1
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Perez C, Ellis SR, Alcorn FM, Smoll EJ, Fuller EJ, Leonard F, Chandler D, Talin AA, Bisht RS, Ramanathan S, Goodson KE, Kumar S. Picosecond carrier dynamics in InAs and GaAs revealed by ultrafast electron microscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn8980. [PMID: 38748793 PMCID: PMC11095486 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn8980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the limits of spatiotemporal carrier dynamics, especially in III-V semiconductors, is key to designing ultrafast and ultrasmall optoelectronic components. However, identifying such limits and the properties controlling them has been elusive. Here, using scanning ultrafast electron microscopy, in bulk n-GaAs and p-InAs, we simultaneously measure picosecond carrier dynamics along with three related quantities: subsurface band bending, above-surface vacuum potentials, and surface trap densities. We make two unexpected observations. First, we uncover a negative-time contrast in secondary electrons resulting from an interplay among these quantities. Second, despite dopant concentrations and surface state densities differing by many orders of magnitude between the two materials, their carrier dynamics, measured by photoexcited band bending and filling of surface states, occur at a seemingly common timescale of about 100 ps. This observation may indicate fundamental kinetic limits tied to a multitude of material and surface properties of optoelectronic III-V semiconductors and highlights the need for techniques that simultaneously measure electro-optical kinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Perez
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott R. Ellis
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
- Intel Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ravindra Singh Bisht
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Shriram Ramanathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth E. Goodson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Suhas Kumar
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
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2
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Wang Z, Zheng Z, Zheng Q, Zhao J. Real-Time Ab Initio Investigation on Hot Electron Relaxation Dynamics in Silicon. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:3907-3913. [PMID: 38564372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The relaxation of hot electrons in semiconductors is pivotal for both energy harvesting processes and optoelectronics. Utilizing a self-developed non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulation approach in the momentum space (NAMD_k), we have examined the dynamics of hot electrons in silicon. Whether excited from the Γ or L point, the relaxation dynamics exhibit two distinct stages. Initially, within 100 fs, electrons scatter with phonons throughout the Brillouin zone. Subsequently, over a few picoseconds, they further relax toward the conduction band minimum as a whole. This picture of hot electron relaxation is highly consistent with the quasi-equilibrium hot electron ensemble (HEE) concept. Throughout the hot electron relaxation process, energy transfer to phonons is efficient, leading to time-dependent phonon excitation, which is thoroughly analyzed. This investigation provides a novel perspective on hot electron relaxation in silicon, which holds substantive implications for the realm of photovoltaic and optoelectronic device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Physics and ICQD/Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenfa Zheng
- Department of Physics and ICQD/Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Qijing Zheng
- Department of Physics and ICQD/Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Department of Physics and ICQD/Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People's Republic of China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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3
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Esmaielpour H, Isaev N, Makhfudz I, Döblinger M, Finley JJ, Koblmüller G. Strong Dimensional and Structural Dependencies of Hot Carrier Effects in InGaAs Nanowires: Implications for Photovoltaic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2817-2824. [PMID: 38357220 PMCID: PMC10863615 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.3c05041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
III-V nanowire structures are among the promising material systems with applications in hot carrier solar cells. These nanostructures can meet the requirements for such photovoltaic devices, i.e., the suppression of thermalization loss, an efficient hot carrier transport, and enhanced photoabsorption thanks to their unique one-dimensional (1D) geometry and density-of-states. Here, we investigate the effects of spatial confinement of photogenerated hot carriers in InGaAs-InAlAs core-shell nanowires, which presents an ideal class of hot carrier solar cell materials due to its suitable electronic properties. Using steady-state photoluminescence spectroscopy, our study reveals that by increasing the degree of spatial confinement and Auger recombination, the effects of hot carriers increase, which is in good agreement with theoretical modeling. However, for thin nanowires, the temperature of hot carriers decreases as the effects of crystal disorder increase. This observation is confirmed by probing the extent of the disorder-induced Urbach tail and linked to the presence of a higher density of stacking defects in the limit of thin nanowires. These findings expand our knowledge of hot carrier thermalization in nanowires, which can be applied for designing efficient 1D hot carrier absorbers for advanced-concept photovoltaic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Esmaielpour
- Walter
Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Nabi Isaev
- Walter
Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Imam Makhfudz
- IM2NP,
UMR CNRS 7334, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille 13013, France
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department
of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jonathan J. Finley
- Walter
Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Gregor Koblmüller
- Walter
Schottky Institut, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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4
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Lyu X, Li Y, Jiang P, Zhang J, Liu X, Li X, Yang H, Lu G, Hu X, Peng L, Gong Q, Gao Y. Reveal Ultrafast Electron Relaxation across Sub-bands of Tellurium by Time- and Energy-Resolved Photoemission Microscopy. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9547-9554. [PMID: 37816225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Exploring ultrafast carrier dynamics is crucial for the materials' fundamental properties and device design. In this work, we employ time- and energy-resolved photoemission electron microscopy with tunable pump wavelengths from visible to near-infrared to reveal the ultrafast carrier dynamics of the elemental semiconductor tellurium. We find that two discrete sub-bands around the Γ point of the conduction band are involved in excited-state electron ultrafast relaxation and reveal that hot electrons first go through ultrafast intra sub-band cooling on a time scale of about 0.3 ps and then transfer from the higher sub-band to the lower one on a time scale of approximately 1 ps. Additionally, theoretical calculations reveal that the lower one has flat-band characteristics, possessing a large density of states and a long electron lifetime. Our work demonstrates that TR- and ER-PEEM with broad tunable pump wavelengths are powerful techniques in revealing the details of ultrafast carrier dynamics in time and energy domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaying Lyu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Pengzuo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiulan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaoyong Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Liangyou Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Yunan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics & Department of Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu 226010, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
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5
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Al-Abri R, Al Amairi N, Church S, Byrne C, Sivakumar S, Walton A, Magnusson MH, Parkinson P. Sub-Picosecond Carrier Dynamics Explored using Automated High-Throughput Studies of Doping Inhomogeneity within a Bayesian Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300053. [PMID: 37093214 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up production of semiconductor nanomaterials is often accompanied by inhomogeneity resulting in a spread in electronic properties which may be influenced by the nanoparticle geometry, crystal quality, stoichiometry, or doping. Using photoluminescence spectroscopy of a population of more than 11 000 individual zinc-doped gallium arsenide nanowires, inhomogeneity is revealed in, and correlation between doping and nanowire diameter by use of a Bayesian statistical approach. Recombination of hot-carriers is shown to be responsible for the photoluminescence lineshape; by exploiting lifetime variation across the population, hot-carrier dynamics is revealed at the sub-picosecond timescale showing interband electronic dynamics. High-throughput spectroscopy together with a Bayesian approach are shown to provide unique insight in an inhomogeneous nanomaterial population, and can reveal electronic dynamics otherwise requiring complex pump-probe experiments in highly non-equilibrium conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiya Al-Abri
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Nawal Al Amairi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Stephen Church
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Conor Byrne
- Department of Chemistry and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Alex Walton
- Department of Chemistry and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Martin H Magnusson
- Department of Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Patrick Parkinson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Photon Science Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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6
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Chen R, Ren Z, Liang Y, Zhang G, Dittrich T, Liu R, Liu Y, Zhao Y, Pang S, An H, Ni C, Zhou P, Han K, Fan F, Li C. Spatiotemporal imaging of charge transfer in photocatalyst particles. Nature 2022; 610:296-301. [PMID: 36224420 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05183-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The water-splitting reaction using photocatalyst particles is a promising route for solar fuel production1-4. Photo-induced charge transfer from a photocatalyst to catalytic surface sites is key in ensuring photocatalytic efficiency5; however, it is challenging to understand this process, which spans a wide spatiotemporal range from nanometres to micrometres and from femtoseconds to seconds6-8. Although the steady-state charge distribution on single photocatalyst particles has been mapped by microscopic techniques9-11, and the charge transfer dynamics in photocatalyst aggregations have been revealed by time-resolved spectroscopy12,13, spatiotemporally evolving charge transfer processes in single photocatalyst particles cannot be tracked, and their exact mechanism is unknown. Here we perform spatiotemporally resolved surface photovoltage measurements on cuprous oxide photocatalyst particles to map holistic charge transfer processes on the femtosecond to second timescale at the single-particle level. We find that photogenerated electrons are transferred to the catalytic surface quasi-ballistically through inter-facet hot electron transfer on a subpicosecond timescale, whereas photogenerated holes are transferred to a spatially separated surface and stabilized through selective trapping on a microsecond timescale. We demonstrate that these ultrafast-hot-electron-transfer and anisotropic-trapping regimes, which challenge the classical perception of a drift-diffusion model, contribute to the efficient charge separation in photocatalysis and improve photocatalytic performance. We anticipate that our findings will be used to illustrate the universality of other photoelectronic devices and facilitate the rational design of photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruotian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Zefeng Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yu Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Thomas Dittrich
- Helmholtz-Center Berlin for Materials and Energy GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Runze Liu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Shan Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Hongyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Chenwei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Panwang Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Keli Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.,Institute of Molecular Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Frontier and Interdisciplinary Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fengtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China.
| | - Can Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, iChEM, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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7
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Fast J, Liu YP, Chen Y, Samuelson L, Burke AM, Linke H, Mikkelsen A. Optical-Beam-Induced Current in InAs/InP Nanowires for Hot-Carrier Photovoltaics. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:7728-7734. [PMID: 35783345 PMCID: PMC9245483 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using the excess energy of charge carriers excited above the band edge (hot carriers) could pave the way for optoelectronic devices, such as photovoltaics exceeding the Shockley-Queisser limit or ultrafast photodetectors. Semiconducting nanowires show promise as a platform for hot-carrier extraction. Proof of principle photovoltaic devices have already been realized based on InAs nanowires, using epitaxially defined InP segments as energy filters that selectively transmit hot electrons. However, it is not yet fully understood how charge-carrier separation, relaxation, and recombination depend on device design and on the location of optical excitation. Here, we introduce the use of an optical-beam-induced current (OBIC) characterization method, employing a laser beam focused close to the diffraction limit and a high precision piezo stage, to study the optoelectric performance of the nanowire device as a function of the position of excitation. The photocurrent response agrees well with modeling based on hot-electron extraction across the InP segment via diffusion. We demonstrate that the device is capable of producing power and estimate the spatial region within which significant hot-electron extraction can take place to be on the order of 300 nm away from the barrier. When comparing to other experiments on similar nanowires, we find good qualitative agreement, confirming the interpretation of the device function, while the extracted diffusion length of hot electrons varies. Careful control of the excitation and device parameters will be important to reach the potentially high device performance theoretically available in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan Fast
- NanoLund
and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund
University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Yen-Po Liu
- NanoLund
and Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Yang Chen
- NanoLund
and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund
University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- NanoLund
and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund
University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
- Department
of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Adam M. Burke
- NanoLund
and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund
University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund
and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund
University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- NanoLund
and Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Lund University, Box 118, Lund 22100, Sweden
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