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Oh J, Kim JK, Gao J, Jung S, Kim W, Park G, Park J, Baik JM, Yang C. Self-Powering Gas Sensing System Enabled by Double-Layer Triboelectric Nanogenerators Based on Poly(2-vinylpyridine)@BaTiO 3 Core-Shell Hybrids with Superior Dispersibility and Uniformity. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12146-12157. [PMID: 38688004 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Current core-shell hybrids used in diverse energy-related applications possess limited dispersibility and film uniformity that govern their overall performances. Herein, we showcase superdispersible core-shell hybrids (P2VP@BaTiO3) composed of a poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP) (5-20 wt %) and a barium titanate oxide (BaTiO3), maximizing dielectric constants by forming the high-quality uniform films. The P2VP@BaTiO3-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs), especially the 10 wt % P2VP (P2VP10@BaTiO3)-based one, deliver significantly enhanced output performances compared to physically mixed P2VP/BaTiO3 counterparts. The P2VP10@BaTiO3-based double-layer TENG exhibits not only an excellent transferred charge density of 281.7 μC m-2 with a power density of 27.2 W m-2 but also extraordinary device stability (∼100% sustainability of the maximum output voltage for 54,000 cycles and ∼68.7% voltage retention even at 99% humidity). Notably, introducing the MoS2/SiO2/Ni-mesh layer into this double-layer TENG enables ultrahigh charge density of up to 1228 μC m-2, which is the top value reported for the TENGs so far. Furthermore, we also demonstrate a near-field communication-based sensing system for monitoring CO2 gas using our developed self-powered generator with enhanced output performance and robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Oh
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyeom Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Sungwoo Jung
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Wonjun Kim
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Geunhyung Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jeewon Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
| | - Jeong Min Baik
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
- KIST-SKKU Carbon-Neutral Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
- Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 44919, South Korea
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2
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Silva FALS, Chang HP, Incorvia JAC, Oliveira MJ, Sarmento B, Santos SG, Magalhães FD, Pinto AM. 2D Nanomaterials and Their Drug Conjugates for Phototherapy and Magnetic Hyperthermia Therapy of Cancer and Infections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2306137. [PMID: 37963826 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal therapy (PTT) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) using 2D nanomaterials (2DnMat) have recently emerged as promising alternative treatments for cancer and bacterial infections, both important global health challenges. The present review intends to provide not only a comprehensive overview, but also an integrative approach of the state-of-the-art knowledge on 2DnMat for PTT and MHT of cancer and infections. High surface area, high extinction coefficient in near-infra-red (NIR) region, responsiveness to external stimuli like magnetic fields, and the endless possibilities of surface functionalization, make 2DnMat ideal platforms for PTT and MHT. Most of these materials are biocompatible with mammalian cells, presenting some cytotoxicity against bacteria. However, each material must be comprehensively characterized physiochemically and biologically, since small variations can have significant biological impact. Highly efficient and selective in vitro and in vivo PTTs for the treatment of cancer and infections are reported, using a wide range of 2DnMat concentrations and incubation times. MHT is described to be more effective against bacterial infections than against cancer therapy. Despite the promising results attained, some challenges remain, such as improving 2DnMat conjugation with drugs, understanding their in vivo biodegradation, and refining the evaluation criteria to measure PTT or MHT effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A L S Silva
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
| | - Hui-Ping Chang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jean Anne C Incorvia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Maria J Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- IUCS - CESPU, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, Gandra, 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Susana G Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
| | - Fernão D Magalhães
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
| | - Artur M Pinto
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- ALiCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
- INEB - Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, Porto, 4200-180, Portugal
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3
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Das A, Mukherjee R. Feature Size Modulation in Dewetting of Nanoparticle-Containing Ultrathin Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Das
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Rabibrata Mukherjee
- Instability and Soft Patterning Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
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4
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Meazzini I, Comby S, Richards KD, Withers AM, Turquet FX, Houston JE, Owens RM, Evans RC. Synthesis and characterisation of biocompatible organic-inorganic core-shell nanocomposite particles based on ureasils. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:4908-4916. [PMID: 32315019 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00100g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic core-shell nanocomposites have attracted increasing attention for applications in imaging, controlled release, biomedical scaffolds and self-healing materials. While tunable properties can readily be achieved through the selection of complementary building blocks, synergistic enhancement requires management of the core-shell interface. In this work, we report a one-pot method to fabricate hybrid core-shell nanocomposite particles (CSNPs) based on ureasils. The native structure of ureasils, which are poly(oxyalkylene)/siloxane hybrids, affords formation of an organic polymer core via nanoprecipitation, while the terminal siloxane groups act as a template for nucleation and growth of the silica shell via the Stöber process. Through optimisation of the reaction conditions, we demonstrate the reproducible synthesis of ureasil CSNPs, with a hydrodynamic diameter of ∼150 nm and polydispersity <0.2, which remain electrostatically stabilised in aqueous media for >50 days. Selective functionalisation, either through the physical entrapment of polarity-sensitive fluorescent probes (coumarin 153, pyrene) or covalent-grafting to the silica shell (fluorescein isothiocyanate) is also demonstrated and provides insight into the internal environment of the particles. Moreover, preliminary studies using a live/dead cell assay indicate that ureasil CSNPs do not display cytotoxicity. Given the simple fabrication method and the structural tunability and biocompatability of the ureasils, this approach presents an efficient route to multifunctional core-shell nanocomposite particles whose properties may be tailored for a targeted application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Meazzini
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK. and School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Steve Comby
- School of Chemistry, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Kieran D Richards
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Aimee M Withers
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | | | | | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Rachel C Evans
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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5
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Kim D, Sihn MR, Jeon MG, Yuan G, Satija SK, Kim Y, Choi J. Non-Equilibrium Phase Behavior of Immiscible Polymer-Grafted Nanoparticle Blends. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deul Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Ryul Sihn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gi Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- University of Georgetown, Washington, D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Sushil K. Satija
- Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Yeonho Kim
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 169-148 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihoon Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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6
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Dewetting Kinetics of Thin Polymer Films with Different Architectures: Effect of Polymer Adsorption. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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7
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Zhao S, Xing F, Wang Z, Kang H, Zhang S, Li J. High bonding strength and boiling water resistance of soy protein-based adhesives via organosilicon-acrylate microemulsion and epoxy synergistic interfacial enhancement. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Fangru Xing
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Haijiao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Wooden Material Science and Application (Ministry of Education); Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering; Beijing Forestry University; Beijing 100083 China
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8
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Wang L, Xu L, Liu B, Shi T, Jiang S, An L. The influence of polymer architectures on the dewetting behavior of thin polymer films: from linear chains to ring chains. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:3091-3098. [PMID: 28393155 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The dewetting behavior of ring polystyrene (RPS) film and linear polystyrene (LPS) film on silanized Si substrates with different grafting densities and PDMS substrate was investigated. Results showed that polymer architectures greatly influenced the dewetting behavior of the thin polymer film. On the silanized Si substrate with 69% grafting density, RPS chains exhibited stronger adsorption compared with LPS chains, and as a result the wetting layer formed more easily. For LPS films, with a decreased annealing temperature, the stability of the polymer film changed from non-slip dewetting via apparent slip dewetting to apparently stable. However, for RPS films, the polymer film stability switched from apparent slip dewetting to apparently stable. On the silanized Si substrate with 94% grafting density, the chain adsorption became weaker and the dewetting processes were faster than that on the substrate with 69% grafting density at the same experimental temperature for both the LPS and RPS films. Moreover, on the PDMS substrate, LPS films always showed non-slip dewetting, while the dewetting kinetics of RPS films switched from non-slip dewetting to slip dewetting behaviour. Forming the wetting layer strongly influenced the stability and dewetting behavior of the thin polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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9
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Che J, Jawaid A, Grabowski CA, Yi YJ, Louis GC, Ramakrishnan S, Vaia RA. Stability of Polymer Grafted Nanoparticle Monolayers: Impact of Architecture and Polymer-Substrate Interactions on Dewetting. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:1369-1374. [PMID: 35651208 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The stability of polymer thin films is crucial to a broad range of technologies, including sensors, energy storage, filtration, and lithography. Recently, the demonstration of rapid deposition on solid substrates of ordered monolayers of polymer grafted nanoparticles (PGN) has increased potential for inks to additively manufacture such components. Herein, enhanced stability against dewetting of these self-assembled PGN films (gold nanoparticle functionalized with polystyrene (AuNP-PS)) is discussed in context to linear polystyrene (PS) analogues using high throughput surface gradients: surface energy (20-45 mN/m) and temperature (90-160 °C). PGNs exhibit a lower surface (γp) and interfacial (γsp) energy relative to linear polymers, which results in increased thermal and energetic stability by 10-25 °C and 5-15 mN/m, respectively. This enhanced wetting-dewetting transition is qualitatively consistent with the behavior of star macromolecules and depends on the architecture of the polymer canopy. Increased film stability through canopy architecture expands the manufacturability of thin film hybrids and refines postprocessing conditions to maximize local PGN order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Che
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- National Research
Council, Washington, D.C. 20001, United States
| | - Ali Jawaid
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Christopher A. Grabowski
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES, Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Yoon-Jae Yi
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
- College
of Science and Mathematics, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - Golda Chakkalakal Louis
- College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Subramanian Ramakrishnan
- College of Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Richard A. Vaia
- Materials
and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
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Ren JM, McKenzie TG, Fu Q, Wong EHH, Xu J, An Z, Shanmugam S, Davis TP, Boyer C, Qiao GG. Star Polymers. Chem Rev 2016; 116:6743-836. [PMID: 27299693 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in controlled/living polymerization techniques and highly efficient coupling chemistries have enabled the facile synthesis of complex polymer architectures with controlled dimensions and functionality. As an example, star polymers consist of many linear polymers fused at a central point with a large number of chain end functionalities. Owing to this exclusive structure, star polymers exhibit some remarkable characteristics and properties unattainable by simple linear polymers. Hence, they constitute a unique class of technologically important nanomaterials that have been utilized or are currently under audition for many applications in life sciences and nanotechnologies. This article first provides a comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies towards star polymers, then reviews the latest developments in the synthesis and characterization methods of star macromolecules, and lastly outlines emerging applications and current commercial use of star-shaped polymers. The aim of this work is to promote star polymer research, generate new avenues of scientific investigation, and provide contemporary perspectives on chemical innovation that may expedite the commercialization of new star nanomaterials. We envision in the not-too-distant future star polymers will play an increasingly important role in materials science and nanotechnology in both academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing M Ren
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Edgar H H Wong
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Zesheng An
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University , Shanghai 2000444, People's Republic of China
| | - Sivaprakash Shanmugam
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science & Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia , Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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