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Torii K, Benson S, Hori Y, Vendrell M, Kikuchi K. No-wash fluorogenic labeling of proteins for reversible photoswitching in live cells. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1393-1401. [PMID: 38274070 PMCID: PMC10806661 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04953a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent molecules (PSFMs) are positioned as valuable tools for biomolecule localization tracking and super-resolution imaging technologies due to their unique ability to reversibly control fluorescence intensity upon light irradiation. Despite the high demand for PSFMs that are suitable for live-cell imaging, no general method has been reported that enables reversible fluorescence control on proteins of interest in living cells. Herein, we have established a platform to realize reversible fluorescence switching in living cells by adapting a protein labeling system. We have developed a new PSFM, named HTL-Trp-BODIPY-FF, which exhibits strong fluorogenicity upon recognition of Halo-tag protein and reversible fluorescence photoswitching in living cells. This is the first example of a PSFM that can be applicable to a general-purpose Halo-tag protein labeling system for no-wash live-cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Torii
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sam Benson
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4UU UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4UU UK
| | - Yuichiro Hori
- Faculty of Science, Kyushu University Fukuoka Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4UU UK
- IRR Chemistry Hub, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh Edinburgh EH16 4UU UK
| | - Kazuya Kikuchi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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2
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Frawley AT, Leslie KG, Wycisk V, Galiani S, Shrestha D, Eggeling C, Anderson HL. A Photoswitchable Solvatochromic Dye for Probing Membrane Ordering by RESOLFT Super-resolution Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202300125. [PMID: 36946252 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
A switchable solvatochromic fluorescent dyad can be used to map ordering of lipids in vesicle membranes at a resolution better than the diffraction limit. Combining a Nile Red fluorophore with a photochromic spironaphthoxazine quencher allows the fluorescence to be controlled using visible light, via photoswitching and FRET quenching. Synthetic lipid vesicles of varying composition were imaged with an average 2.5-fold resolution enhancement, compared to the confocal images. Ratiometric detection was used to probe the membrane polarity, and domains of different lipid ordering were distinguished within the same membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Frawley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Kathryn G Leslie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Virginia Wycisk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Silvia Galiani
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Dilip Shrestha
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
- Institute of Applied Optics and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology e.V., Albert-Einstein-Strasse 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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3
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Burgers TCQ, Vlijm R. Fluorescence-based super-resolution-microscopy strategies for chromatin studies. Chromosoma 2023:10.1007/s00412-023-00792-9. [PMID: 37000292 PMCID: PMC10356683 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-023-00792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) is a prime tool to study chromatin organisation at near biomolecular resolution in the native cellular environment. With fluorescent labels DNA, chromatin-associated proteins and specific epigenetic states can be identified with high molecular specificity. The aim of this review is to introduce the field of diffraction-unlimited SRM to enable an informed selection of the most suitable SRM method for a specific chromatin-related research question. We will explain both diffraction-unlimited approaches (coordinate-targeted and stochastic-localisation-based) and list their characteristic spatio-temporal resolutions, live-cell compatibility, image-processing, and ability for multi-colour imaging. As the increase in resolution, compared to, e.g. confocal microscopy, leads to a central role of the sample quality, important considerations for sample preparation and concrete examples of labelling strategies applicable to chromatin research are discussed. To illustrate how SRM-based methods can significantly improve our understanding of chromatin functioning, and to serve as an inspiring starting point for future work, we conclude with examples of recent applications of SRM in chromatin research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Q Burgers
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rifka Vlijm
- Molecular Biophysics, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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4
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Yang S, Liao B, Liang E, Yi S, Liao Q. Reversible light-controlled fluorescence switch of block polymer-grafted carbon dots and cellular imaging. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8017-8023. [PMID: 36222358 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanoparticles, which are carbon dots (CDs) grafted with block polymer of tetraphenylethylene, spiropyran and N-isopropylacrylamide (CD-g-poly((TPE-co-SPA)-block-NIPAM)), was synthesized. The CD-g-poly((TPE-co-SPA)-block-NIPAM) nanoparticles can emit weak cyan fluorescence in tetrahydrofuran, while showing AIE-enhanced cyan fluorescence in water and solid film. The fluorescence of the CD-g-poly((TPE-co-SPA)-block-NIPAM) nanoparticles can reversibly transform cyan to red with UV/visible light irradiation, and functioned as a reversible fluorescence photoswitch. Importantly, the CD-g-poly((TPE-co-SPA)-block-NIPAM) nanoparticles have low cytotoxicity and, therefore, can be used for imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Bo Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
| | - Enxiang Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang, 414006, China
| | - Shoujun Yi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, 411201, China.
| | - Qing Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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5
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Nienhaus K, Nienhaus GU. Genetically encodable fluorescent protein markers in advanced optical imaging. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35767981 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac7d3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Optical fluorescence microscopy plays a pivotal role in the exploration of biological structure and dynamics, especially on live specimens. Progress in the field relies, on the one hand, on technical advances in imaging and data processing and, on the other hand, on progress in fluorescent marker technologies. Among these, genetically encodable fluorescent proteins (FPs) are invaluable tools, as they allow facile labeling of live cells, tissues or organisms, as these produce the FP markers all by themselves after introduction of a suitable gene. Here we cover FP markers from the GFP family of proteins as well as tetrapyrrole-binding proteins, which further complement the FP toolbox in important ways. A broad range of FP variants have been endowed, by using protein engineering, with photophysical properties that are essential for specific fluorescence microscopy techniques, notably those offering nanoscale image resolution. We briefly introduce various advanced imaging methods and show how they utilize the distinct properties of the FP markers in exciting imaging applications, with the aim to guide researchers toward the design of powerful imaging experiments that are optimally suited to address their biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
| | - Gerd Ulrich Nienhaus
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Wolfgang Gaede Str. 1, Karlsruhe, 76131, GERMANY
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6
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Tang L, Fang C. Photoswitchable Fluorescent Proteins: Mechanisms on Ultrafast Timescales. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126459. [PMID: 35742900 PMCID: PMC9223536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The advancement of super-resolution imaging (SRI) relies on fluorescent proteins with novel photochromic properties. Using light, the reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) can be converted between bright and dark states for many photocycles and their emergence has inspired the invention of advanced SRI techniques. The general photoswitching mechanism involves the chromophore cis-trans isomerization and proton transfer for negative and positive RSFPs and hydration-dehydration for decoupled RSFPs. However, a detailed understanding of these processes on ultrafast timescales (femtosecond to millisecond) is lacking, which fundamentally hinders the further development of RSFPs. In this review, we summarize the current progress of utilizing various ultrafast electronic and vibrational spectroscopies, and time-resolved crystallography in investigating the on/off photoswitching pathways of RSFPs. We show that significant insights have been gained for some well-studied proteins, but the real-time "action" details regarding the bidirectional cis-trans isomerization, proton transfer, and intermediate states remain unclear for most systems, and many other relevant proteins have not been studied yet. We expect this review to lay the foundation and inspire more ultrafast studies on existing and future engineered RSFPs. The gained mechanistic insights will accelerate the rational development of RSFPs with enhanced two-way switching rate and efficiency, better photostability, higher brightness, and redder emission colors.
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7
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Konen T, Stumpf D, Grotjohann T, Jansen I, Bossi M, Weber M, Jensen N, Hell SW, Jakobs S. The Positive Switching Fluorescent Protein Padron2 Enables Live-Cell Reversible Saturable Optical Linear Fluorescence Transitions (RESOLFT) Nanoscopy without Sequential Illumination Steps. ACS NANO 2021; 15:9509-9521. [PMID: 34019380 PMCID: PMC8291764 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversibly switchable fluorescent proteins (RSFPs) can be repeatedly transferred between a fluorescent on- and a nonfluorescent off-state by illumination with light of different wavelengths. Negative switching RSFPs are switched from the on- to the off-state with the same wavelength that also excites fluorescence. Positive switching RSFPs have a reversed light response, where the fluorescence excitation wavelength induces the transition from the off- to the on-state. Reversible saturable optical linear (fluorescence) transitions (RESOLFT) nanoscopy utilizes these switching states to achieve diffraction-unlimited resolution but so far has primarily relied on negative switching RSFPs by using time sequential switching schemes. On the basis of the green fluorescent RSFP Padron, we engineered the positive switching RSFP Padron2. Compared to its predecessor, it can undergo 50-fold more switching cycles while displaying a contrast ratio between the on- and the off-states of more than 100:1. Because of its robust switching behavior, Padron2 supports a RESOLFT imaging scheme that entirely refrains from sequential switching as it only requires beam scanning of two spatially overlaid light distributions. Using Padron2, we demonstrate live-cell RESOLFT nanoscopy without sequential illumination steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Konen
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Stumpf
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Grotjohann
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabelle Jansen
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariano Bossi
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Weber
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nickels Jensen
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department
of Optical Nanoscopy, Max Planck Institute
for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Jakobs
- Department
of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute
for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Clinic
of Neurology, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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