1
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Mukut KM, Ganguly A, Goudeli E, Kelesidis GA, Roy SP. Internal Structure of Incipient Soot from Acetylene Pyrolysis Obtained via Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:5175-5187. [PMID: 38961739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
A series of reactive molecular dynamics simulations is used to study the internal structure of incipient soot particles obtained from acetylene pyrolysis. The simulations were performed using the ReaxFF potential at four different temperatures. The resulting soot particles are cataloged and analyzed to obtain statistics of their mass, volume, density, C/H ratio, number of cyclic structures, and other features. A total of 3324 incipient soot particles were analyzed in this study. Based on their structural characteristics, the incipient soot particles are classified into two classes, termed type 1 and type 2 incipient soot particles in this work. The radial distribution of density, cyclic (5-, 6-, or 7-member rings) structures, and C/H ratio inside the particles revealed a clear difference in the internal structure between type 1 and type 2 particles. These classes were further found to be well represented by the size of the particles, with smaller particles in type 1 and larger particles in type 2. The radial distributions of ring structures, density, and the C/H ratio indicated the presence of a dense core region in type 2 particles. In contrast, no clear evidence of the presence of a core was found in type 1 particles. In type 2 incipient soot particles, the boundary between the core and shell was found to be around 50-60% of the particle's radius of gyration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Mosharraf Mukut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Anindya Ganguly
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eirini Goudeli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Georgios A Kelesidis
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center (NAMC), Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Particle Technology Laboratory, Institute of Process Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Somesh P Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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2
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Godet M, Loisel C, Vergès-Belmin V, Menguy N, Chabas A, Verney-Carron A, Ropiquet M, Jacquet Q, Queffelec A, Azéma A. Multi-scale characterization of lead-rich deposited particles originating from the fire of Notre-Dame de Paris. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174309. [PMID: 38945239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Fire is a major hazard for built heritage. The fire at Notre-Dame on April 15, 2019 completely destroyed the woodframe and the lead roof (about 285 tons) almost entirely melted due to high temperatures. A part of the molten lead escaped into the atmosphere in the form of aerosols while the majority remains within cathedral enclosure in the form of deposits, metallic remains, spatters etc. In particular unusual yellowish deposits of lead-rich particles were observed and collected inside the monument (in the nave, near the organ and in St-Eloi Chapel). These were then thoroughly characterized to identify the neoformed lead compounds. Both bulk and local analyses were carried out to obtain particle morphology and size distribution, chemistry and mineralogy of the deposits, from macro to nanoscale. We found that the fire-related deposits all contain high amount of lead (10 to 44 %) mainly in the form of monoxides (litharge and massicot) with other lead-bearing phases (Ca-plumbate, metallic lead, lead sulfates and carbonates, plattnerite) in smaller amount. These lead phases are concentrated in heterogeneous microspheres, at the periphery of terrigenous minerals (calcite, quartz, feldspars) or mixed with anhydrite minerals. The size distribution shows that the fire produced giant particles (> 100 μm in diameter) similar to those found near the fallout from industrial emissions. This study provides a better understanding of the lead contamination pathways following the Notre-Dame cathedral fire and new insights into the reactivity of lead during a fire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Godet
- Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Claudine Loisel
- Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Véronique Vergès-Belmin
- Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Menguy
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Institut de recherche et développement, CNRS, UMR 7590, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Chabas
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7583, Laboratoire interuniversitaire des systèmes atmosphériques (LISA), 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Aurélie Verney-Carron
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7583, Laboratoire interuniversitaire des systèmes atmosphériques (LISA), 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Mathilde Ropiquet
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7583, Laboratoire interuniversitaire des systèmes atmosphériques (LISA), 94010 Créteil, France
| | - Quentin Jacquet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, UMR 5819, IRIG-SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Alain Queffelec
- Université de Bordeaux, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UMR 5199, PACEA, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Aurélia Azéma
- Ministère de la Culture, Laboratoire de recherche des monuments historiques (LRMH), 77420 Champs-sur-Marne, France; Sorbonne Université, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ministère de la Culture, CNRS, UAR 3224, Centre de recherche sur la conservation (CRC), 75005 Paris, France
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Griffo R, Di Natale F, Minale M, Sirignano M, Parisi A, Carotenuto C. Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticle Coatings via Wettability. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:301. [PMID: 38334572 PMCID: PMC10856743 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Wettability, typically estimated through the contact angle, is a fundamental property of surfaces with wide-ranging implications in both daily life and industrial processes. Recent scientific interest has been paid to the surfaces exhibiting extreme wettability: superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, characterized by high water repellency and exceptional water wetting, respectively. Both chemical composition and morphology play a role in the determination of the wettability "performance" of a surface. To tune surface-wetting properties, we considered coatings of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in this study. They are a new class of nanomaterials synthesized in flames whose chemistry, dimension, and shape depend on combustion conditions. For the first time, we systematically studied the wettability of CNP coatings produced in a controlled rich ethylene/air flame stabilized over a McKenna burner. A selected substrate was intermittently inserted in the flame at 15 mm above the burner to form a thin coating thanks to a thermophoretic-driven deposition mechanism. The chemical-physical quality and the deposed quantity of the CNPs were varied by opportunely combing the substrate flame insertion number (from 1 to 256) and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, C/O (from 0.67 to 0.87). The wettability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, CA, with the sessile drop method. When the C/O = 0.67, the CNPs were nearly spherical, smaller than 8 nm, and always generated hydrophilic coatings (CA < 35°). At higher C/O ratios, the CNPs reached dimensions of 100 nm, and fractal shape aggregates were formed. In this case, either hydrophilic (CA < 76°) or superhydrophobic (CA ~166°) behavior was observed, depending on the number of carbon nanoparticles deposed, i.e., film thickness. It is known that wettability is susceptible to liquid surface tension, and therefore, tests were conducted with different fluids to establish a correlation between the flame conditions and the nanostructure of the film. This method offers a fast and simple approach to determining mesoscale information for coating roughness and topographical homogeneity/inhomogeneity of their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Griffo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
| | - Francesco Di Natale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Mario Minale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
| | - Mariano Sirignano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Arianna Parisi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudia Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
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Zhang S, Feng X, Xu Z, Li Y, Wang P, Shen J, Xu J, Xu X, Fang X, Wang X. The controlled engineering of surface oxygen defects on Bi 2Zr 2O 7 compounds for catalytic soot combustion by adjusting the preparation methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:974-984. [PMID: 38088058 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04104b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The quantity of surface oxygen vacancies/defects is critical to promote the reactivity of metal oxide catalysts. Therefore, for the controlled engineering of Bi2Zr2O7 with rich surface defects for soot combustion, four different methods have been adopted. Bi2Zr2O7 compounds with a defective fluorite phase but with varied surface vacancy concentrations have been successfully synthesized by various methods. The best catalyst (Bi2Zr2O7-CP) was fabricated by a facile co-precipitation method. Both O2- and O22- were the active surface sites whose number positively correlated to the number of surface oxygen vacancies and determined the activity. Moreover, a sample with more surface vacancies usually had weaker Zr-O bonds, which could be the intrinsic factor to enhance the activity. In addition, a novel and simple method has been developed to accurately titrate the absolute amount of soot reactive oxygen sites and calculate the TOF values. In conclusion, by optimizing the preparation methods, Bi2Zr2O7 catalysts with rich surface defects can be tuned, which may help in designing more applicable soot oxidation catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaohui Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Zekai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Yuting Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Jiating Shen
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Junwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Xianglan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuzhong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Environment and Energy Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, P. R. China.
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5
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Franzén SM, Jönsson L, Ternero P, Kåredal M, Eriksson AC, Blomberg S, Hübner JM, Messing ME. Compositional tuning of gas-phase synthesized Pd-Cu nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:6069-6077. [PMID: 37941940 PMCID: PMC10628985 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00438d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Bimetallic nanoparticles have gained significant attention in catalysis as potential alternatives to expensive catalysts based on noble metals. In this study, we investigate the compositional tuning of Pd-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles using a physical synthesis method called spark ablation. By utilizing pure and alloyed electrodes in different configurations, we demonstrate the ability to tailor the chemical composition of nanoparticles within the range of approximately 80 : 20 at% to 40 : 60 at% (Pd : Cu), measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDXS). Time-resolved XRF measurements revealed a shift in composition throughout the ablation process, potentially influenced by material transfer between electrodes. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the predominantly fcc phase of the nanoparticles while high-resolution TEM and scanning TEM-EDXS confirmed the mixing of Pd and Cu within individual nanoparticles. X-ray photoelectron and absorption spectroscopy were used to analyze the outermost atomic layers of the nanoparticles, which is highly important for catalytic applications. Such comprehensive analyses offer insights into the formation and structure of bimetallic nanoparticles and pave the way for the development of efficient and affordable catalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Franzén
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Linnéa Jönsson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Pau Ternero
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Monica Kåredal
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Axel C Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | - Sara Blomberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University Lund Sweden
| | | | - Maria E Messing
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University Lund Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University Lund Sweden
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6
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Zuhra Z, Li S, Xie G, Wang X. Soot Erased: Catalysts and Their Mechanistic Chemistry. Molecules 2023; 28:6884. [PMID: 37836727 PMCID: PMC10574243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Soot formation is an inevitable consequence of the combustion of carbonaceous fuels in environments rich in reducing agents. Efficient management of pollution in various contexts, such as industrial fires, vehicle engines, and similar applications, relies heavily on the subsequent oxidation of soot particles. Among the oxidizing agents employed for this purpose, oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen dioxide have all demonstrated effectiveness. The scientific framework of this research can be elucidated through the following key aspects: (i) This review situates itself within the broader context of pollution management, emphasizing the importance of effective soot oxidation in reducing emissions and mitigating environmental impacts. (ii) The central research question of this study pertains to the identification and evaluation of catalysts for soot oxidation, with a specific emphasis on ceria-based catalysts. The formulation of this research question arises from the need to enhance our understanding of catalytic mechanisms and their application in environmental remediation. This question serves as the guiding principle that directs the research methodology. (iii) This review seeks to investigate the catalytic mechanisms involved in soot oxidation. (iv) This review highlights the efficacy of ceria-based catalysts as well as other types of catalysts in soot oxidation and elucidate the underlying mechanistic strategies. The significance of these findings is discussed in the context of pollution management and environmental sustainability. This study contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field of catalysis and provides valuable insights for the development of effective strategies to combat air pollution, ultimately promoting a cleaner and healthier environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zareen Zuhra
- Department of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (X.W.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Guanqun Xie
- Department of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- Department of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China; (Z.Z.); (S.L.); (X.W.)
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7
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Lieske LA, Commodo M, Martin JW, Kaiser K, Benekou V, Minutolo P, D'Anna A, Gross L. Portraits of Soot Molecules Reveal Pathways to Large Aromatics, Five-/Seven-Membered Rings, and Inception through π-Radical Localization. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37436943 PMCID: PMC10373522 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Incipient soot early in the flame was studied by high-resolution atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy to resolve the atomic structure and orbital densities of single soot molecules prepared on bilayer NaCl on Cu(111). We resolved extended catacondensed and pentagonal-ring linked (pentalinked) species indicating how small aromatics cross-link and cyclodehydrogenate to form moderately sized aromatics. In addition, we resolved embedded pentagonal and heptagonal rings in flame aromatics. These nonhexagonal rings suggest simultaneous growth through aromatic cross-linking/cyclodehydrogenation and hydrogen abstraction acetylene addition. Moreover, we observed three classes of open-shell π-radical species. First, radicals with an unpaired π-electron delocalized along the molecule's perimeter. Second, molecules with partially localized π-electrons at zigzag edges of a π-radical. Third, molecules with strong localization of a π-electron at pentagonal- and methylene-type sites. The third class consists of π-radicals localized enough to enable thermally stable bonds, as well as multiradical species such as diradicals in the open-shell triplet state. These π-diradicals can rapidly cluster through barrierless chain reactions enhanced by van der Waals interactions. These results improve our understanding of soot formation and the products formed by combustion and could provide insights for cleaner combustion and the production of hydrogen without CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mario Commodo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Jacob W Martin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, Australia
| | - Katharina Kaiser
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Vasiliki Benekou
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), CNR Area della Ricerca di Bologna; Via Piero Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Minutolo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale - Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Leo Gross
- IBM Research Europe - Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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8
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Quant M, Willstrand O, Mallin T, Hynynen J. Ecotoxicity Evaluation of Fire-Extinguishing Water from Large-Scale Battery and Battery Electric Vehicle Fire Tests. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4821-4830. [PMID: 36913186 PMCID: PMC10061927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrified transport has multiple benefits but has also raised some concerns, for example, the flammable formulations used in lithium-ion batteries. Fires in traction batteries can be difficult to extinguish because the battery cells are well protected and hard to reach. To control the fire, firefighters must prolong the application of extinguishing media. In this work, extinguishing water from three vehicles and one battery pack fire test were analyzed for inorganic and organic pollutants, including particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and soot content. Additionally, the acute toxicity of the collected extinguishing water on three aquatic species was determined. The vehicles used in the fire tests were both conventional petrol-fueled and battery electric. For all of the tests, the analysis of the extinguishing water showed high toxicity toward the tested aquatic species. Several metals and ions were found in concentrations above the corresponding surface water guideline values. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances were detected in concentrations ranging between 200 and 1400 ng L-1. Flushing the battery increased the concentration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to 4700 ng L-1. Extinguishing water from the battery electric vehicle and the battery pack contained a higher concentration of nickel, cobalt, lithium, manganese, and fluoride compared with the water samples analyzed from the conventional vehicle.
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9
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Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Catalytic Applications for Organic Synthesis. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), also known as carbon dots (CDs), are novel zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials. CQDs have attracted enormous attention around the world because of their excellent optical properties as well as water solubility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and simple synthesis routes. CQDs have numerous applications in bioimaging, biosensing, chemical sensing, nanomedicine, solar cells, drug delivery, and light-emitting diodes. In this review paper, the structure of CQDs, their physical and chemical properties, their synthesis approach, and their application as a catalyst in the synthesis of multisubstituted 4H pyran, in azide-alkyne cycloadditions, in the degradation of levofloxacin, in the selective oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes, in the removal of Rhodamine B, as H-bond catalysis in Aldol condensations, in cyclohexane oxidation, in intrinsic peroxidase-mimetic enzyme activity, in the selective oxidation of amines and alcohols, and in the ring opening of epoxides are discussed. Finally, we also discuss the future challenges in this research field. We hope this review paper will open a new channel for the application of CQDs as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
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10
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Varghese P, Lam A, Richardson D, Kang KK. Soot-Embedded Extruded Talus Fracture After a 5-Story Fall: A Case Report. JBJS Case Connect 2023; 13:01709767-202303000-00019. [PMID: 36706197 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.cc.22.00517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CASE A 17-year-old boy presented with an open talus fracture complicated by soot contamination after a chimney-related accident. Standard irrigation and debridement (I&D) methods were used, but complete removal of soot was not possible. At the latest follow-up, there was no evidence of infection, hardware failure, or avascular necrosis. CONCLUSION There is a lack of well-established guidelines regarding I&D of traumatic wounds contaminated with fine particulates. A review of potential debridement methods is discussed. Orthoapedic surgeons should be aware of hydrosurgical debridement as a potential treatment approach in these unique scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Varghese
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York.,College of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) Downstate, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Aaron Lam
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - David Richardson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Kevin K Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
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11
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Rérat M, Rayez JC, Fábián B, Devel M, Picaud S. A CRYSTAL-based parameterization of carbon atom dynamic polarizabilities to compute optical properties of curved carbonaceous nanostructures. Theor Chem Acc 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-022-02926-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Islam N, Saikia BK. An overview on atmospheric carbonaceous particulate matter into carbon nanomaterials: A new approach for air pollution mitigation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135027. [PMID: 35623423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Air pollutants consisting of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) poses a major threat to the environment and human health. However, due to their carbonaceous nature, these atmospheric PM can also be used as a precursor for fabrication of high-valued carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) leading to waste to wealth as well as mitigation of air pollution. Over the few years, various results have been reported on different types of physical and chemical methods for the synthesis of CNMs from atmospheric particulate matter with the help of top down and bottom up methods; however, there is a lack of review on these innovative processes and outcome in order to assess their feasibility and suitability for further investigation. This review critically assesses the synthesis, identification, and characterization of different types of CNMs derived from the atmospheric PM. The fascinating fluorescence properties along with the novel multifarious applications of such PM-derived CNMs are also extensively discussed in this review work. This unique review will certainly help to make a new avenue for air pollution mitigation through conversion of PMs in to value added nanomaterials (VNMs) and will boost the research activity in the field of environmental nanotechnology for a cleaner environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazrul Islam
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Binoy K Saikia
- Coal & Energy Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Jorhat, 785006, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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13
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Dinger N, Panzetta V, Russo C, Netti PA, Sirignano M. In vitro effects of combustion generated carbon dots on cellular parameters in healthy and cancerous breast cells. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:733-756. [PMID: 36403151 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2144775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials are an inventive class of materials with wide applications in state-of-the-art bioimaging and therapeutics. They allow a broad range of tunable and integrated advantages of structural flexibility, chemical and thermal stability, upright electrical conductivity, and the option of scale-up and mass production. In the context of nanomedicine, carbon nanomaterials have been used extensively to mitigate the serious side effects of conventional chemotherapy and also to enable early cancer diagnostics, given their wide range of tunable properties. A class of carbon nanomaterials, called carbon dots (CDs) are small carbon-based nanoparticles and have been a valued discovery due to their photoluminescence, low photobleaching, and high surface area to mass ratio. The process of producing these CDs had so far been a high energy demanding process involving wet chemistry for purification. A one-step tunable production of luminescent CDs from fuel rich combustion reactors was recently presented by our group. In this paper, we explore the effects of these yellow luminescent combustion-generated CDs in MCF7 adenocarcinoma and MCF10a normal breast epithelial cells. We observed that these CDs, also at nontoxic doses, can affect basic cellular functions, such as cell cycle and proliferation; induce substantial changes on the physical parameters of the plasma membrane; and change the overall appearance of a cell in terms of morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Dinger
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Valeria Panzetta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, CRIB, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per l'Energia e la Mobilità Sostenibili- CNR - P.le V. Tecchio, Napoli, Italy
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, CRIB, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Health Care IIT@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Sirignano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
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14
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Michelsen HA, Campbell MF, Tran IC, Johansson KO, Schrader PE, Bambha RP, Hammons JA, Schaible E, Zhu C, van Buuren A. Distinguishing Gas-Phase and Nanoparticle Contributions to Small-Angle X-ray Scattering in Reacting Aerosol Flows. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:3015-3026. [PMID: 35522242 PMCID: PMC9126148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a strategy for distinguishing between small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) from gas-phase species and newly formed nanoparticles in mixed gas- and particle-phase reacting flows. This methodology explicitly accounts for temperature-dependent scattering from gases. We measured SAXS in situ in a sooting linear laminar partially premixed co-flow ethylene/air diffusion flame. The scattering signal demonstrates a downward curvature as a function of the momentum transfer (q) at q values of 0.2-0.57 Å-1. The q-dependent curvature is consistent with the Debye equation and the independent-atom model for gas-phase scattering. This behavior can also be modeled using the Guinier approximation and could be characterized as a Guinier knee for gas-phase scattering. The Guinier functional form can be fit to the scattering signal in this q range without a priori knowledge of the gas-phase composition, enabling estimation of the gas-phase contribution to the scattering signal while accounting for changes in the gas-phase composition and temperature. We coupled the SAXS measurements with in situ temperature measurements using coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy. This approach to characterizing the gas-phase SAXS signal provides a physical basis for distinguishing among the contributions to the scattering signal from the instrument function, flame gases, and nanoparticles. The results are particularly important for the analysis of the SAXS signal in the q range associated with particles in the size range of 1-6 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope A Michelsen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Matthew F Campbell
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ich C Tran
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - K Olof Johansson
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Paul E Schrader
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Ray P Bambha
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Joshua A Hammons
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Eric Schaible
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chenhui Zhu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Anthony van Buuren
- Nanoscale Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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15
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Zhou J, Zhou M, Ma L, Wang Y. Slight asymmetry induces significant distortion of soot volume fraction measurements in counterflow diffusion flames with diffuse back-illumination imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:6671-6689. [PMID: 35299447 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Counterflow diffusion flame is a favorable platform for fundamental investigation of soot kinetics. A diffuse back-illumination imaging technique for measuring soot volume fractions in these flames was rigorously demonstrated here. It was noticed that the technique is extremely sensitive to slight asymmetry of the flame. Misleading conclusions could be drawn due to the surprisingly large distortion of the measured SVF profile caused by flame tilting, even when the tilting is so slight as to be undetectable through the flame images. To address this issue, the effect of the flame tilting on soot measurements were quantitatively analyzed and a novel procedure was proposed to identify and correct the measurement distortions.
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16
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Zhou Y, Chu Q, Hou D, Chen D, You X. Molecular Dynamics Study on the Condensation of PAH Molecules on Quasi Soot Surfaces. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:630-639. [PMID: 35073077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c09366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the condensation efficiency of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules up to coronene, from 500 to 2000 K, is calculated based on hundreds of collisions between a PAH molecule and the quasi soot surface, which is composed of stacked coronene molecules with periodic boundary conditions, using molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that the condensation efficiency increases with the PAH molecular mass but decreases as the temperature increases, following a Gaussian function. Meanwhile, when the presence of aliphatic chains on soot particle surfaces is considered, the condensation efficiency can be lowered by up to 40%, being affected more significantly at higher temperatures. A condensation efficiency model is thus proposed from the molecular trajectories. Finally, when this newly proposed PAH condensation efficiency model is adopted, better agreement with the experiments is achieved in predicting soot volume fractions of an ethylene/oxygen/nitrogen mixture in a tandem jet-stirred reactor and a plug-flow reactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhou
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingzhao Chu
- State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dingyu Hou
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongping Chen
- State Key Lab of Explosion Science and Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing You
- Center for Combustion Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Jin H, Ye L, Yang J, Jiang Y, Zhao L, Farooq A. Inception of Carbonaceous Nanostructures via Hydrogen-Abstraction Phenylacetylene-Addition Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:20710-20716. [PMID: 34784469 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sufficient experimental evidence has suggested that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the building blocks of carbonaceous nanostructures in combustion and circumstellar envelops of carbon-rich stars, but their fundamental formation mechanisms remain elusive. By exploring the reaction kinetics of phenylacetylene with 1-naphthyl/4-phenanthryl radicals, we provide compelling theoretical and experimental evidence for a novel and self-consistent hydrogen-abstraction phenylacetylene-addition (HAPaA) mechanism. HAPaA operates efficiently at both low and high temperatures, leading to the formation, expansion, and nucleation of peri-condensed aromatic hydrocarbons (PCAHs), which are otherwise difficult to synthesis via traditional hydrogen-abstraction acetylene/vinylacetylene-addition pathways. The HAPaA mechanism can be generalized to other α-alkynyl PCAHs and thus provides an alternative covalent bond bridge for PCAH combination via an acetylene linker. The proposed HAPaA mechanism may contribute toward a comprehensive understanding of soot formation, carbonaceous nanomaterials synthesis, and the origin and evolution of carbon in our galaxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanfeng Jin
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lili Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning 116024, China
| | - Jiuzhong Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Long Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230029, China
| | - Aamir Farooq
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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18
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Jiang Y, Sun J, Xiong C, Liu H, Li Y, Wang X, Nie Z. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals In Situ Behaviors of Multiple Components in Aerosol Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 100049 China
| | - Jie Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- Department of Chemistry Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis MO 63130 USA
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yuze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 100049 China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
- University of CAS Beijing 100049 China
- College of Chemical Engineering Jiujiang University Jiujiang Jiangxi Province 332005 China
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19
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Khayal A, Dawane V, Amin MA, Tirth V, Yadav VK, Algahtani A, Khan SH, Islam S, Yadav KK, Jeon BH. Advances in the Methods for the Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Their Emerging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3190. [PMID: 34578091 PMCID: PMC8469539 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutting-edge technologies are making inroads into new areas and this remarkable progress has been successfully influenced by the tiny level engineering of carbon dots technology, their synthesis advancement and impressive applications in the field of allied sciences. The advances of science and its conjugation with interdisciplinary fields emerged in carbon dots making, their controlled characterization and applications into faster, cheaper as well as more reliable products in various scientific domains. Thus, a new era in nanotechnology has developed into carbon dots technology. The understanding of the generation process, control on making processes and selected applications of carbon dots such as energy storage, environmental monitoring, catalysis, contaminates detections and complex environmental forensics, drug delivery, drug targeting and other biomedical applications, etc., are among the most promising applications of carbon dots and thus it is a prominent area of research today. In this regard, various types of carbon dot nanomaterials such as oxides, their composites and conjugations, etc., have been garnering significant attention due to their remarkable potential in this prominent area of energy, the environment and technology. Thus, the present paper highlights the role and importance of carbon dots, recent advancements in their synthesis methods, properties and emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeba Khayal
- Industrial Chemistry Section, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India;
| | - Vinars Dawane
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, India;
| | - Mohammed A. Amin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vineet Tirth
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ali Algahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61411, Saudi Arabia or (V.T.); (A.A.)
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University Guraiger, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samreen Heena Khan
- Centre of Research and Development, YNC ENVIS PRIVATE LIMITED, New Delhi 110059, India;
| | - Saiful Islam
- Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Krishna Kumar Yadav
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Madhyanchal Professional University, Ratibad 462044, India;
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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20
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Immersion Freezing Ability of Freshly Emitted Soot with Various Physico-Chemical Characteristics. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The immersion freezing ability of soot particles has in previous studies been reported in the range of low/insignificant to very high. The aims of this study were to: (i) perform detailed physico-chemical characterisation of freshly produced soot particles with very different properties, (ii) investigate the immersion freezing ability of the same particles, and (iii) investigate the potential links between physico-chemical particle properties and ice-activity. A miniCAST soot generator was used to produce eight different soot samples representing a wide range of physico-chemical properties. A continuous flow diffusion chamber was used to study each sample online in immersion mode over the temperature (T) range from −41 to −32 °C, at a supersaturation of about 10% with respect to liquid water. All samples exhibited low to no heterogeneous immersion freezing. The most active sample reached ice-activated fractions (AF) of 10−3 and 10−4 at temperatures of 1.7 and 1.9 K , respectively, above the homogeneous freezing temperature. The samples were characterized online with respect to a wide range of physico-chemical properties including effective particle density, optical properties, particle surface oxidation and soot maturity. We did observe indications of increasing immersion freezing ice-activity with increasing effective particle density and increasing particulate PAH fraction. Hence, those properties, or other properties co-varying with those, could potentially enhance the immersion freezing ice-activity of the studied soot particle types. However, we found no significant correlation between the physico-chemical properties and the observed ice-nucleating ability when the particle ensemble was extended to include previously published results including more ice-active biomass combustion soot particles. We conclude that it does not appear possible in general and in any straightforward way to link observed soot particle physico-chemical properties to the ice-nucleating ability using the online instrumentation included in this study. Furthermore, our observations support that freshly produced soot particles with a wide range of physico-chemical properties have low to insignificant immersion freezing ice-nucleating ability.
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21
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Jiang Y, Sun J, Xiong C, Liu H, Li Y, Wang X, Nie Z. Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals In Situ Behaviors of Multiple Components in Aerosol Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23225-23231. [PMID: 34254412 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of atmospheric particles is deleterious to human health. However, as a complex mixture, tracing the behaviors of multiple components from real aerosol particles is crucial but unachievable by the existing methods. Here, taking advantage of the intrinsic fingerprints of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) in carbonaceous aerosol (CA) upon laser irradiation, we proposed a label-free mass spectrometry imaging method to visualize and quantify the deposition, translocation and component variation of CA in organs. With this method, the heterogeneous deposition, clearance and release behavior of CA in lung, that more OC was released in parenchyma and OC was cleared faster than EC, was observed. The translocation of CA to extrapulmonary organs including kidney, liver, spleen and even brain was also verified and quantified. By comparing the ratio of OC to EC, an organ-specific release behavior of OC from CA during circulation was revealed. In orthotopic lung and liver tumor, OC was found to penetrate more into tumor foci than EC. This technique provides deeper information for understanding the systemic health effects of aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Caiqiao Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yuze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of CAS, Beijing, 100049, China.,College of Chemical Engineering, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, 332005, China
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