1
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Peng J, Zhao Y, Yang J, Liu Y. Crystal Engineering-Driven Sunlight Responsiveness and Flexible Waveguide Transmission. J Phys Chem Lett 2024:7335-7341. [PMID: 38986014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Here, a barbituric acid derivative containing pyrene rings (DPPT) was successfully synthesized, and two types of crystals were prepared by using crystal engineering methods. Orange sheet-like crystals (DPPT-O, observed in visible light), prepared in a DCM/CH3OH solution, exhibited brittleness and weak fluorescence emission, along with sunlight-induced bending and fracturing. Red needle-like crystals (DPPT-R, also observed in visible light), synthesized in a DCM/CH3CN solution, demonstrated elastic properties, strong fluorescence emission, and excellent optical waveguide performance (with an optical loss coefficient of 0.23-0.30 dB mm-1). Single-crystal data analysis revealed that the stacking arrangement of molecules critically influenced the elasticity of the crystals, while the reaction cavity size regulated the photomechanical properties of the crystals. This study achieved effective control over sunlight responsiveness and flexible optical waveguide transmission for the first time, providing innovative insights for the application of homogeneous organic polycrystalline molecular crystals in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, TaiYuan 030032, China
| | - Yuheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, TaiYuan 030032, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, TaiYuan 030032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanxi Normal University, TaiYuan 030032, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Zhou X, Liu L, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wu M, Lu Z, Ming Z, Tao J, Xiong J. Highly-Aligned All-Fiber Actuator with Asymmetric Photothermal-Humidity Response and Autonomous Perceptivity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404696. [PMID: 38923035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Soft robots adapt to complex environments for autonomous locomotion, manipulation, and perception are attractive for robot-environment interactions. Strategies to reconcile environment-triggered actuation and self-powered sensing responses to different stimuli remain challenging. By tuning the in situ vapor phase solvent exchange effect in continuous electrospinning, an asymmetric highly-aligned all-fiber membrane (HAFM) with a hierarchical "grape-like" nanosphere-assembled microfiber structure (specific surface area of 13.6 m2 g-1) and excellent mechanical toughness (tensile stress of 5.5 MPa, and fracture toughness of 798 KJ m-3) is developed, which shows efficient asymmetric actuation to both photothermal and humidity stimuli. The HAFM consists of a metal-organic framework (MOF)-enhanced moisture-responsive layer and an MXene-improved photothermal-responsive layer, which achieves substantial actuation with a bending curvature up to ≈7.23 cm-1 and a fast response of 0.60 cm-1 s-1. By tailoring the fiber alignment and bi-layer thickness ratio, different types of micromanipulators, automatic walking robots, and plant robots with programmable structures are demonstrated, which are realized for self-powered information perception of material type, object moisture, and temperature by integrating the autonomous triboelectric effect induced by photothermal-moisture actuation. This work presents fiber materials with programable hierarchical asymmetries and inspires a common strategy for self-powered organism-interface robots to interact with complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Xinran Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Luyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Mengjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zeren Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zechang Ming
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jin Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- Department of Textile, Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, 215500, China
| | - Jiaqing Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Innovation Center for Textile Science and Technology, and College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Wu J, Ai W, Long Y, Song K. MXene-Based Soft Humidity-Driven Actuator with High Sensitivity and Fast Response. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27650-27656. [PMID: 38747462 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators possessing notable mechanical deformations, high sensitivity, and fast response speed play a crucial role in various applications, such as artificial muscles, soft robots, and intelligent devices. In this study, a smart humidity-driven actuator was successfully fabricated by utilizing MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/LiCl (MCL) through vacuum-assisted filtration with fast response speed and high sensitivity. Utilizing the excellent humidity responsiveness of MXene/CNF and the robust hygroscopicity of LiCl, the synergistic effect of these materials enhances the hygroscopic properties and response speed of the actuator. The MCL actuator demonstrates excellent actuation performance, fast deformation, and reliable cyclic stability. To illustrate the extensive potential of the soft actuator, a range of applications, from bionic devices to soft grippers and crawling actuators, are showcased. Remarkably, the crawling actuator demonstrates sustained crawling motion without necessitating a humidity switch, relying on the humidity gradient from water droplets, and exhibits spontaneous directional motions within a certain range, which makes it a promising prospect in the field of soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wenfei Ai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yue Long
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City 256606, Shandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, CAS, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
- Binzhou Institute of Technology, Weiqiao-UCAS Science and Technology Park, Binzhou City 256606, Shandong Province, P. R. China
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4
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Nie ZZ, Wang M, Yang H. Self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators. Commun Chem 2024; 7:58. [PMID: 38503863 PMCID: PMC10951225 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01142-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Self-sustainable autonomous locomotion is a non-equilibrium phenomenon and an advanced intelligence of soft-bodied organisms that exhibit the abilities of perception, feedback, decision-making, and self-sustainment. However, artificial self-sustaining architectures are often derived from algorithms and onboard modules of soft robots, resulting in complex fabrication, limited mobility, and low sensitivity. Self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators have emerged as naturally evolving systems that do not require human intervention. With shape-morphing materials integrating in their structural design, soft actuators can direct autonomous responses to complex environmental changes and achieve robust self-sustaining motions under sustained stimulation. This perspective article discusses the recent advances in self-sustainable autonomous soft actuators. Specifically, shape-morphing materials, motion characteristics, built-in negative feedback loops, and constant stimulus response patterns used in autonomous systems are summarized. Artificial self-sustaining autonomous concepts, modes, and deformation-induced functional applications of soft actuators are described. The current challenges and future opportunities for self-sustainable actuation systems are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhou Nie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Hong Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, Institute of Advanced Materials, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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Iravani S, Varma RS. MXenes for Bioinspired Soft Actuators: Advancements in Angle-Independent Structural Colors and Beyond. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:142. [PMID: 38436795 PMCID: PMC10912076 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01367-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Soft actuators have garnered substantial attention in current years in view of their potential appliances in diverse domains like robotics, biomedical devices, and biomimetic systems. These actuators mimic the natural movements of living organisms, aiming to attain enhanced flexibility, adaptability, and versatility. On the other hand, angle-independent structural color has been achieved through innovative design strategies and engineering approaches. By carefully controlling the size, shape, and arrangement of nanostructures, researchers have been able to create materials exhibiting consistent colors regardless of the viewing angle. One promising class of materials that holds great potential for bioinspired soft actuators is MXenes in view of their exceptional mechanical, electrical, and optical properties. The integration of MXenes for bioinspired soft actuators with angle-independent structural color offers exciting possibilities. Overcoming material compatibility issues, improving color reproducibility, scalability, durability, power supply efficiency, and cost-effectiveness will play vital roles in advancing these technologies. This perspective appraises the development of bioinspired MXene-centered soft actuators with angle-independent structural color in soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Rajender S Varma
- Centre of Excellence for Research in Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, 13565-905, Brazil.
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Chen Z, Gao B, Li P, Zhao X, Yan Q, Liu Z, Xu L, Zheng H, Xue F, Ding R, Xiong J, Tang Z, Peng Q, Hu Y, He X. Multistimuli-Responsive Actuators Derived from Natural Materials for Entirely Biodegradable and Programmable Untethered Soft Robots. ACS NANO 2023; 17:23032-23045. [PMID: 37939309 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Untethered soft robots have attracted growing attention due to their safe interaction with living organisms, good flexibility, and accurate remote control. However, the materials involved are often nonbiodegradable or are derived from nonrenewable resources, leading to serious environmental problems. Here, we report a biomass-based multistimuli-responsive actuator based on cuttlefish ink nanoparticles (CINPs), wood-derived cellulose nanofiber (CNF), and bioderived polylactic acid (PLA). Taking advantage of the good photothermal conversion performance and exceptionally hygroscopic sensitivity of the CINPs/CNF composite (CICC) layer and the opposite thermally induced deformation behavior between the CICC layer and PLA layer, the soft actuator exhibits reversible deformation behaviors under near-infrared (NIR) light, humidity, and temperature stimuli, respectively. By introducing patterned or alignment structures and combining them with a macroscopic reassembly strategy, diverse programmable shape-morphing from 2D to 3D such as letter-shape, coiling, self-folding, and more sophisticated 3D deformations have been demonstrated. All of these deformations can be successfully predicted by finite element analysis (FEA) . Furthermore, this actuator has been further applied as an untethered grasping robot, weightlifting robot, and climbing robot capable of climbing a vertical pole. Such actuators consisting entirely of biodegradable materials will offer a sustainable future for untethered soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zonglin Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Haowen Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhua Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Ding
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigong Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
- Frontiers Science Center for Matter Behave in Space Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Hu
- Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, People's Republic of China
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Peng J, Han C, Zhang X, Jia J, Bai J, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Xue P. Mechanical Effects of Elastic Crystals Driven by Natural Sunlight and Force. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311348. [PMID: 37828622 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible crystals that can capture solar energy and convert it into mechanical energy are promising for a wide range of applications such as information storage and actuators, but obtaining them remains a challenge. Herein, an elastic crystal of a barbiturate derivative was found to be an excellent candidate, demonstrating plastic bending behavior under natural sunlight irradiation. 1 H NMR and high-resolution mass spectrum data of microcrystals before and after light irradiation demonstrated that light-induced [2+2] cycloaddition was the driving force for the photomechanical effects. Interestingly, the crystals retained elastic bending even after light irradiation. This is the first report of flexible crystals that can be driven by natural sunlight and that have both photomechanical properties and elasticity. Furthermore, regulation of the passive light output direction of the crystals and transport of objects by applying mechanical forces and light was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chuchu Han
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Aerospace science & industry defense technology research and test center, 100039, Beijing, China
| | - Junhui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiakun Bai
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Molecules and Magnetic Information Materials of, Ministry of Education & School of Chemistry and Materials Science of, Shanxi Normal University, 030032, Taiyuan, China
| | - Pengchong Xue
- Tianjin key laboratory of structure and performance for functional molecules, College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, 300387, Tianjin, China
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Wang Y, Jiang X, Li X, Ding K, Liu X, Huang B, Ding J, Qu K, Sun W, Xue Z, Xu W. Bionic ordered structured hydrogels: structure types, design strategies, optimization mechanism of mechanical properties and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4033-4058. [PMID: 37522298 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00326d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural organisms, such as lobsters, lotus, and humans, exhibit exceptional mechanical properties due to their ordered structures. However, traditional hydrogels have limitations in their mechanical and physical properties due to their disordered molecular structures when compared with natural organisms. Therefore, inspired by nature and the properties of hydrogels similar to those of biological soft tissues, researchers are increasingly focusing on how to investigate bionic ordered structured hydrogels and render them as bioengineering soft materials with unique mechanical properties. In this paper, we systematically introduce the various structure types, design strategies, and optimization mechanisms used to enhance the strength, toughness, and anti-fatigue properties of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in recent years. We further review the potential applications of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in various fields, including sensors, bioremediation materials, actuators, and impact-resistant materials. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future development prospects of bionic ordered structured hydrogels in preparation and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xinyu Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xusheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Kexin Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Xianrui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Junjie Ding
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Keyu Qu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wenzhi Sun
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Zhongxin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Wenlong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
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Zhang Y, Sun T, Zhang D, Sun S, Liu J, Li B, Zhu W, Shi Z. Study of a Multiple Responses, High Deformation, and Programmable PLA-PPC/PVA-PDA Actuator. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2300327. [PMID: 37595144 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
The intelligent response actuators based on bilayer polymer can deform under the stimulation of temperature, humidity, light, and other external environment, which is the focus of research. However, achieving multiple responses, high deformation, and programmability is still one of the challenges for these actuators. Herein, a nondetachable bilayer structure, polylactic acid-polypropylene carbonate/polyvinyl alcohol-polydopamine (PLA-PPC/PVA-PDA) multiresponse programmable actuator is prepared by a simple scraping film method. Using PLA-PPC as the solvent-driven response layer, the effects of length, thickness, shape, and solvent vapor on the deformation of PLA-PPC/PVA-PDA actuators are studied. Among them, the high curvature of the film stimulated by ethyl acetate (EA) solution is 29.85 cm-1 . Using PVA-PDA as the response layer to water molecules and infrared (IR) light, the bilayer film shows excellent curling performance. Moreover, the dynamic processes of human clothing and biomimetic squid under solvent stimulation, the picture rolling motion under water molecule stimulation, the biomimetic flower blooming and merging under the synergistic of water molecules and IR light, and the deformation process of biomimetic mimosa under the competition between water molecules and IR light are simulated, which broadens the road for the development of intelligent driving materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Tianyi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Dashuai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Shishu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Bangsen Li
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Wenya Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
| | - Zaifeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Treatment & Resource Reuse, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, Hainan, 571158, P. R. China
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Xu X, Cheng J, Zhao H, He W, Zhang L, Cheng Z. Second-Generation Soft Actuators Driven by NIR Light Based on Croconaine Dye-Doped Vitrimers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:41916-41926. [PMID: 37610709 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft actuators with photo-response can be selectively driven by the light source, but it is challenging to achieve a selective response of multiple components under a uniform light field, which is actually of great importance for the development of soft robots. In this work, a series of near-infrared light (NIR)-responsive vitrimers (CR-vitrimers) are synthesized by carboxylate transesterification using carboxyl-bearing croconaine dye (CR-800) as a photothermal agent (PTA). NIR-responsive liquid crystalline elastomers (CR-vitrimer-LCEs) under NIR laser (λmax = 808 nm) without the template can be further prepared. More importantly, the dynamic covalent bonding properties of vitrimer allow for the fabrication of a hand-shaped actuator by hot pressing, consisting of "fingers" with different NIR-response threshold values. After programming as needed, the hand-shaped actuator successfully achieves local and sequential control under a uniform NIR light field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiannan Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Haitao Zhao
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weiwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RADX), Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiological Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lifen Zhang
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhenping Cheng
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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11
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Abstract
MXenes with their unique electronic, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties have shown great promise in soft robotics. MXene-based soft actuators have been designed to display ultrafast actuations and recovery speeds as well as angle-independent structural colors in response to vapor. Several studies have developed soft actuators by combining MXenes with other materials to mimic the movement of natural organisms. Thus, MXene-based soft actuators have the potential to revolutionize the field of soft robotics and flexible electronics (e.g., wearable devices and artificial muscles). MXene-based artificial muscles have been explored for use in kinetic soft robotics as actuators in microsystems requiring exceptional compliance. MXene-based sensors and actuators have already been developed for human-like sensors and photodetection. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed in such applications, such as the design of stretchable and compliant robotic skins with a high-level functional integration for soft robotics. The integration of various devices, such as power sources, sensors, and actuators, into soft robotics is another crucial challenge. Despite the excellent stretchability and tensile strength of MXene-based composites, there is a vital need to develop their mechanical and electrochemical features and grant them multi-functionalities. Herein, recent developments pertaining to the applications of MXenes and their composites in soft robotics are discussed with a focus on the important challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
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12
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Liu W, Lei Z, Xing W, Xiong J, Zhang Y, Tao P, Shang W, Fu B, Song C, Deng T. Enable Multi-Stimuli-Responsive Biomimetic Actuation with Asymmetric Design of Graphene-Conjugated Conductive Polymer Gradient Film. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16123-16134. [PMID: 37565780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, multiresponsive actuators based on asymmetric design of graphene-conjugated poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) gradient films have been developed by a simple drop casting method. The biomimetic actuation is attributed to the hygroscopic expansion property of PEDOT:PSS and the gradient distribution of graphene sheets within the film, which resembles the hierarchical swelling tissues of some plants in nature. Graphene-conjugated PEDOT:PSS (GCP) actuators exhibit reversible bending behavior under multistimuli such as moisture, organic vapor, electrothermal, and photothermal heating. Noticeably, the bending curvature reaches 2.15 cm-1 under applied voltage as low as 1.5 V owing to the high electrical conductivity of GCP actuator. To mimic the motions of nyctinastic plants, a GCP artificial flower that spreads its petals under sunlight illumination has been fabricated. GCP actuators have been also demonstrated as intelligent light-controlled switches for light-emitting diodes and smart curtains for thermal management. Not only do the GCP gradient films exhibit potential applications in flexible electronics and energy harvesting/storage devices but also the facile fabrication of multiresponsive GCP actuators may shed light on the development of soft robotics, artificial muscles, wearable electronics, and smart sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Zhihui Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jiacheng Xiong
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Yingyue Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Peng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Wen Shang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Benwei Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
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13
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Wang D, Chen Z, Li M, Hou Z, Zhan C, Zheng Q, Wang D, Wang X, Cheng M, Hu W, Dong B, Shi F, Sitti M. Bioinspired rotary flight of light-driven composite films. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5070. [PMID: 37604907 PMCID: PMC10442326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40827-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-driven actuators have great potential in different types of applications. However, it is still challenging to apply them in flying devices owing to their slow response, small deflection and force output and low frequency response. Herein, inspired by the structure of vine maple seeds, we report a helicopter-like rotary flying photoactuator (in response to 0.6 W/cm2 near-infrared (NIR) light) with ultrafast rotation (~7200 revolutions per minute) and rapid response (~650 ms). This photoactuator is operated based on a fundamentally different mechanism that depends on the synergistic interactions between the photothermal graphene and the hygroscopic agar/silk fibroin components, the subsequent aerodynamically favorable airscrew formation, the jet propulsion, and the aerodynamics-based flying. The soft helicopter-like photoactuator exhibits controlled flight and steering behaviors, making it promising for applications in soft robotics and other miniature devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhaomin Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mingtong Li
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhen Hou
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Changsong Zhan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qijun Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Dalei Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Mengjiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bin Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials & Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials & Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
- School of Medicine and College of Engineering, Koç University, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Chen G, Chen L, Li N, Li J, Huang M, Gong C, Peng Y. Salt-Assisted Fabrication of a Water-Based Covalent Organic Framework Ink and Its Hybrid Films for Photothermal Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37478481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c06435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional properties of two-dimensional covalent organic framework materials (2D-COFs), including their large π-conjugated structure at the molecular level and π-π multilayer stacking, have attracted interest for soft photothermal actuator applications. However, the conventional synthesis of COFs as microcrystalline powders limits their processing in water due to their limited dispersibility. Herein, we present a simple and environmentally friendly method to fabricate water-suspended COF inks by adjusting the surface potential of COF powders through adsorption of ionic species such as Na+ and Cl-. This technique effectively prevents the accumulation and aggregation of COF powder, resulting in an aqueous COF ink that can be easily cast into homogeneous hybrid COF films by Mayer-rod coating. In addition, the resulting photothermal actuator exhibited a fast response time within 3 s at a curvature of 2.35 cm-1 in the near-infrared light. This facile and practical approach to fabricating water-based COFs ink represents a promising strategy for the development of practical applications of COFs in photothermal actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guinan Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Liangjun Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Nanjun Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jiahao Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Minchu Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Cobetter Filtration Equipment Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 311265, China
| | - Chengtao Gong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yongwu Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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15
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Sambyal P, Mahato M, Taseer AK, Yoo H, Garai M, Nguyen VH, Ali SS, Oh IK. Magnetically and Electrically Responsive Soft Actuator Derived from Ferromagnetic Bimetallic Organic Framework. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207140. [PMID: 36908006 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in smart devices and soft robotics necessitates the use of multiresponsive soft actuators with high actuation stroke and stable reversibility for their use in real-world applications. Here, this work reports a magnetically and electrically dual responsive soft actuator based on neodymium and iron bimetallic organic frameworks (NdFeMOFs@700). The ferromagnetic NdFeMOFs@700 exhibits a porous carbon structure with excellent magnetization saturation (166.96 emu g-1 ) which allows its application to a dual functional material in both magnetoactive and electro-ionic actuations. The electro-ionic soft actuator, which is fabricated using NdFeMOFs@700 and PEDOT-PSS, demonstrates 4.5 times higher ionic charge storage capacity (68.21 mF cm-2 ) and has excellent cycle stability compared with the PEDOT-PSS based actuator. Under a low sinusoidal input voltage of 1 V, the dual-responsive actuator displays bending displacement of 15.46 mm and also generates deflection of 10 mm at 50 mT. Present results show that the ferromagnetic bimetallic organic frameworks can open a new way to make dual responsive soft actuators due to the hierarchically porous structures with its high redox activity, superior magnetic properties, and larger electrochemical capacitance. With the NdFeMOFs@700 based soft actuators, walking movement of a starfish robot is demonstrated by applying both the magnetic and electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Sambyal
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Manmatha Mahato
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashhad Kamal Taseer
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjoon Yoo
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mousumi Garai
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Hiep Nguyen
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Syed Sheraz Ali
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Kwon Oh
- National Creative Research Initiative for Functionally Antagonistic Nano-Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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16
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Kim S, Cha Y. A soft crawling robot with a modular design based on electrohydraulic actuator. iScience 2023; 26:106726. [PMID: 37216115 PMCID: PMC10192932 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The soft structure of creatures without a rigid internal skeleton can easily adapt to any atypical environment. In the same context, robots with soft structures can change their shape to adapt to complex and varied surroundings. In this study, we introduce a caterpillar-inspired soft crawling robot with a fully soft body. The proposed crawling robot consists of soft modules based on an electrohydraulic actuator, a body frame, and contact pads. The modular robotic design produces deformations similar to the peristaltic crawling behavior of caterpillars. In this approach, the deformable body replicates the mechanism of the anchor movement of a caterpillar by sequentially varying the friction between the robot contact pads and the ground. The robot carries out forward movement by repeating the operation pattern. The robot has also been demonstrated to traverse slopes and narrow crevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsu Cha
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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17
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Ji T, Gong W, Zhou J, Jing Y, Xing R, Zhu B, Li K, Hou C, Zhang Q, Li Y, Wang H. Scalable multi-dimensional topological deformation actuators for active object identification. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1726-1736. [PMID: 36891764 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh01567f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Rarely are bionic robots capable of rapid multi-dimensional deformation and object identification in the same way as animals and plants. This study proposes a topological deformation actuator for bionic robots based on pre-expanded polyethylene and large flake MXene, inspired by the octopus predation behavior. This unusual, large-area topological deformation actuator (easily reaching 800 cm2 but is not constrained to this size) prepared by large-scale blow molding and continuous scrape coating exhibits different distribution states of molecular chains at low and high temperatures, causing the actuator's deformation direction to change axially. With its multi-dimensional topological deformation and self-powered active object identification capabilities, the actuator can capture objects like an octopus. The contact electrification effect assists the actuator to identify the type and size of the target object during this multi-dimensional topological deformation that is controllable and designable. This work demonstrates the direct conversion of light energy into contact electrical signals, introducing a new route for the practicality and scaling of bionic robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Gong
- College of Light-Textile Engineering and Art, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, P. R. China.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, China
| | - Yangmin Jing
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Ruizhe Xing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Kerui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyi Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Qinghong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Yaogang Li
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Glasses Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
| | - Hongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, P. R. China.
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18
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Hui X, Luo J, Wang R, Sun H. Multiresponsive Microactuator for Ultrafast Submillimeter Robots. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6589-6600. [PMID: 36976705 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Untethered submillimeter microrobots have significant application prospects in environment monitoring, reconnaissance, and biomedicine. However, they are practically limited to their slow movement. Here, an electrical/optical-actuated microactuator is reported and developed into several untethered ultrafast submillimeter robots. Composed of multilayer nanofilms with exquisitely designed patterns and high surface-to-volume ratios, the microrobot exhibits flexible, precise, and rapid response under voltages and lasers, resulting in controllable and ultrafast inchworm-type movement. The proposed design and microfabrication approach allows various improved and distinctive 3D microrobots simultaneously. The motion speed is highly related to the laser frequency and reaches 2.96 mm/s (3.66 body length/s) on the polished wafer surface. Excellent movement adaptability of the robot is also verified on other rough substrates. Moreover, directional locomotion can be realized simply by the bias of the irradiation of the laser spot, and the maximum angular speed reaches 167.3°/s. Benefiting from the bimorph film structure and symmetrical configuration, the microrobot is able to maintain functionalized after being crashed by a payload 67 000 times heavier than its weight, or at the unexpectedly reversed state. These results provide a strategy for 3D microactuators with precise and rapid response, and microrobots with fast movement for delicate tasks in narrow and restrictive scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xusheng Hui
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Jianjun Luo
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Shaanxi 710072, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Beijing Advanced Medical Technologies, Ltd. Inc., Beijing 102609, China
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19
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Yang J, Zhang H, Berdin A, Hu W, Zeng H. Dandelion-Inspired, Wind-Dispersed Polymer-Assembly Controlled by Light. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206752. [PMID: 36574479 PMCID: PMC9982548 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The rise of stimuli-responsive polymers has brought about a wealth of materials for small-scale, wirelessly controlled soft-bodied robots. Thinking beyond conventional robotic mobilities already demonstrated in synthetic systems, such as walking, swimming and jumping, flying in air by dispersal, gliding, or even hovering is a frontier yet to be explored by responsive materials. The demanding requirements for actuator's performance, lightweight, and effective aerodynamic design underlie the grand challenges. Here, a soft matter-based porous structure capable of wind-assisted dispersal and lift-off/landing action under the control of a light beam is reported. The design is inspired by the seed of dandelion, resembling several biomimetic features, i.e., high porosity, lightweight, and separated vortex ring generation under a steady wind flow. Superior to its natural counterparts, this artificial seed is equipped with a soft actuator made of light-responsive liquid crystalline elastomer, which induces reversible opening/closing actions of the bristles upon visible light excitation. This shape-morphing enables manual tuning of terminal velocity, drag coefficient, and wind threshold for dispersal. Optically controlled wind-assisted lift-off and landing actions, and a light-induced local accumulation in descending structures are demonstrated. The results offer novel approaches for wirelessly controlled, miniatured devices that can passively navigate over a large aerial space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Yang
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Hang Zhang
- Department of Applied PhysicsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 15100EspooFI‐02150Finland
| | - Alex Berdin
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart70569StuttgartGermany
| | - Hao Zeng
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural SciencesTampere UniversityP.O. Box 541TampereFI‐33101Finland
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20
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Li W, Fan Q, Chai C, Chu Y, Hao J. Ti3C2-MXene Ionogel with Long-Term Stability and High Sensitivity for Wearable Piezoresistive Sensors. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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21
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Xie J, Zhang Y, Dai J, Xie Z, Xue J, Dai K, Zhang F, Liu D, Cheng J, Kang F, Li B, Zhao Y, Lin L, Zheng Q. Multifunctional MoSe 2 @MXene Heterostructure-Decorated Cellulose Fabric for Wearable Thermal Therapy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205853. [PMID: 36526435 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A booming demand for wearable electronic devices urges the development of multifunctional smart fabrics. However, it is still facing a challenge to fabricate multifunctional smart fabrics with satisfactory mechanical property, excellent Joule heating performance, highly efficient photothermal conversion, outstanding electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, and superior anti-bacterial capability. Here, a MoSe2 @MXene heterostructure-based multifunctional cellulose fabric is fabricated by depositing MXene nanosheets onto cellulose fabric followed by a facile hydrothermal method to grow MoSe2 nanoflakes on MXene layers. A low-voltage Joule heating therapy platform with rapid Joule heating response (up to 230 °C in 25 s at a supplied voltage of 4 V) and stable performance under repeated bending cycles (up to 1000 cycles) is realized. Besides, the multifunctional fabric also exhibits excellent photothermal performance (up to 130 °C upon irradiation for 25 s with a light intensity of 400 mW cm-2 ), outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (37 dB), and excellent antibacterial performances (>90% anti-bacterial rate toward Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus). This work offers an efficient avenue to fabricate multifunctional wearable thermal therapy devices for mobile healthcare and personal thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwen Xie
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Yinhang Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
- Rui'an Graduate College of Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325206, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Dai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Zuoxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, P. R. China
| | - Jie Xue
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Fei Zhang
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Junye Cheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Feiyu Kang
- Testing Technology Center for Materials and Devices, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Baohua Li
- Testing Technology Center for Materials and Devices, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yun Zhao
- Testing Technology Center for Materials and Devices, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School (SIGS), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, P. R. China
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
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22
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Ding J, Ma H, Xiao X, Li Q, Liu K, Zhang X. Flexible Torsional Photoactuators Based on MXene-Carbon Nanotube-Paraffin Wax Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57171-57179. [PMID: 36515685 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A flexible actuator, which can convert external stimuli to mechanical motion, is an essential component of every soft robot and determines its performance. As a novel two-dimensional material, MXene has been used to fabricate flexible actuators due to its excellent physical properties. Although MXene-based actuators exhibit excellent actuation performance, their bending deformation is solely due to the in-plane isotropy of the MXene film, and an MXene torsional actuator has not been reported. This study presents a flexible torsional actuator based on an MXene-carbon nanotube (CNT)-paraffin wax (PW) film. In this actuator, the MXene thin film acts as a light absorption layer with wavelength selectivity, superaligned CNT provides structural anisotropy for the composite film, and PW acts as the active layer. The chirality and helical structure of the actuator could be tuned by the orientation of the CNT film. Such an actuator delivers excellent actuation performance, including high work density (∼1.2 J/cm3), low triggering power (77 mW/cm2), high rotational speed (320°/s), long lifetime (30,000 cycles), and wavelength selectivity. Inspired by vines, we used the torsional actuator as a spiral grabber, which lifted an object that weighs 20 times more than the actuator. The high-performance torsional actuator would be potentially used as a noncontact sensor, rotary motor, and grabbing tool in the soft robot system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ding
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
| | - He Ma
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- Intelligent Robotics Institute, School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing100081, China
| | - Kai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Sciences, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100124, China
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23
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Xue P, Chen Y, Xu Y, Valenzuela C, Zhang X, Bisoyi HK, Yang X, Wang L, Xu X, Li Q. Bioinspired MXene-Based Soft Actuators Exhibiting Angle-Independent Structural Color. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 15:1. [PMID: 36441443 PMCID: PMC9705670 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In nature, many living organisms exhibiting unique structural coloration and soft-bodied actuation have inspired scientists to develop advanced structural colored soft actuators toward biomimetic soft robots. However, it is challenging to simultaneously biomimic the angle-independent structural color and shape-morphing capabilities found in the plum-throated cotinga flying bird. Herein, we report biomimetic MXene-based soft actuators with angle-independent structural color that are fabricated through controlled self-assembly of colloidal SiO2 nanoparticles onto highly aligned MXene films followed by vacuum-assisted infiltration of polyvinylidene fluoride into the interstices. The resulting soft actuators are found to exhibit brilliant, angle-independent structural color, as well as ultrafast actuation and recovery speeds (a maximum curvature of 0.52 mm-1 can be achieved within 1.16 s, and a recovery time of ~ 0.24 s) in response to acetone vapor. As proof-of-concept illustrations, structural colored soft actuators are applied to demonstrate a blue gripper-like bird's claw that can capture the target, artificial green tendrils that can twine around tree branches, and an artificial multicolored butterfly that can flutter its wings upon cyclic exposure to acetone vapor. The strategy is expected to offer new insights into the development of biomimetic multifunctional soft actuators for somatosensory soft robotics and next-generation intelligent machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyi Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, and Jiangsu Province Hi, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Hari Krishna Bisoyi
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xinhua Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
| | - Quan Li
- Institute of Advanced Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, and Jiangsu Province Hi, Nanjing, 211189, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
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24
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Wang Y, Guan Q, Lei D, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Guo Y, Gu S, You Z. Meniscus-Climbing System Inspired 3D Printed Fully Soft Robotics with Highly Flexible Three-Dimensional Locomotion at the Liquid-Air Interface. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19393-19402. [PMID: 36367434 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics locomotion at the liquid-air interface has become more and more important for an intelligent society. However, existing locomotion of soft robotics is limited to two dimensions. It remains a formidable challenge to realize three-dimensional locomotion (X, Y, and Z axes) at the liquid-air two-phase interface due to the unbalanced mechanical environment. Inspired by meniscus-climbing beetle larva Pyrrhalta, the mechanism of a three-phase (liquid-solid-air) contact line is here proposed to address the aforementioned challenge. A corresponding 3D printed fully soft robotics (named larvobot) based on photoresponsive liquid crystal elastomer/carbon nanotubes composites endowed repeatable programmable deformation and high degree-of-freedom locomotion. Three-dimensional locomotion at the liquid-air interface including twisting and rolling-up has been developed. The equation of motion is established by analyzing the mechanics along the solid-water surface of the larvobot. Meanwhile, ANSYS is used to calculate the stress distribution, which coincides with the speculation. Moreover, soft robotics is remotely driven by light in a precise spatiotemporal control, which provides a great advantage for applications. As an example, we demonstrate the controllable locomotion of the soft robotics inside closed tubes, which could be used for drug delivery and intelligent transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Qingbao Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Dong Lei
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai200011, P. R. China
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar9617976487, Iran
| | - Yue Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Shijia Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei You
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Functional Materials, Donghua University, Research Base of Textile Materials for Flexible Electronics and Biomedical Applications (China Textile Engineering Society), Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Nano-Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai201620, P. R. China
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25
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Wang X, Lin D, Zhou Y, Jiao N, Tung S, Liu L. Multistimuli-Responsive Hydroplaning Superhydrophobic Microrobots with Programmable Motion and Multifunctional Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14895-14906. [PMID: 36067035 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c05783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic microrobots that can swim efficiently and rapidly on water under the action of external stimuli have attracted significant research attention for various applications. However, most studies on superhydrophobic microrobots have focused on single-stimulus driving modes, which limit the motion and functional applications of microrobots in complex aquatic environments. Therefore, multistimuli-responsive superhydrophobic microrobots that are capable of drifting rapidly on water through light, magnetic, and chemical control were developed in this study. The stability and environmental adaptability of the microrobots were systematically investigated. The microrobots achieved programmable trajectory motion on water, particularly complex motions such as circular, spiral, and helical movements under the coupled influence of chemical and magnetic fields. Importantly, the motion and control of multimicrorobots can be realized by combining control methods. Under the action of light and magnetic field, multimicrorobots could realize cooperative movement and completed the transportation of cargo. Additionally, broad multifunctional applications of the microrobots were explored in terms of oil spill recovery and solution mix. This study provides a method for the preparation and development of superhydrophobic microrobots with multistimuli-responsive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daojing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Niandong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Steve Tung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Lianqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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26
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Sun M, Wang P, Zheng G, Dai K, Liu C, Shen C. Multi-stimuli-responsive actuator based on bilayered thermoplastic film. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5052-5059. [PMID: 35758137 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00605g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soft actuators have attracted considerable interest owing to their biomimetic performance. Unfortunately, it remains a great challenge to fabricate multi-stimuli-responsive soft actuators by a facile but low-cost method. Herein, a thermoplastic film with bilayered architecture was designed and fabricated by a one-step method. This bilayered thermoplastic film can act as a soft actuator, demonstrating versatile shape-programmable performance in response to acetone vapor exposure and temperature change. Interestingly, diverse biomimetic devices including a worm-like self-walker, crawler-type robot and soft gripper can be realized, which highlights its promising applications in biomimetic robots, artificial muscles and automatic devices. Considering the one-step preparation process and the low-cost raw materials, this approach can be cost-effectively scaled up for practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Panlong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Kun Dai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chuntai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Changyu Shen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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27
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Tang ZH, Zhu WB, Mao YQ, Zhu ZC, Li YQ, Huang P, Fu SY. Multiresponsive Ti 3C 2T x MXene-Based Actuators Enabled by Dual-Mechanism Synergism for Soft Robotics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21474-21485. [PMID: 35486453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiresponsive and high-performance flexible actuators with a simple configuration, high mechanical strength, and low-power consumption are highly desirable for soft robotics. Here, a novel mechanically robust and multiresponsive Ti3C2Tx MXene-based actuator with high actuation performance via dual-mechanism synergistic effect driven by the hygroexpansion of bacterial cellulose (BC) layer and the thermal expansion of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) layer is developed. The actuator is flexible and shows an ultrahigh tensile strength of 195 MPa. Unlike the conventional bimorph-structured actuators based on a single-mechanism, the actuator developed provides a favorable architecture for dual-mechanism synergism, resulting in exceptionally reversible actuation performance under electricity and near-infrared (NIR) light stimuli. Typically, the developed actuator can produce the largest bending angle (∼400°) at the lowest voltage (≤4 V) compared with that reported previously for single mechanism soft actuators. Furthermore, the actuator also can be driven by a NIR light at a 2 m distance, displaying an excellent long-distance photoresponsive property. Finally, various intriguing applications are demonstrated to show the great potential of the actuator for soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hua Tang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Wei-Bin Zhu
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Yu-Qin Mao
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Zi-Cai Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Li
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Pei Huang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shao-Yun Fu
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
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28
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Zheng J, Sun S, Fu Y, Chen D, Cai W, Wang D, Zhou H, Li D. Fast-Response Bioinspired Near-Infrared Light-Driven Soft Robot Based on Two-Stage Deformation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:16649-16657. [PMID: 35360897 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a remotely controlled soft robot employing a photoresponsive nanocomposite synthesized from liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs), high elastic form-stable phase change polymer (HEPCP), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Possessing a two-stage deformation upon exposure to near-infrared (NIR) light, the LCE/HEPCP/MWCNT (LHM) nanocomposite allows the soft robot to exhibit an obvious, fast, and reversible shape change with low detection limitations. In addition to the deformation and bending of the LCE molecular chains itself, the HEPCP in the composite material can also be triggered by a reversible solid-liquid transition due to the temperature rise caused by MWCNTs, which further promotes the change of the LCE. In particular, the proposed photodriven LHM soft robot can bend up to 180° in 2 s upon NIR stimulation (320 mW, distance of 5 cm) and generate recoverable, dramatic, and sensitive deformation to execute various tasks including walking, twisting, and bending. With the capacity of imitating biological behaviors through remote control, the disruptive innovation developed here offers a promising path toward miniaturized untethered robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Yue Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Weihao Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Huamin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
| | - Dequn Li
- State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China
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29
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Wang M, Zhou L, Deng W, Hou Y, He W, Yu L, Sun H, Ren L, Hou X. Ultrafast Response and Programmable Locomotion of Liquid/Vapor/Light-Driven Soft Multifunctional Actuators. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2672-2681. [PMID: 35040625 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
External-stimuli-driven soft actuators overcome several limitations inherent in traditional mechanical-driven technology considering the coming age of flexible robots, which might face harsh working conditions and rigorous multifunctional requirements. However, how to achieve multi-external-stimuli response, fast speed, and precise control of the position and angle of the actuator, especially working in a toxic liquid or vapor environment, still requires long-term efforts. Here, we report a multi-external-stimuli-driven sandwich actuator with aligned carbon nanotubes as the constructive subject, which can respond to various types of liquids (organic solvents), vapor, and solar light. The actuator has an ultrafast response speed (<10 ms) and can accurately adjust the bending angle range from 0° to 180°. Through manipulating the stimuli positions, actuators can be wound into varied turns when simulating a flexible robotic arm. Hence, liquid/vapor/light-driven actuators are able to support diverse programmable motions, such as periodic blooming, gesture variations, caterpillar crawling, toxic surface evading, and bionic phototaxis. We believe that this multifunctional actuator is promising in supporting a complex scenario to complete a variety of tasks in the fields of healthcare, bioengineering, chip technology, and mobile sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wenyan Deng
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Lejian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Lei Ren
- The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xu Hou
- Research Institute for Soft Matter and Biomimetics, College of Physical Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Innovation Laboratory for Sciences and Technologies of Energy Materials of Fujian Province (IKKEM), Xiamen 361102, China
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30
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Gong D, Yang F, Lin D, Qian W, Li R, Li C, Chen H, Jia S. Shape-programmable magneto-active elastomer composites for curve and biomimetic behavior imitation. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:10730-10735. [PMID: 34787153 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01250a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A programming methodology, which can be applied to soft-magnetic-material-based magneto-active elastomers (MAEs), to catch the predefined specific objective curves is proposed in this study. The objective curves have been equally separated into a couple of segments, which will be filled by the designed MAE elements. Furthermore, the designed MAE segments with different chain angles, in which the deformation orientation of each element under applied homogeneous magnetic fields has been investigated based on the designed experimental setup, are arrayed based on the proposed programming methodology to constitute the MAE composite to catch the orientation of the objective curve. The experimental results show that based on the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites can describe different curves, which include harmonic, tangential and arc tangential functions under applied homogeneous magnetic fields with good agreement. Furthermore, on the basis of the proposed programming methodology, the MAE composites are utilized to mimic the typical biomimetic behavior (the peeking-up behavior of snakes and the flapping behavior of birds) with smooth curvature properties, in which the dynamic procedures present continuous curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gong
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Dezhao Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Wenbo Qian
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Ruihong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Chenghong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
| | - Sheng Jia
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian, P. R. China.
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31
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Qiu W, Zhong J, Jiang T, Li Z, Yao M, Shao Z, Cheng Q, Liang J, Wang D, Peng Y, He P, Bogy DB, Zhang M, Wang X, Lin L. A low voltage-powered soft electromechanical stimulation patch for haptics feedback in human-machine interfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 193:113616. [PMID: 34543862 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One grand challenge in haptic human-machine interface devices is to electromechanically stimulate sensations on the human skin wirelessly by thin and soft patches under a low driving voltage. Here, we propose a soft haptics-feedback system using highly charged, polymeric electret films with an annulus-shape bump structure to induce mechanical sensations on the fingertip of volunteers under an applied voltage range of 5-20 V. As an application demonstration, a 3 × 3 actuators array is used for transmitting patterned haptic information, such as letters of 'T', 'H', 'U' letters and numbers of '0', '1', '2'. Moreover, together with flexible lithium batteries and a flexible circuit board, an untethered stimulation patch is constructed for operations of 1 h. The analytical model, design principle, and performance characterizations can be applicable for the integration of other wearable electronics toward practical applications in the fields of AR (augmented reality), VR (virtual reality) and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenying Qiu
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junwen Zhong
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Tao Jiang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhaoyang Li
- Department of Electromechanical Engineering, Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Mingze Yao
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zhichun Shao
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Qilong Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jiaming Liang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongkai Wang
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yande Peng
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peisheng He
- Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - David B Bogy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Min Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liwei Lin
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Joh H, Fan DE. Materials and Schemes of Multimodal Reconfigurable Micro/Nanomachines and Robots: Review and Perspective. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101965. [PMID: 34410023 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mechanically programmable, reconfigurable micro/nanoscale materials that can dynamically change their mechanical properties or behaviors, or morph into distinct assemblies or swarms in response to stimuli have greatly piqued the interest of the science community due to their unprecedented potentials in both fundamental research and technological applications. To date, a variety of designs of hard and soft materials, as well as actuation schemes based on mechanisms including chemical reactions and magnetic, acoustic, optical, and electric stimuli, have been reported. Herein, state-of-the-art micro/nanostructures and operation schemes for multimodal reconfigurable micro/nanomachines and swarms, as well as potential new materials and working principles, challenges, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungmok Joh
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Donglei Emma Fan
- Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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33
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Luo XJ, Li L, Zhang HB, Zhao S, Zhang Y, Chen W, Yu ZZ. Multifunctional Ti 3C 2T x MXene/Low-Density Polyethylene Soft Robots with Programmable Configuration for Amphibious Motions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:45833-45842. [PMID: 34520189 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
To diversify the motion modes of multifunctional soft robots capable of shape programming, we fabricate a biomimetic and programmable Ti3C2Tx MXene/low-density polyethylene (LDPE) bilayer actuator by spraying an aqueous dispersion of MXenes onto a plasma-activated LDPE film, followed by optimal thermal regulations. Because of the eminent light absorption and photothermal/electrothermal features of MXenes and the extremely mismatched thermal expansion coefficients between the two layers, the MXene/LDPE actuator can be sensitively driven by many stimuli of near-infrared light, electricity, and heat. The initial configuration of the bilayer actuator can be programmed by tuning the thermal regulation temperature, thereby assembling multiple actuation units to achieve biomimetic functions, such as artificial iris, mechanical arms, and flying birds. More importantly, in virtue of free shape cutting and programmable configuration, the MXene/LDPE bilayer actuator can perform untethered locomotion including crawling, rolling, and sailing. The soft robots can not only move on the ground in different forms but also sail on water along any designated routes and complete the surface cargo transportation driven by a near-infrared laser via the photothermal Marangoni effect. The shape-programmable methodology for the three amphibious motion modes lays foundations for wide applications of the MXene-based soft robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lulu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Hu Y, Ji Q, Huang M, Chang L, Zhang C, Wu G, Zi B, Bao N, Chen W, Wu Y. Light‐Driven Self‐Oscillating Actuators with Phototactic Locomotion Based on Black Phosphorus Heterostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Qixiao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Majing Huang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Chengchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Bin Zi
- School of Mechanical Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Tech University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong 999077 P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology School of Materials Science and Engineering Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009 P. R. China
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Xiao X, Ma H, Zhang X. Flexible Photodriven Actuator Based on Gradient-Paraffin-Wax-Filled Ti 3C 2T x MXene Film for Bionic Robots. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12826-12835. [PMID: 34240849 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to their high flexibility and adaptability, bionic robots have great potential in applications such as healthcare, rescue, and surveillance. The flexible actuator is an essential component of the bionic robot and determines its performance. Even though much progress has been achieved in bionic robot research, there still exists a great challenge in preparing a flexible actuator with a large stroke, high sensitivity, fast response, low triggering power, and long lifetime. This study presents a flexible actuator based on a paraffin wax and Ti3C2Tx MXene (PW-MX) film composite. Such a flexible actuator delivers an excellent actuation performance, including a large curvature change (2.2 × 102 m-1), high thermal sensitivity (4.6 m-1/°C), low triggering power of light (76 mW/cm2), wavelength selectivity, fast response (0.38 s), and long lifetime (>20000 cycles). Due to the high thermal sensitivity and the strong infrared absorption of the PW-MX film, crawling motion of an inchworm robot based on PW-MX film can be triggered by infrared irradiation from the human finger. To mimic living organisms with bioluminescence, we prepared a PW-MX actuator with green fluorescence by doping PW-MX film with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. The integration of luminescent function enables the PW-MX actuator to deliver information under light stimulation and to camouflage under a background of green foliage actively. With its merits of ease of fabrication and high actuation performance, the flexible PW-MX actuator is expected to lend itself to more applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xiao
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - He Ma
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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36
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Wei J, Jia S, Wei J, Ma C, Shao Z. Tough and Multifunctional Composite Film Actuators Based on Cellulose Nanofibers toward Smart Wearables. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:38700-38711. [PMID: 34370460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although humidity-responsive actuators serve as a promising candidate in smart wearables, artificial muscles, and biomimetic devices, most of them derived from synthetic polymers could not simultaneously achieve multifunctional properties. In this work, a cellulose nanofiber (CNF)-based film actuator with high mechanical properties, excellent Joule heating, and antibacterial capability is successfully constructed by integrating with Ti3C2Tx (MXene) and tannic acid (TA) via a vacuum-assisted filtration approach. Owing to the unique nacrelike structure and strong hydrogen bonds, the tensile strength and toughness of the composite film could reach 275.4 MPa and 10.2 MJ·m-3, respectively. Importantly, the hydrophilic nature of CNFs and alterable interlayer spacing of MXene nanosheets endow the composite film with sensitive humidity response and extraordinary stability (1000 cycles). With the assistance of MXene nanosheets and TA, the composite film could not only present outstanding Joule heating but also possess remarkable antibacterial properties against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Benefiting from the above merits, the proof-of-concept smart garment is assembled by the as-prepared film and is capable of regulating humidity and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Jia
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wei
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, No. 35 Tsinghua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Cellulose and Its Derivatives, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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37
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Hu Y, Ji Q, Huang M, Chang L, Zhang C, Wu G, Zi B, Bao N, Chen W, Wu Y. Light-Driven Self-Oscillating Actuators with Phototactic Locomotion Based on Black Phosphorus Heterostructure. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20511-20517. [PMID: 34272927 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developing self-oscillating soft actuators that enable autonomous, continuous, and directional locomotion is significant in biomimetic soft robotics fields, but remains great challenging. Here, an untethered soft photoactuators based on covalently-bridged black phosphorus-carbon nanotubes heterostructure with self-oscillation and phototactic locomotion under constant light irradiation is designed. Owing to the good photothermal effect of black phosphorus heterostructure and thermal deformation of the actuator components, the new actuator assembled by heterostructured black phosphorus, polymer and paper produces light-driven reversible deformation with fast and large response. By using this actuator as mechanical power and designing a robot configuration with self-feedback loop to generate self-oscillation, an inchworm-like actuator that can crawl autonomously towards the light source is constructed. Moreover, due to the anisotropy and tailorability of the actuator, an artificial crab robot that can simulate the sideways locomotion of crabs and simultaneously change color under light irradiation is also realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Qixiao Ji
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Majing Huang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Longfei Chang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Chengchu Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Guan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
| | - Ningzhong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 210009, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- Anhui Province Key Lab of Aerospace Structural Parts Forming Technology and Equipment, Institute of Industry & Equipment Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, P. R. China
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Lin D, Yang F, Gong D, Lin Z, Li R, Qian W, Li C, Jia S, Chen H. Magnetoactive Soft Drivers with Radial-Chain Iron Microparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:34935-34941. [PMID: 34279894 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetoactive elastomers (MAEs), one kind of typical novel magnetoactive driver applied in the soft robotic area, have become one of the research hotspots as they can provide biologically friendly driving methods with safe, preprogrammed, and easy-to-implement properties. In this study, novel MAEs embedding soft magnetic iron microparticles with radial chains, which can be molded in one piece, achieve 3D deformation, and co-work between multiple MAEs under single homogeneous stimuli, are proposed. Then, two kinds of novel magnetoactive drivers are established based on the proposed MAEs, which can achieve the synchronous pumping behavior of heart and the extension behavior of muscle under applied homogeneous magnetic fields. The experimental data show that (1) for the pumping behavior, the maximum instantaneous flow rate and total pumping volume can reach 200.1 and 52.3 mL/min, respectively, under 120 BPM applied harmonic magnetic field with 0-300 mT amplitude; (2) the muscle extension behavior can achieve a strain of 0.925 without a loading mass and carry a load of 40 times its own weight with a pronounced dynamic movement. It should be emphasized that the behavior of the proposed magnetoactive drivers can be excited by remote homogeneous magnetic fields, and it has great application potential in biomimetic or bioinspired soft driving systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Fan Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Di Gong
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Lin
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Ruihong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Qian
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Chenghong Li
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- Research Center for Intelligent Materials and Structures (CIMS), College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, Fujian, P. R. China
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39
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Xu T, Pei D, Yu S, Zhang X, Yi M, Li C. Design of MXene Composites with Biomimetic Rapid and Self-Oscillating Actuation under Ambient Circumstances. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:31978-31985. [PMID: 34190534 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although responsive actuators have been intensively investigated, it remains challenging to enable rapid and self-oscillating actuation under ambient circumstances without human intervention analogous to living organisms. By hybridizing a unique type of two-dimensional nanomaterials (i.e., MXene) with a particular hydrophilic polymer, a smart and flexible conductive composite was produced with rapid actuation and spontaneous oscillation near a moist surface. Due to the presence of layered microstructures and the moisture-sensitivity improved by surface roughness and intercalated polymeric layers, the composites could reversibly bend up to 180° in 2 s or 210° in 10 s on demand when the circumstantial humidity was varied, being superior or comparable to many actuators in the literature. More importantly, the composite was capable not only of flipping upside down repeatedly on the moist surface but also of self-oscillating ceaselessly under ambient gradient humidity without human intervention, e.g., an oscillation between 30 and 100° with an oscillation frequency of 0.08 Hz. This self-oscillation resulted from the occurrence of rapid asymmetrical hydration and dehydration of the composite between the regions of high and low humidity, which could further be modulated both by different hydrophilic polymers and by photoradiation owing to the photothermal effect of MXene nanosheets. Because of the ubiquitous presence of humidity gradient near the moist surface, this type of smart composite may not only offer a strategy for designing artificial materials that are capable of spontaneous actuation under ambient circumstance without human intervention but also promise potential applications in artificial muscles, autonomous robotics, and energy harvesting from environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongfei Xu
- Chemical Engineering College, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
| | - Danfeng Pei
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Shanyu Yu
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofang Zhang
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meigui Yi
- Chemical Engineering College, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoxu Li
- Group of Biomimetic Smart Materials, CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Songling Road 189, Qingdao 266101, P. R. China
- Center of Material and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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