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Feng P, Wu Q, Rodriguez Ayllon Y, Lu Y. Precisely Designed Ultra-Small CoP Nanoparticles-Decorated Hollow Carbon Nanospheres as Highly Efficient Host in Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. Chemistry 2024:e202401345. [PMID: 38837813 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Designing porous carbon materials with metal phosphides as host materials holds promise for enhancing the cyclability and durability of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries by mitigating sulfur poisoning and exhibiting high electrocatalytic activity. Nevertheless, it is urgent to precisely control the size of metal phosphides to further optimize the polysulfide conversion reaction kinetics of Li-S batteries. Herein, a subtlety regulation strategy was proposed to obtain ultra-small CoP nanoparticles-decorated hollow carbon nanospheres (CoP@C) by using spherical polyelectrolyte brush (SPB) as the template with stabilizing assistance from polydopamine coating, which also works as carbon source. Leveraging the electrostatic interaction between SPB and Co2+, ultra-small Co particles with sizes measuring 5.5±2.6 nm were endowed after calcination. Subsequently, through a gas-solid phosphating process, these Co particles were converted into CoP nanoparticles with significantly finer sizes (7.1±3.1 nm) compared to state-of-the-art approaches. By uniformly distributing the electrocatalyst nanoparticles on hollow carbon nanospheres, CoP@C facilitated the acceleration of Li-ion diffusion and enhanced the conversion reaction kinetics of polysulfides through adsorption-diffusion synergy. As a result, Li-S batteries utilizing the CoP@C/S cathode demonstrated an initial specific discharge capacity of 850.0 mAh g-1 at 1.0 C, with a low-capacity decay rate of 0.03 % per cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Feng
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Qingping Wu
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, 14109, Germany
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Yael Rodriguez Ayllon
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, 14109, Germany
| | - Yan Lu
- Institute of Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, 14109, Germany
- Institute for Technical and Environmental Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, 07743, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Polymers in Energy Applications Jena (HIPOLE Jena), Jena, 07743, Germany
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2
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Zhou Y, Yin H, Li J, Shao K, Dong H, Ling C, Wang X, Xu M. Construction of poly (ionic liquid)-derived gold/silver alloy@nitrogen-doped carbon shell and its application for ratiometric electrochemical detection of nitric oxide. Talanta 2024; 272:125839. [PMID: 38428134 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
A nitrogen-doped carbon shell loaded with a gold and silver alloy (Au/Ag@NCS) was constructed for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of NO. The Au/Ag@NCS material was prepared by use of SiO2 particles as a template to polymerize imidazolium-based ionic liquids loaded with gold and silver salts, and subsequent carbonization treatment and template removal. The hollow structure of the carbon material acted as a carrier for electrochemical sensing, offering high specific surface area, large pore capacity, robust electron conductivity, and excellent mechanical stability. The inclusion of gold in the composite enhanced its catalytic and sensing capabilities, while silver oxidation was employed as a reference signal for accurate detection. By utilization of the Au/Ag@NCS-modified electrode, a wide detection range from 0.5 nM to 1.05 μM with a low detection limit of 0.32 nM was achieved for NO detection. The electrochemical sensor also exhibited high selectivity and excellent stability. The fabricated sensor was further utilized to explore the release of NO from breast cancer cells, revealing that the electrochemical platform could be regarded as an important method to study the daily tests of NO in clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China.
| | - Hewen Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Junru Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Kexian Shao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Cuixia Ling
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Biomolecular Recognition and Sensing, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shangqiu Normal University, Shangqiu, 476000, China.
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Liu J, Cheng C, Wang T, Zhu J, Li Z, Ao G, Zhu W, Pezzotti G, Zhu J. Design of Size-Controlled Sulfur Nanoparticle Cathodes for Lithium-Sulfur Aviation Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300286. [PMID: 37162459 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery has been considered as a strong contender for commercial aerospace battery, but the commercialization requires Ah-level pouch cells with both efficient discharge at high rates and ultra-high energy density. In this paper, the application of lithium-sulfur batteries for powering drones by using the cathode of highly dispersed sulfur nanoparticles with well-controlled particle sizes have been realized. The sulfur nanoparticles are prepared by a precipitation method in an eco-friendly and efficient way, and loaded on graphene oxide-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide by molecular grafting to realize a large-scale fabrication of sulfur-based cathodes with superior electrochemical performance. A button cell based on the cathode exhibits an excellent discharge capacity of 62.8 mAh cm-2 at a high sulfur loading of 60 mg cm-2 (i.e., 1046.7 mAh g-1 ). The assembled miniature pouch cell (PCmini) shows a discharge capacity of 130 mAh g-1 , while the formed Ah-level pouch cell (PCAh) achieves energy density of 307 Wh kg-1 at 0.3C and 92 Wh kg-1 at 4C. Especially, a four-axis propeller drone powered by the PC has successfully completed a long flight (>3 min) at high altitudes, demonstrating the practical applicability as aviation batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianpeng Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Chang Cheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Tianle Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Juncheng Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Materials, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Guang Ao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Jiliang Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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Elibol MK, Jiang L, Xie D, Cao S, Pan X, Härk E, Lu Y. Nickel Oxide Decorated Halloysite Nanotubes as Sulfur Host Materials for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2023; 7:2300005. [PMID: 37483418 PMCID: PMC10362100 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries with high energy density still confront many challenges, such as polysulfide dissolution, the large volume change of sulfur, and fast capacity fading in long-term cycling. Herein, a naturally abundant clay material, halloysite, is introduced as a sulfur host material in the cathode of Li-S batteries. Nickel oxide nanoparticles are embedded into the halloysite nanotubes (NiO@Halloysite) by hydrothermal and calcination treatment to improve the affinity of halloysite nanotubes to polysulfides. The NiO@Halloysite composite loaded with sulfur (S/NiO@Halloysite) is employed as the cathode of Li-S batteries, which combines the physical confinements of tubular halloysite particles and good chemical adsorption ability of NiO. The S/NiO@Halloysite electrode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 1205.47 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C. In addition, it demonstrates enhanced cycling stability, retaining ≈60% of initial capacity after 450 cycles at 0.5 C. The synthesized NiO@Halloysite can provide a promising prospect and valuable insight into applying natural clay materials in Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karaismailoglu Elibol
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Department for Energy Science and TechnologyTurkish‐German UniversityŞahinkaya Cad. 106İstanbul34820Turkey
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & TechnologyCollege of TextilesDonghua UniversityNorth Renmin Road 2999Shanghai201620P. R. China
| | - Dongjiu Xie
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Sijia Cao
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Xuefeng Pan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
| | - Eneli Härk
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
| | - Yan Lu
- Department for Electrochemical Energy StorageHelmholtz‐Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und EnergieHahn‐Meitner Platz 114109BerlinGermany
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of PotsdamKarl‐Liebknecht‐Straße 24‐2514476PotsdamGermany
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Pan H, Cheng Z, Zhou Z, Xie S, Zhang W, Han N, Guo W, Fransaer J, Luo J, Cabot A, Wübbenhorst M. Boosting Lean Electrolyte Lithium-Sulfur Battery Performance with Transition Metals: A Comprehensive Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:165. [PMID: 37386313 PMCID: PMC10310691 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have received widespread attention, and lean electrolyte Li-S batteries have attracted additional interest because of their higher energy densities. This review systematically analyzes the effect of the electrolyte-to-sulfur (E/S) ratios on battery energy density and the challenges for sulfur reduction reactions (SRR) under lean electrolyte conditions. Accordingly, we review the use of various polar transition metal sulfur hosts as corresponding solutions to facilitate SRR kinetics at low E/S ratios (< 10 µL mg-1), and the strengths and limitations of different transition metal compounds are presented and discussed from a fundamental perspective. Subsequently, three promising strategies for sulfur hosts that act as anchors and catalysts are proposed to boost lean electrolyte Li-S battery performance. Finally, an outlook is provided to guide future research on high energy density Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Pan
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zhibin Cheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sijie Xie
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ning Han
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Fransaer
- Department of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science Engineering, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jiangshui Luo
- Lab of Electrolytes and Phase Change Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, People's Republic of China.
| | - Andreu Cabot
- Advanced Materials Department, Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Sant Adria del Besos, 08930, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Michael Wübbenhorst
- Laboratory for Soft Matter and Biophysics, Faculty of Science, KU Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Pan X, Kochovski Z, Wang YL, Sarhan RM, Härk E, Gupta S, Stojkovikj S, El-Nagar GA, Mayer MT, Schürmann R, Deumer J, Gollwitzer C, Yuan J, Lu Y. Poly(ionic liquid) nanovesicles via polymerization induced self-assembly and their stabilization of Cu nanoparticles for tailored CO 2 electroreduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 637:408-420. [PMID: 36716665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a straightforward, scalable synthetic route towards poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) homopolymer nanovesicles (NVs) with a tunable particle size of 50 to 120 nm and a shell thickness of 15 to 60 nm via one-step free radical polymerization induced self-assembly. By increasing monomer concentration for polymerization, their nanoscopic morphology can evolve from hollow NVs to dense spheres, and finally to directional worms, in which a multilamellar packing of PIL chains occurred in all samples. The transformation mechanism of NVs' internal morphology is studied in detail by coarse-grained simulations, revealing a correlation between the PIL chain length and the shell thickness of NVs. To explore their potential applications, PIL NVs with varied shell thickness are in situ functionalized with ultra-small (1 ∼ 3 nm in size) copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) and employed as electrocatalysts for CO2 electroreduction. The composite electrocatalysts exhibit a 2.5-fold enhancement in selectivity towards C1 products (e.g., CH4), compared to the pristine CuNPs. This enhancement is attributed to the strong electronic interactions between the CuNPs and the surface functionalities of PIL NVs. This study casts new aspects on using nanostructured PILs as new electrocatalyst supports in CO2 conversion to C1 products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Pan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zdravko Kochovski
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yong-Lei Wang
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Radwan M Sarhan
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Eneli Härk
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Siddharth Gupta
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sasho Stojkovikj
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gumaa A El-Nagar
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.
| | - Matthew T Mayer
- Helmholtz Young Investigator Group: Electrochemical Conversion, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robin Schürmann
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Deumer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestr. 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (MMK), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Yan Lu
- Department for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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Wu J, Ye T, Wang Y, Yang P, Wang Q, Kuang W, Chen X, Duan G, Yu L, Jin Z, Qin J, Lei Y. Understanding the Catalytic Kinetics of Polysulfide Redox Reactions on Transition Metal Compounds in Li-S Batteries. ACS NANO 2022; 16:15734-15759. [PMID: 36223201 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Because of their high energy density, low cost, and environmental friendliness, lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are one of the potential candidates for the next-generation energy-storage devices. However, they have been troubled by sluggish reaction kinetics for the insoluble Li2S product and capacity degradation because of the severe shuttle effect of polysulfides. These problems have been overcome by introducing transition metal compounds (TMCs) as catalysts into the interlayer of modified separator or sulfur host. This review first introduces the mechanism of sulfur redox reactions. The methods for studying TMC catalysts in Li-S batteries are provided. Then, the recent advances of TMCs (such as metal oxides, metal sulfides, metal selenides, metal nitrides, metal phosphides, metal carbides, metal borides, and heterostructures) as catalysts and some helpful design and modulation strategies in Li-S batteries are highlighted and summarized. At last, future opportunities toward TMC catalysts in Li-S batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Tong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Yuchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Peiyao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Wenyu Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xiaoli Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Gaohan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Lingmin Yu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Technological University, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zhaoqing Jin
- Military Power Sources Research and Development Center, Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiaqian Qin
- Center of Excellence in Responsive Wearable Materials, Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yongpeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
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