1
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Yoo SJ, Hwang J, Jang J, Jang JH, Park CH, Lee JH, Choi MY, Yuk JM, Choi SY, Lee J, Chung SY. Comparing the Impacts of Strain Types on Oxygen-Vacancy Formation in a Perovskite Oxide via Nanometer-Scale Strain Fields. ACS NANO 2024; 18:18465-18476. [PMID: 38888543 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c03783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of an in-plane lattice misfit in an oxide epitaxially grown on another oxide with a different lattice parameter is a well-known approach to induce strains in oxide materials. However, achieving a sufficiently large misfit strain in this heteroepitaxial configuration is usually challenging, unless the thickness of the grown oxide is kept well below a critical value to prevent the formation of misfit dislocations at the interface for relaxation. Instead of adhering to this conventional approach, here, we employ nanometer-scale large strain fields built around misfit dislocations to examine the effects of two distinct types of strains─tension and compression─on the generation of oxygen vacancies in heteroepitaxial LaCoO3 films. Our atomic-level observations, coupled with local electron-beam irradiation, clarify that the in-plane compression notably suppresses the creation of oxygen vacancies, whereas the formation of vacancies is facilitated under tensile strain. Demonstrating that the defect generation can considerably vary with the type of strain, our study highlights that the experimental approach adopted in this work is applicable to other oxide systems when investigating the strain effects on vacancy formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jo Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Jaejin Hwang
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jae Hyuck Jang
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Chang Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Min Yeong Choi
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon 34133, Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jaekwang Lee
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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2
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Park CH, Lee H, Choi JS, Yun TG, Lim Y, Bae HB, Chung SY. Atomic-Level Observation of Potential-Dependent Variations at the Surface of an Oxide Catalyst during Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403392. [PMID: 39011793 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate details of the surface atomic structure and composition of catalysts during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for developing catalysts with high stability in water electrolyzers. While many notable studies highlight surface amorphization and reconstruction, systematic analytical tracing of the catalyst surface as a function of overpotential remains elusive. Heteroepitaxial (001) films of chemically stable and lattice-oxygen-inactive LaCoO3 are thus utilized as a model catalyst to demonstrate a series of atomic-resolution observations of the film surface at different anodic potentials. The first key finding is that atoms at the surface are fairly dynamic even at lower overpotentials. Angstrom-scale atomic displacements within the perovskite framework are identified below a certain potential level. Another noteworthy feature is that amorphization (or paracrystallization) with no long-range order is finally induced at higher overpotentials. In particular, surface analyses consistently support that the oxidation of lattice oxygen is coupled with amorphous phase formation at the high potentials. Theoretical calculations also reveal an upward shift of oxygen 2p states toward the Fermi level, indicating enhanced lattice oxygen activation when atom displacement occurs more extensively. This study emphasizes that the degradation behavior of OER catalysts can distinctively vary depending on the overpotential level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungdoh Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Choi
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Yun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Bin Bae
- KAIST Analysis Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Yoon Chung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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3
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Ghosh D, Banerjee R, Bhaduri SN, Chatterjee R, Ghosh AB, Das S, Pramanick I, Bhaumik A, Biswas P. Fe 3 C/Fe Decorated N-doped Carbon Derived from Tetrabutylammonium tetrachloroferrate Complex as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for ORR, OER and Zn-Air Batteries in Alkaline Medium. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300933. [PMID: 38241138 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of non-precious metal-based robust and economic bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for the rational design of commercial rechargeable Zn-air batteries (RZAB) with safe energy conversion and storage systems. Herein, a facile strategy to fabricate a cost-efficient, bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst Fe3 C/Fe decorated N doped carbon (FeC-700, the catalyst prepared at carbinization temperature of 700 °C) with a unique structure has been developed by carbonization of a single source precursor, tetrabutylammonium tetrachloroferrate(III) complex. The ORR and OER activity revealed excellent performance (ΔE=0.77 V) of the FeC-700 electrocatalyst, comparable to commercial Pt/C and RuO2, respectively. The designed temperature-tuneable structure provided sufficiently accessible active sites for the continuous passage of electrons by shortening the mass transfer pathway, leading to extremely durable electrocatalysts with high ECSA and amazing charge transfer performance. Remarkably, the assembled Zn-air batteries with the FeC-700 catalyst as the bifunctional air electrode delivers gratifying charging-discharging ability with an impressive power density of 134 mW cm-2 with a long lifespan, demonstrating prodigious possibilities for practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rumeli Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Samanka Narayan Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupak Chatterjee
- School of Material Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhisek Brata Ghosh
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata, 700009, India
| | - Samarpita Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Indrani Pramanick
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- School of Material Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Papu Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Howrah, 711 103, West Bengal, India
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4
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Hussain I, Amara U, Bibi F, Hanan A, Lakhan MN, Soomro IA, Khan A, Shaheen I, Sajjad U, Mohana Rani G, Javed MS, Khan K, Hanif MB, Assiri MA, Sahoo S, Al Zoubi W, Mohapatra D, Zhang K. Mo-based MXenes: Synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103077. [PMID: 38219341 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Ti-MXene allows a range of possibilities to tune their compositional stoichiometry due to their electronic and electrochemical properties. Other than conventionally explored Ti-MXene, there have been ample opportunities for the non-Ti-based MXenes, especially the emerging Mo-based MXenes. Mo-MXenes are established to be remarkable with optoelectronic and electrochemical properties, tuned energy, catalysis, and sensing applications. In this timely review, we systematically discuss the various organized synthesis procedures, associated experimental tunning parameters, physiochemical properties, structural evaluation, stability challenges, key findings, and a wide range of applications of emerging Mo-MXene over Ti-MXenes. We also critically examined the precise control of Mo-MXenes to cater to advanced applications by comprehensively evaluating the summary of recent studies using artificial intelligence and machine learning tools. The critical future perspectives, significant challenges, and possible outlooks for successfully developing and using Mo-MXenes for various practical applications are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong.
| | - Umay Amara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Faiza Bibi
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hanan
- Sunway Centre for Electrochemical Energy and Sustainable Technology (SCEEST), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Nazim Lakhan
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Irfan Ali Soomro
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Institute of Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Amjad Khan
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan, Chungnam 31253, South Korea
| | - Irum Shaheen
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uzair Sajjad
- Department of Energy and Refrigerating Air-Conditioning Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Gokana Mohana Rani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Keelung Road, Taipei 10607, Taiwan.
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Karim Khan
- School of Electrical Engineering & Intelligentization, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal Hanif
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Mohammed A Assiri
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumanta Sahoo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea.
| | - Wail Al Zoubi
- Materials Electrochemistry Laboratory, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Debananda Mohapatra
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kaili Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong.
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5
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Kim Y, Choi E, Kim S, Byon HR. Layered transition metal oxides (LTMO) for oxygen evolution reactions and aqueous Li-ion batteries. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10644-10663. [PMID: 37829040 PMCID: PMC10566458 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
This perspective paper comprehensively explores recent electrochemical studies on layered transition metal oxides (LTMO) in aqueous media and specifically encompasses two topics: catalysis of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathodes of aqueous lithium-ion batteries (LiBs). They involve conflicting requirements; OER catalysts aim to facilitate water dissociation, while for cathodes in aqueous LiBs it is essential to suppress water dissociation. The interfacial reactions taking place at the LTMO in these two distinct systems are of particular significance. We show various strategies for designing LTMO materials for each desired aim based on an in-depth understanding of electrochemical interfacial reactions. This paper sheds light on how regulating the LTMO interface can contribute to efficient water splitting and economical energy storage, all with a single material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjin Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunggu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Ryung Byon
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
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6
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Zhao M, Guo C, Liu C, Gao L, Ren X, Yang H, Kuang X, Sun X, Wei Q. An amorphous Ni-Fe catalyst for electrocatalytic dehydrogenation of alcohols to value-added chemicals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15600-15607. [PMID: 37740308 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
As for the hydrogen production process via electrocatalytic water splitting, the green and sustainable electro-oxidation of organic molecules at the anode is thermodynamically more favourable than the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we proposed for the first time to replace the OER process by the oxidation of N-Boc-4-piperidine methanol (BPM), via a parallel reaction, which finally leads to the green production of N-Boc-4-piperidine carboxaldehyde (BPC). The amorphous NiFeO(OH) nanospheres with rich valence states were adopted as the anode catalyst, with creation of more active sites. The gas chromatography results showed that nearly all the BPM converted to BPC after 15 h reaction. The electrochemical tests showed that the Faraday efficiency (FE) approaches nearly 100% when the charge transfer is approximately equal to the theoretical charge. This work reports a new process for the alcohol oxidation, providing a valuable green organic synthesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China
| | - Chengying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Chengqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Lingfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Xiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology; Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Xu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Institution; University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P. R. China.
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7
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Weber ML, Lole G, Kormanyos A, Schwiers A, Heymann L, Speck FD, Meyer T, Dittmann R, Cherevko S, Jooss C, Baeumer C, Gunkel F. Atomistic Insights into Activation and Degradation of La 0.6Sr 0.4CoO 3-δ Electrocatalysts under Oxygen Evolution Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17966-17979. [PMID: 36130265 PMCID: PMC9545157 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
stability of perovskite oxide catalysts for the oxygen
evolution
reaction (OER) plays a critical role in their applicability in water
splitting concepts. Decomposition of perovskite oxides under applied
potential is typically linked to cation leaching and amorphization
of the material. However, structural changes and phase transformations
at the catalyst surface were also shown to govern the activity of
several perovskite electrocatalysts under applied potential. Hence,
it is crucial for the rational design of durable perovskite catalysts
to understand the interplay between the formation of active surface
phases and stability limitations under OER conditions. In the present
study, we reveal a surface-dominated activation and deactivation mechanism
of the prominent electrocatalyst La0.6Sr0.4CoO3−δ under steady-state OER conditions. Using a
multiscale microscopy and spectroscopy approach, we identify the evolving
Co-oxyhydroxide as catalytically active surface species and La-hydroxide
as inactive species involved in the transient degradation behavior
of the catalyst. While the leaching of Sr results in the formation
of mixed surface phases, which can be considered as a part of the
active surface, the gradual depletion of Co from a self-assembled
active CoO(OH) phase and the relative enrichment of passivating La(OH)3 at the electrode surface result in the failure of the perovskite
catalyst under applied potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz L Weber
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Gaurav Lole
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Attila Kormanyos
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Alexander Schwiers
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Lisa Heymann
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Florian D Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Tobias Meyer
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Regina Dittmann
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Christian Jooss
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion (ICASEC), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Christoph Baeumer
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany.,Faculty of Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Gunkel
- Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-7) and Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52425, Germany
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8
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Aso K, Kobayashi H, Yoshimaru S, Tran XQ, Yamauchi M, Matsumura S, Oshima Y. Singular behaviour of atomic ordering in Pt-Co nanocubes starting from core-shell configurations. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9842-9848. [PMID: 35771202 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01982e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ordered structure of platinum-cobalt (Pt-Co) alloy nanoparticles has been studied actively because the structure influences their magnetic and catalytic properties. On the Pt-Co alloy's surface, Pt atoms preferentially segregate during annealing to reduce the surface energy. Such surface segregation has been shown to promote the formation of an ordered structure near the surface of Pt-Co thin films. Although this phenomenon seems also useful to control the nanoparticle structure, this has not been observed. Here, we have studied the ordered structure in annealed Pt@Co core-shell nanoparticles using a scanning transmission electron microscope. The nanoparticles were chemically synthesized, and their structural changes after annealing at 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C for 3 h were observed. After being annealed at 600 °C and 800 °C, the particles contained the L12-Pt3Co ordered structure. The structure seems reasonable considering an initial Pt : Co ratio of ∼4 : 1. However, we found that the L10-PtCo structure was formed near the nanoparticle surface after annealing at 700 °C. The L10-PtCo structure was thought to be formed from the surface segregation of Pt atoms and insufficient diffusion of Pt and Co atoms to mix them in the particle overall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Aso
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Research Center for Negative Emissions Technologies, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shotaro Yoshimaru
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xuan Quy Tran
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Miho Yamauchi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Moto-oka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 1-1 Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan.
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9
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Iftikhar S, Aslam S, Duran H, Çitoğlu S, Kirchhoff K, Lieberwirth I, Sohail M, Yameen B. Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) stabilized ultrafine nickel oxide nanoparticles as superior electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction: Catalyst design through synergistic combination of
π
‐conjugated polymers and metal‐based nanoparticles. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunniya Iftikhar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE) Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Lahore Pakistan
| | - Saba Aslam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE) Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Lahore Pakistan
| | - Hatice Duran
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara Turkey
| | - Senem Çitoğlu
- Department of Materials Science & Nanotechnology Engineering TOBB University of Economics and Technology Ankara Turkey
| | | | | | - Manzar Sohail
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences (SNS) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Basit Yameen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering (SBASSE) Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) Lahore Pakistan
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10
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Pt-Ni alloy catalyst supported on carbon aerogel via one-step method for oxygen reduction reaction. J Solid State Electrochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-021-05082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Zhao R, Chen Y, Huang S. Doping engineering on carbons as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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12
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Shi J, Lv S, Zhang L, Li J, Zhou S, Qu K, Cai W. Porogen-in-Resin-Induced Fe, N-Doped Interconnected Porous Carbon Sheets as Cathode Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48962-48970. [PMID: 34632766 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The high dependence of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction on precious Pt catalysts hinders the large-scale commercialization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, while the most promising alternative FeNC catalyst cannot achieve satisfying fuel cell performance yet. By considering the different requirements of atomically dispersed FeNC catalyst on the mass-transfer structure from that of nanoparticle Pt-based catalysts, this work develops a "porogen-in-resin" strategy to approach the Fe, N-doped interconnected porous carbon sheet (ip-FeNCS) catalyst. Three-dimensional (3D) interconnected porous structure and two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet morphology are therefore facilely combined in ip-FeNCS to simultaneously achieve the requirements on the transfer of reactants and accessibility of FeN active sites. Not only great ORR activity can be achieved under both alkaline and acid conditions but also the ip-FeNCS catalyst shows superb activity in practical PEM fuel cells from the high power output to 413 mW/cm2. Such fuel cell performance places this ip-FeNCS catalyst among the best FeNC ORR catalysts reported thus far. This work presents a general and facile approach toward the mass-transfer structure engineering of atomically dispersed carbon catalysts for practical PEM fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Shi
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Songlei Lv
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Li
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shunfa Zhou
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Konggang Qu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory/Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Energy Storage & Novel Cell Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Sustainable Energy Laboratory, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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13
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Xiao B, Lv T, Zhao J, Rong Q, Zhang H, Wei H, He J, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Peng Y, Liu Q. Synergistic Effect of the Surface Vacancy Defects for Promoting Photocatalytic Stability and Activity of ZnS Nanoparticles. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Tianping Lv
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qian Rong
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haitang Wei
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jingcheng He
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials of the Ministry of Education, School of Physical Science and Technology and Electron Microscopy Centre of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qingju Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, National Center for International Research on Photoelectric and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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14
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Chen C, Wang XT, Zhong JH, Liu J, Waterhouse GIN, Liu ZQ. Epitaxially Grown Heterostructured SrMn 3 O 6-x -SrMnO 3 with High-Valence Mn 3+/4+ for Improved Oxygen Reduction Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22043-22050. [PMID: 34374478 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heterostructured catalysts show outstanding performance in electrochemical reactions owing to their beneficial interfacial properties. However, the rational design of heterostructured catalysts with the desired interfacial properties and charge-transfer characteristics is challenging. Herein, we developed a SrMn3 O6-x -SrMnO3 (SMOx -SMO) heterostructure through epitaxial growth, which demonstrated excellent electrocatalyst performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The formation of high-valence Mn3+/4+ is beneficial for promoting a positive shift in the position of the d-band center, thereby optimizing the adsorption and desorption of ORR intermediates on the heterojunction surface and resulting in improved catalytic activity. When SMOx -SMO was applied as an air-electrode catalyst in a rechargeable zinc-air battery, a high output voltage and power density was achieved, with performance comparable to a battery prepared with Pt/C-IrO2 air-electrode catalysts, albeit with much better cycling stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Huan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Zhao-Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials, Guangzhou University, No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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15
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Local-electrostatics-induced oxygen octahedral distortion in perovskite oxides and insight into the structure of Ruddlesden-Popper phases. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5527. [PMID: 34545102 PMCID: PMC8452630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
As the physical properties of ABX3 perovskite-based oxides strongly depend on the geometry of oxygen octahedra containing transition-metal cations, precise identification of the distortion, tilt, and rotation of the octahedra is an essential step toward understanding the structure-property correlation. Here we discover an important electrostatic origin responsible for remarkable Jahn-Teller-type tetragonal distortion of oxygen octahedra during atomic-level direct observation of two-dimensional [AX] interleaved shear faults in five different perovskite-type materials, SrTiO3, BaCeO3, LaCoO3, LaNiO3, and CsPbBr3. When the [AX] sublayer has a net charge, for example [LaO]+ in LaCoO3 and LaNiO3, substantial tetragonal elongation of oxygen octahedra at the fault plane is observed and this screens the strong repulsion between the consecutive [LaO]+ layers. Moreover, our findings on the distortion induced by local charge are identified to be a general structural feature in lanthanide-based An + 1BnX3n + 1-type Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) oxides with charged [LnO]+ (Ln = La, Pr, Nd, Eu, and Gd) sublayers, among more than 80 RP oxides and halides with high symmetry. The present study thus demonstrates that the local uneven electrostatics is a crucial factor significantly affecting the crystal structure of complex oxides.
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16
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Chen C, Wang X, Zhong J, Liu J, Waterhouse GIN, Liu Z. Epitaxially Grown Heterostructured SrMn
3
O
6−
x
‐SrMnO
3
with High‐Valence Mn
3+/4+
for Improved Oxygen Reduction Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Xiao‐Tong Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jia‐Huan Zhong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences The University of Auckland Auckland 1142 New Zealand
| | | | - Zhao‐Qing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering/Institute of Clean Energy and Materials Guangzhou University No. 230 Wai Huan Xi Road Guangzhou 510006 P. R. China
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17
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Aso K, Maebe J, Tran XQ, Yamamoto T, Oshima Y, Matsumura S. Subpercent Local Strains Due to the Shapes of Gold Nanorods Revealed by Data-Driven Analysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12077-12085. [PMID: 34232021 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of subpercent local strain is important for a deeper understanding of nanomaterials, whose properties often depend on the strain. Conventional strain analysis has been performed by measuring interatomic distances from scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images. However, measuring subpercent strain remains a challenge because the peak positions in STEM images do not precisely correspond to the real atomic positions due to disturbing influences, such as random noise and image distortion. Here, we utilized an advanced data-driven analysis method, Gaussian process regression, to predict the true strain distribution by reconstructing the true atomic positions. As a result, a precision of 0.2% was achieved in strain measurement at the atomic scale. The method was applied to gold nanoparticles of different shapes to reveal the shape dependence of the strain distribution. A spherical gold nanoparticle showed a symmetric strain distribution with a contraction of ∼1% near the surface owing to surface relaxation. By contrast, a gold nanorod, which is a cylinder terminated by hemispherical caps on both sides, showed nonuniform strain distributions with lattice expansions of ∼0.5% along the longitudinal axis around the caps except for the contraction at the surface. Our results indicate that the strain distribution depends on the shape of the nanomaterials. The proposed data-driven analysis is a convenient and powerful tool to measure the strain distribution with high precision at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Aso
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai 1-1, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jens Maebe
- Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S2, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xuan Quy Tran
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamamoto
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Oshima
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai 1-1, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Syo Matsumura
- Department of Applied Quantum Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- The Ultramicroscopy Research Center, Kyushu University, Motooka 744, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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18
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Vertically-interlaced NiFeP/MXene electrocatalyst with tunable electronic structure for high-efficiency oxygen evolution reaction. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:1063-1072. [PMID: 36654340 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with decent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity have been extensively studied in the fields of energy storage and conversion. However, their poor conductivity, ease of agglomeration, and low intrinsic activity limit their practical application. To date, improvement of the intrinsic activity and stability of NiFe-LDHs through the introduction of heteroatoms or its combination with other conductive substrates to enhance their water-splitting performance has drawn increasing attention. In this study, vertically interlaced ternary phosphatised nickel/iron hybrids grown on the surface of titanium carbide flakes (NiFeP/MXene) were successfully synthesised through a hydrothermal reaction and phosphating calcination process. The optimised NiFeP/MXene exhibited a low overpotential of 286 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and a Tafel slope of 35 mV dec-1 for the OER, which exceeded the performance of several existing NiFe-based catalysts. NiFeP/MXene was further used as a water-splitting anode in an alkaline electrolyte, exhibiting a cell voltage of only 1.61 V to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the combination of MXene acting as a conductive substrate and the phosphating process can effectively tune the electronic structure and density of the electrocatalyst surface to promote the energy level of the d-band centre, resulting in an enhanced OER performance. This study provides a valuable guideline for designing high-performance MXene-supported NiFe-based OER catalysts.
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19
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Ahn J, Bae C, Weiss PS, Kim ID. Celebrating 50 Years of KAIST: Collective Intelligence and Innovation for Confronting Contemporary Issues. ACS NANO 2021; 15:1895-1907. [PMID: 33577279 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaewan Ahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choongsik Bae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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20
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Elucidating intrinsic contribution of d-orbital states to oxygen evolution electrocatalysis in oxides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:824. [PMID: 33547273 PMCID: PMC7865077 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although numerous studies on oxide catalysts for an efficient oxygen evolution reaction have been carried out to compare their catalytic performance and suggest new compositions, two significant constraints have been overlooked. One is the difference in electronic conduction behavior between catalysts (metallic versus insulating) and the other is the strong crystallographic surface orientation dependence of the catalysis in a crystal. Consequently, unless a comprehensive comparison of the oxygen-evolution catalytic activity between samples is made on a crystallographically identical surface with sufficient electron conduction, misleading interpretations on the catalytic performance and mechanism may be unavoidable. To overcome these limitations, we utilize both metallic (001) LaNiO3 epitaxial thin films together with metal dopants and semiconducting (001) LaCoO3 epitaxial thin films supported with a conductive interlayer. We identify that Fe, Cr, and Al are beneficial to enhance the catalysis in LaNiO3 although their perovskite counterparts, LaFeO3, LaCrO3, and LaAlO3, with a large bandgap are inactive. Furthermore, semiconducting LaCoO3 is found to have more than one order higher activity than metallic LaNiO3, in contrast to previous reports. Showing the importance of facilitating electron conduction, our work highlights the impact of the near-Fermi-level d-orbital states on the oxygen-evolution catalysis performance in perovskite oxides.
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