1
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SuFEx-Click Approach for the Synthesis of Soluble Polymer-Bound MacMillan Catalysts for the Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reaction. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polymeric MacMillan catalysts were prepared from modified chiral imidazolidin-4-one monomers via sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange chemistry. The resulting polysulfates containing chiral imidazolidin-4-one units could be employed as polymeric organocatalysts for the asymmetric Diels–Alder reaction. With the use of these polysulfate catalysts, sufficient catalytic activity and enantioselectivity were obtained, which were similar to those obtained by monomeric catalysts in a homogeneous catalytic reaction. In addition, the polysulfate catalysts could be recovered and reused five times without a considerable loss of activity and selectivity.
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2
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Du Y, Zeng Q, Yuan L, He L. Post-polymerization modification based on reactive fluorinated polymers reaction. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2021.1903328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Du
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiugui Zeng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Materials (Ministry of Education of China), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Superconductivity and New Energy R&D Center, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lirong He
- Polymer Research Insititute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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3
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Xie Z, Gan T, Fang L, Zhou X. Recent progress in creating complex and multiplexed surface-grafted macromolecular architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:8736-8759. [PMID: 32969442 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01043j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface-grafted macromolecules, including polymers, DNA, peptides, etc., are versatile modifications to tailor the interfacial functions in a wide range of fields. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the most recent progress in engineering surface-grafted chains for the creation of complex and multiplexed surface architectures over micro- to macro-scopic areas. A brief introduction to surface grafting is given first. Then the fabrication of complex surface architectures is summarized with a focus on controlled chain conformations, grafting densities and three-dimensional structures. Furthermore, recent advances are highlighted for the generation of multiplexed arrays with designed chemical composition in both horizontal and vertical dimensions. The applications of such complicated macromolecular architectures are then briefly discussed. Finally, some perspective outlooks for future studies and challenges are suggested. We hope that this review will be helpful to those just entering this field and those in the field requiring quick access to useful reference information about the progress in the properties, processing, performance, and applications of functional surface-grafted architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Xie
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Lvye Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Xingangxi Road No. 135, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510275, P. R. China.
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Nanhai Avenue 3688, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518055, P. R. China.
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4
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Xu L, Xu XH, Liu N, Zou H, Wu ZQ. A Facile Synthetic Route to Multifunctional Poly(3-hexylthiophene)-b-poly(phenyl isocyanide) Copolymers: From Aggregation-Induced Emission to Controlled Helicity. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Xun-Hui Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Hui Zou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Reaction Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
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5
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Abdul Fattah T, Saeed A, Albericio F. Recent advances towards sulfur (VI) fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click chemistry. J Fluor Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Ettehadi Gargari J, Sid Kalal H, Niknafs D, Khanchi A. Synthesis of silica/PAA NPs via combining RAFT polymerization and thiol-ene click reaction and postpolymerization modifications with arsenazo (III). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hossein Sid Kalal
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School; Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI; Tehran Iran
| | - Danial Niknafs
- Department of Chemistry, Mashhad Branch; Islamic Azad University; Mashhad Iran
| | - Alireza Khanchi
- Materials and Nuclear Fuel Research School; Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, AEOI; Tehran Iran
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7
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Guo W, Reese CM, Xiong L, Logan PK, Thompson BJ, Stafford CM, Ievlev AV, Lokitz BS, Ovchinnikova OS, Patton DL. Buckling Instabilities in Polymer Brush Surfaces via Postpolymerization Modification. Macromolecules 2017; 50:8670-8677. [PMID: 29503464 PMCID: PMC5831323 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple route to engineer ultrathin polymer brush surfaces with wrinkled morphologies using post-polymerization modification (PPM), where the length scale of the buckled features can be tuned from hundreds of nanometers to one micrometer using PPM reaction time. We show that partial crosslinking of the outer layer of the polymer brush under poor solvent conditions is critical to obtain wrinkled morphologies upon swelling. Characterization of the PPM kinetics and swelling behavior via ellipsometry and the through-thickness composition profile via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) provided keys insight into parameters influencing the buckling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Cassandra M. Reese
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Li Xiong
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Phillip K. Logan
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Brittany J. Thompson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
| | - Christopher M. Stafford
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Anton V. Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Bradley S. Lokitz
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Derek L. Patton
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406
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8
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Chen L, Leman D, Williams CR, Brooks K, Krause DC, Locklin J. Versatile Methodology for Glycosurfaces: Direct Ligation of Nonderivatized Reducing Saccharides to Poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) Grafted Surfaces via Hydrazide Conjugation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8821-8828. [PMID: 28492327 PMCID: PMC5833976 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report a convenient and versatile strategy for surface-grafted glycopolymer constructs with the goal of surface modification that controls the chemical presentation and grafting density of carbohydrate side chains. This approach employs a difunctional hydrazine linker, chemically modified to an active ester containing poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) grafted scaffold, to conjugate a variety of saccharides through the reducing end. The successive conjugation steps are carried out under mild conditions and yield high surface densities of sugars, as high as 4.8 nmol·cm-2, capable of multivalency, with an intact structure and retained bioactivity. We also demonstrate that this glycosylated surface can bind specific lectins according to the structure of its pendant carbohydrate. To demonstrate bioactivity, this surface platform is used to study the binding events of a human respiratory tract pathogen, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, on surfaces conjugated with sialylated sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Deborah Leman
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Caitlin R. Williams
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Karson Brooks
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Duncan C. Krause
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry and College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- New Materials Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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9
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Effect of Cyclic Loading on Surface Instability of Silicone Rubber under Compression. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9040148. [PMID: 30970826 PMCID: PMC6431859 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This work combines experiments and finite element simulations to study the effect of pre-imposed cyclic loading on surface instability of silicon rubber under compression. We first fabricate cuboid blocks of silicon rubber and pinch them cyclicly a few times. Then, an in-house apparatus is set to apply uniaxial compression on the silicon rubber under exact plane strain conditions. Surprisingly, we find multiple creases on the surface of silicone rubber, significantly different from what have been observed on the samples without the cyclic pinching. To reveal the underlying physics for these experimentally observed multiple creases, we perform detailed nanoindentation experiments to measure the material properties at different locations of the silicon rubber. The modulus is found to be nonuniform and varies along the thickness direction after the cyclic pinching. According to these experimental results, three-layer and multilayer finite element models are built with different materials properties informed by experiments. The three-layer finite element model can excellently explain the nucleation and pattern of multiple surface creases on the surface of compressed silicone rubber, in good agreement with experiments. Counterintuitively, the multilayer model with gradient modulus cannot be used to explain the multiple creases observed in our experiments. According to these simulations, the experimentally observed multiple creases should be attributed to a thin and stiff layer formed on the surface of silicon rubber after the pre-imposed cyclic loading.
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10
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Yin J, Xu L, Han X, Zhou L, Li C, Wu ZQ. A facile synthetic route to stereoregular helical poly(phenyl isocyanide)s with defined pendants and controlled helicity. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01881e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile synthetic route to stereoregular helical poly(phenyl isocyanide)s with not only defined pendants but also with controlled helicity was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yin
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
| | - Xin Han
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
| | - Chonglong Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
| | - Zong-Quan Wu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- and Anhui Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
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11
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Buhl M, Tesch M, Lamping S, Moratz J, Studer A, Ravoo BJ. Preparation of Functional Alternating Polymer Brushes and Their Orthogonal Surface Modification through Microcontact Printing. Chemistry 2016; 23:6042-6047. [PMID: 27797131 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports microcontact printing (μCP) to immobilize an alkoxyamine initiator (regulator) on glass and silicon substrates and subsequent surface-initiated alternating nitroxide-mediated copolymerization (siNMP) of hexafluoroisopropyl acrylate (HFIPA) and 7-octenylvinyl ether (OVE). The resulting patterned polymer brushes are analyzed by using atomic force microscopy (AFM). In addition, site-specific post-functionalization of the alternating polymer brushes by applying two orthogonal surface reactions is achieved with thiols and amines through μCP. The versatility of this post-polymerization modification approach is demonstrated by site-selective immobilization of small organic molecules, fluorophores, and ligands providing a binary bioactive surface. The successful side-by-side orthogonal immobilization is verified by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Buhl
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Tesch
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johanna Moratz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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12
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Yatvin J, Brooks K, Locklin J. SuFEx Click: New Materials from SO
x
F and Silyl Ethers. Chemistry 2016; 22:16348-16354. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Yatvin
- Department of Chemistry College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering University of Georgia University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Karson Brooks
- Department of Chemistry College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering University of Georgia University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering University of Georgia University of Georgia Athens Georgia 30602 USA
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13
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Razavi MJ, Pidaparti R, Wang X. Surface and interfacial creases in a bilayer tubular soft tissue. Phys Rev E 2016; 94:022405. [PMID: 27627333 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.94.022405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface and interfacial creases induced by biological growth are common types of instability in soft biological tissues. This study focuses on the criteria for the onset of surface and interfacial creases as well as their morphological evolution in a growing bilayer soft tube within a confined environment. Critical growth ratios for triggering surface and interfacial creases are investigated both analytically and numerically. Analytical interpretations provide preliminary insights into critical stretches and growth ratios for the onset of instability and formation of both surface and interfacial creases. However, the analytical approach cannot predict the evolution pattern of the model after instability; therefore nonlinear finite element simulations are carried out to replicate the poststability morphological patterns of the structure. Analytical and computational simulation results demonstrate that the initial geometry, growth ratio, and shear modulus ratio of the layers are the most influential factors to control surface and interfacial crease formation in this soft tubular bilayer. The competition between the stretch ratios in the free and interfacial surfaces is one of the key driving factors to determine the location of the first crease initiation. These findings may provide some fundamental understanding in the growth modeling of tubular biological tissues such as esophagi and airways as well as offering useful clues into normal and pathological functions of these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Jalil Razavi
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Ramana Pidaparti
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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14
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Chen D, McKinley GH, Cohen RE. Spontaneous wettability patterning via creasing instability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:8087-92. [PMID: 27382170 PMCID: PMC4961185 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Surfaces with patterned wettability contrast are important in industrial applications such as heat transfer, water collection, and particle separation. Traditional methods of fabricating such surfaces rely on microfabrication technologies, which are only applicable to certain substrates and are difficult to scale up and implement on curved surfaces. By taking advantage of a mechanical instability on a polyurethane elastomer film, we show that wettability patterns on both flat and curved surfaces can be generated spontaneously via a simple dip coating process. Variations in dipping time, sample prestress, and chemical treatment enable independent control of domain size (from about 100 to 500 μm), morphology, and wettability contrast, respectively. We characterize the wettability contrast using local surface energy measurements via the sessile droplet technique and tensiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Gareth H McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Robert E Cohen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
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15
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Durie K, Yatvin J, McNitt CD, Reese RA, Jung C, Popik VV, Locklin J. Multifunctional Surface Manipulation Using Orthogonal Click Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:6600-6605. [PMID: 27280689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are excellent substrates for the covalent immobilization of a wide variety of molecules due to their unique physicochemical properties and high functional group density. By using reactive microcapillary printing, poly(pentafluorophenyl acrylate) brushes with rapid kinetic rates toward aminolysis can be partially patterned with other click functionalities such as strained cyclooctyne derivatives and sulfonyl fluorides. This trireactive surface can then react locally and selectively in a one pot reaction via three orthogonal chemistries at room temperature: activated ester aminolysis, strain promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange, all of which are tolerant of ambient moisture and oxygen. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these reactions can also be used to create areas of morphologically distinct surface features on the nanoscale, by inducing buckling instabilities in the films and the grafting of nanoparticles. This approach is modular, and allows for the development of highly complex surface motifs patterned with different chemistry and morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karson Durie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jeremy Yatvin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Christopher D McNitt
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - R Alexander Reese
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Calvin Jung
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vladimir V Popik
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jason Locklin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Engineering, and the Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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