Q, Aldalbahi A, Wang L, Fan C, Liu X. DNA-Based Fabrication for Nanoelectronics. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5604-5615. [PMID: 32787185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The bottom-up DNA-templated nanoelectronics exploits the unparalleled self-assembly properties of DNA molecules and their amenability with various types of nanomaterials. In principle, nanoelectronic devices can be bottom-up assembled with near-atomic precision, which compares favorably with well-established top-down fabrication process with nanometer precision. Over the past decade, intensive effort has been made to develop DNA-based nanoassemblies including DNA-metal, DNA-polymer, and DNA-carbon nanotube complexes. This review introduces the history of DNA-based fabrication for nanoelectronics briefly and summarizes the state-of-art advances of DNA-based nanoelectronics. In particular, the most widely applied characterization techniques to explore their unique electronic properties at the nanoscale are described and discussed, including scanning tunneling microscopy, conductive atomic force microscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. We also provide a perspective on potential applications of DNA-based nanoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ali Aldalbahi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lihua Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Bioimaging Center, Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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22
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Jakob DS, Wang H, Zeng G, Otzen DE, Yan Y, Xu XG. Peak Force Infrared-Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:16083-16090. [PMID: 32463936 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Correlative scanning probe microscopy of chemical identity, surface potential, and mechanical properties provide insight into the structure-function relationships of nanomaterials. However, simultaneous measurement with comparable and high resolution is a challenge. We seamlessly integrated nanoscale photothermal infrared imaging with Coulomb force detection to form peak force infrared-Kelvin probe force microscopy (PFIR-KPFM), which enables simultaneous nanomapping of infrared absorption, surface potential, and mechanical properties with approximately 10 nm spatial resolution in a single-pass scan. MAPbBr3 perovskite crystals of different degradation pathways were studied in situ. Nanoscale charge accumulations were observed in MAPbBr3 near the boundary to PbBr2 . PFIR-KPFM also revealed correlations between residual charges and secondary conformation in amyloid fibrils. PFIR-KPFM is applicable to other heterogeneous materials at the nanoscale for correlative multimodal characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon S Jakob
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Guanghong Zeng
- DFM A/S, Danish National Metrology Institute, Kogle Alle 5, 2970, Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Daniel E Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wields Vej 14, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Dr., San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, 6 E Packer Ave., Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
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23
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Jakob DS, Wang H, Zeng G, Otzen DE, Yan Y, Xu XG. Peak Force Infrared–Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devon S. Jakob
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E Packer Ave. Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Haomin Wang
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E Packer Ave. Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
| | - Guanghong Zeng
- DFM A/S, Danish National Metrology Institute Kogle Alle 5 2970 Hørsholm Denmark
| | - Daniel E. Otzen
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) Aarhus University Gustav Wields Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Yong Yan
- Department of Chemistry San Diego State University 5500 Campanile Dr. San Diego CA 92182 USA
| | - Xiaoji G. Xu
- Department of Chemistry Lehigh University 6 E Packer Ave. Bethlehem PA 18015 USA
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