1
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Garrido M, Criado A, Prato M. Simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of MoS 2 with tetrapyridyl porphyrin. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:13525-13533. [PMID: 38946392 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01802h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) attracts the attention of the scientific community due to its thickness dependent properties. To fully exploit these features, it is necessary to produce the material in mono or few-layers on a large scale. Several methodologies have been developed for this purpose, the most promising one being liquid phase exfoliation (LPE). LPE allows obtaining good quality exfoliated MoS2 in a simple and scalable manner. Herein we report the simultaneous exfoliation and functionalization of MoS2 in chloroform using a specific porphyrin, namely tetrapyridyl porphyrin. We have corroborated that the exfoliation of MoS2 in the volatile solvent increases in the presence of the porphyrin due to the different interactions between them, obtaining dispersions with good concentrations. Additionally, the optical properties of the porphyrin are modified by these interactions. The characterization carried out by several techniques supports the hypothesis that the interactions occur through the pyridyl rings of the porphyrin and the molybdenum atoms of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 1, Trieste 34127, Italy.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, Donostia-San Sebastián 20014, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
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2
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Pendharkar M, Tran SJ, Zaborski G, Finney J, Sharpe AL, Kamat RV, Kalantre SS, Hocking M, Bittner NJ, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Pittenger B, Newcomb CJ, Kastner MA, Mannix AJ, Goldhaber-Gordon D. Torsional force microscopy of van der Waals moirés and atomic lattices. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314083121. [PMID: 38427599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314083121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In a stack of atomically thin van der Waals layers, introducing interlayer twist creates a moiré superlattice whose period is a function of twist angle. Changes in that twist angle of even hundredths of a degree can dramatically transform the system's electronic properties. Setting a precise and uniform twist angle for a stack remains difficult; hence, determining that twist angle and mapping its spatial variation is very important. Techniques have emerged to do this by imaging the moiré, but most of these require sophisticated infrastructure, time-consuming sample preparation beyond stack synthesis, or both. In this work, we show that torsional force microscopy (TFM), a scanning probe technique sensitive to dynamic friction, can reveal surface and shallow subsurface structure of van der Waals stacks on multiple length scales: the moirés formed between bi-layers of graphene and between graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) and also the atomic crystal lattices of graphene and hBN. In TFM, torsional motion of an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) cantilever is monitored as it is actively driven at a torsional resonance while a feedback loop maintains contact at a set force with the sample surface. TFM works at room temperature in air, with no need for an electrical bias between the tip and the sample, making it applicable to a wide array of samples. It should enable determination of precise structural information including twist angles and strain in moiré superlattices and crystallographic orientation of van der Waals flakes to support predictable moiré heterostructure fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihir Pendharkar
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Steven J Tran
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Gregory Zaborski
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Joe Finney
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Aaron L Sharpe
- Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550
| | - Rupini V Kamat
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Sandesh S Kalantre
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Marisa Hocking
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Electronic and Optical Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | | | | | - Marc A Kastner
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Andrew J Mannix
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - David Goldhaber-Gordon
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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3
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Nellissen AC, Fron E, Vandenwijngaerden JBF, De Feyter S, Mertens SFL, Van der Auweraer M. Spectroscopic Characterization of Thiacarbocyanine Dye Molecules Adsorbed on Hexagonal Boron Nitride: a Time-Resolved Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35638-35652. [PMID: 37810698 PMCID: PMC10552479 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Physisorption on hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) gained interest over the years thanks to its properties (chemically and thermally stable, insulating properties, etc.) and similarities to the well-known graphene. A recent study showed flat-on adsorption of several cationic thiacarbocyanine dyes on hBN with a tendency to form weakly coupled H- or I-type aggregates, while a zwitterionic thiacarbocyanine dye rather led to a tilted adsorption. With this in-depth time-resolved study using the TC-SPC technique, we confirm the results proven by adsorption isotherms, atomic force microscopy, and stationary state spectroscopy combined with molecular mechanics simulations and estimation of the corresponding exciton interaction. The absence of a systematic trend for the dependence of the decay times, normalized amplitudes of the decay components, and contribution of different components to the stationary emission spectra upon the emission wavelength observed for all studied dyes and coverages suggests the occurrence of a single emitting species. At low coverage levels, the non-mono-exponential character of the decays was attributed to adsorption on different sites characterized by different intramolecular rotational freedom or energy transfer to nonfluorescent traps or a combination of both. The difference between the decay rates of the four dyes reflects a different density of the nonfluorescent traps. Although the decay time of the unquenched dyes was in the order of magnitude of that of dye monomers in a rigid environment, it is also compatible with weakly coupled aggregates such as proposed earlier based on the stationary spectra. Hence, the adsorption leads to a rigid environment of the dyes, blocking internal conversion. Increasing the concentration of the dye solution from which the adsorption on hBN occurs increases not only the coverage of the hBN surface but also the extent of energy transfer to nonfluorescent traps. For TDC (5,5-dichloro-3-3'-diethyl-9-ethyl-thiacarbocyanine) and TD2 (3-3'-diethyl-9-ethyl-thiacarbocyanine), besides direct energy transfer to traps, exciton hopping between dye dimers followed by energy transfer to these traps occurs, which resulted in a decreasing decay time of the longest decaying component. For all dyes, it was also possible to analyze the fluorescence decays as a stretched exponential as would be expected for energy transfer to randomly distributed traps in a two-dimensional (2D) geometry. This analysis yielded a fluorescence decay time of the unquenched dyes similar to the longest decay time obtained by analysis of the fluorescence decays as a sum of three of four exponentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Charlotte Nellissen
- Laboratory
for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU
Leuven, Chem & Tech,
Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Laboratory
for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU
Leuven, Chem & Tech,
Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Laboratory
for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU
Leuven, Chem & Tech,
Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn F. L. Mertens
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Lancaster and Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, LA1 4YB Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Van der Auweraer
- Laboratory
for Photochemistry and Spectroscopy, KU
Leuven, Chem & Tech,
Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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4
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Bian Y, Cheng J, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhang J, Zhang X, Jin Q. Herringbone Reconstruction-Mediated assembly of 2-(Hydroxymethyl)benzimidazole molecules on Au(1 1 1) studied by scanning tunneling microscope. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Knecht P, Zhang B, Reichert J, Duncan DA, Schwarz M, Haag F, Ryan PTP, Lee TL, Deimel PS, Feulner P, Allegretti F, Auwärter W, Médard G, Seitsonen AP, Barth JV, Papageorgiou AC. Assembly and Manipulation of a Prototypical N-Heterocyclic Carbene with a Metalloporphyrin Pedestal on a Solid Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4433-4439. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Knecht
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Bodong Zhang
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Joachim Reichert
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Felix Haag
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Paul T. P. Ryan
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Peter Feulner
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Guillaume Médard
- Chair of Proteomics and Bioanalytics, Technical University of Munich, Emil Erlenmeyer Forum 5, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ari Paavo Seitsonen
- Département de Chimie, École Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, F-75005 Paris, France
- Université de Recherche Paris-Sciences-et-Lettres, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Johannes V. Barth
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anthoula C. Papageorgiou
- Physics Department E20, Technical University of Munich, James Franck Straße 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Kasbe PS, Luo X, Xu W. Interface engineering and integration of two-dimensional polymeric and inorganic materials for advanced hybrid structures. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress and future directions in the creation of hybrid structures based on 2D polymers and inorganic 2D materials are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik S. Kasbe
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Xiongyu Luo
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Weinan Xu
- School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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7
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Mason SE, Beton PH, Besley NA. AIRBED: A Simplified Density Functional Theory Model for Physisorption on Surfaces. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:5628-5634. [PMID: 31465207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dispersion interactions are commonly included in density functional theory (DFT) calculations through the addition of an empirical correction. In this study, a modification is made to the damping function in DFT-D2 calculations to describe repulsion at small internuclear distances. The resulting Atomic Interactions Represented By Empirical Dispersion (AIRBED) approach is used to model the physisorption of molecules on surfaces such as graphene and hexagonal boron nitride, where the constituent atoms of the surface are no longer required to be included explicitly in the density functional theory calculation but are represented by a point charge to capture electrostatic effects. It is shown that this model can reproduce the structures predicted by full DFT-D2 calculations to a high degree of accuracy. The significant reduction in computational cost allows much larger systems to be studied, including molecular arrays on surfaces and sandwich complexes involving organic molecules between two surface layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E Mason
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Chemistry , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kindom
| | - Nicholas A Besley
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
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8
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Honda H, Sasahara A, Onishi H. Porphyrins on mica: Atomic force microscopy imaging in organic solvents. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Schwarz M, Duncan DA, Garnica M, Ducke J, Deimel PS, Thakur PK, Lee TL, Allegretti F, Auwärter W. Quantitative determination of a model organic/insulator/metal interface structure. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:21971-21977. [PMID: 30444513 PMCID: PMC6289171 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06387g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
By combining X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray standing waves and scanning tunneling microscopy, we investigate the geometric and electronic structure of a prototypical organic/insulator/metal interface, namely cobalt porphine on monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on Cu(111). Specifically, we determine the adsorption height of the organic molecule and show that the original planar molecular conformation is preserved in contrast to the adsorption on Cu(111). In addition, we highlight the electronic decoupling provided by the h-BN spacer layer and find that the h-BN-metal separation is not significantly modified by the molecular adsorption. Finally, we find indication of a temperature dependence of the adsorption height, which might be a signature of strongly-anisotropic thermal vibrations of the weakly bonded molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schwarz
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
| | - David A. Duncan
- Diamond Light Source
, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
,
Didcot OX11 0DE
, UK
| | - Manuela Garnica
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
| | - Jacob Ducke
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
| | - Peter S. Deimel
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
| | - Pardeep K. Thakur
- Diamond Light Source
, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
,
Didcot OX11 0DE
, UK
| | - Tien-Lin Lee
- Diamond Light Source
, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
,
Didcot OX11 0DE
, UK
| | - Francesco Allegretti
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
| | - Willi Auwärter
- Physics Department
, Technical University of Munich
,
85748 Garching
, Germany
.
;
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10
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Liang W, Hu H, Zhong W, Zhang M, Ma Y, Guo P, Xin M, Yu M, Lin H. Functionalization of Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Microspheres for the Highly Selective Removal of Contaminants from Aqueous Solutions and the Analysis of Food-Grade Fish Samples. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1130. [PMID: 30961055 PMCID: PMC6403773 DOI: 10.3390/polym10101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The proliferation of pollution in aquatic environments has become a growing concernand calls for the development of novel adsorbents capable of selectively removing notorious andrecalcitrant pollutants from these ecosystems. Herein, a general strategy was developed for thesynthesis and functionalization of molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres (MIPs) that couldbe optimized to possess a significant adsorption selectivity to an organic pollutant in aqueousmedia, in addition to a high adsorption capacity. Considering that the molecular imprinting alonewas far from satisfactory to produce a high-performance MIPs-based adsorbent, further structuralengineering and surface functionalization were performed in this study. Although the more carboxylgroups on the surfaces of the MIPs enhanced the adsorption rate and capacity toward an organicpollutant through electrostatic interactions, they did not strengthen the adsorption selectivity in aproportional manner. Through a systematic study, the optimized sample exhibiting both impressiveselectivity and capacity for the adsorption of the organic pollutant was found to possess a smallparticle size, a high specific surface area, a large total pore volume, and an appropriate amount ofsurface carboxyl groups. While the pseudo-second-order kinetic model was found to better describethe process of the adsorption onto the surface of MIPs as compared to the pseudo-first-order kineticmodel, neither Langmuir nor Freundlich isothermal model could be used to well fit the isothermaladsorption data. Increased temperature facilitated the adsorption of the organic pollutant onto theMIPs, as an endothermic process. Furthermore, the optimized MIPs were also successfully employedas a stationary phase for the fabrication of a molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction column,with which purchased food-grade fish samples were effectively examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Liang
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Huawen Hu
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Wanting Zhong
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Yanfang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Public Laboratory of Analysis and Testing Technology, China National Analytical Center (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Meiguo Xin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Mingguang Yu
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
| | - Haisheng Lin
- College of Materials Science and Energy Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China.
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11
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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12
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Kerfoot J, Korolkov VV, Nizovtsev AS, Jones R, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Lesanovsky I, Olmos B, Besley NA, Besley E, Beton PH. Substrate-induced shifts and screening in the fluorescence spectra of supramolecular adsorbed organic monolayers. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:054701. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5041418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James Kerfoot
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Vladimir V. Korolkov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Anton S. Nizovtsev
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Academician Lavrentiev Avenue 3, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
| | - Ryan Jones
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Igor Lesanovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Olmos
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Centre for the Mathematics and Theoretical Physics of Quantum Non-Equilibrium Systems, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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13
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Nagai A, Tsutsumi S, Michida W, Sakuragi M, Mizuki K, Kusakabe K. Encapsulation of Isolated C60 Molecules in a Cyclodextrin-based Metal-Organic Framework. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1252/jcej.17we333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagai
- Department of Nanoscience, Sojo University
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14
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Alkhamisi M, Korolkov VV, Nizovtsev AS, Kerfoot J, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Besley NA, Besley E, Beton PH. The growth and fluorescence of phthalocyanine monolayers, thin films and multilayers on hexagonal boron nitride. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12021-12024. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06304d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free-base phthalocyanine forms distinct interfacial phases and thin films on hexagonal boron nitride including a monolayer arrangement as determined using high resolution atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Alkhamisi
- School of Physics & Astronomy
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | | | - Anton S. Nizovtsev
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
| | - James Kerfoot
- School of Physics & Astronomy
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | | | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science
- Ibaraki 305-0044
- Japan
| | | | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Peter H. Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
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15
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Supramolecular networks stabilise and functionalise black phosphorus. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1385. [PMID: 29123112 PMCID: PMC5680224 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The limited stability of the surface of black phosphorus (BP) under atmospheric conditions is a significant constraint on the exploitation of this layered material and its few layer analogue, phosphorene, as an optoelectronic material. Here we show that supramolecular networks stabilised by hydrogen bonding can be formed on BP, and that these monolayer-thick films can passivate the BP surface and inhibit oxidation under ambient conditions. The supramolecular layers are formed by solution deposition and we use atomic force microscopy to obtain images of the BP surface and hexagonal supramolecular networks of trimesic acid and melamine cyanurate (CA.M) under ambient conditions. The CA.M network is aligned with rows of phosphorus atoms and forms large domains which passivate the BP surface for more than a month, and also provides a stable supramolecular platform for the sequential deposition of 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene to form supramolecular heterostructures.
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16
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Laker ZPL, Marsden AJ, De Luca O, Pia AD, Perdigão LMA, Costantini G, Wilson NR. Monolayer-to-thin-film transition in supramolecular assemblies: the role of topological protection. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11959-11968. [PMID: 28792033 PMCID: PMC5778949 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control the transition from a two-dimensional (2D) monolayer to the three-dimensional (3D) molecular structure in the growth of organic layers on surfaces is essential for the production of functional thin films and devices. This has, however, proved to be extremely challenging, starting from the currently limited ability to attain a molecular scale characterization of this transition. Here, through innovative application of low-dose electron diffraction and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy (acTEM), combined with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), we reveal the structural changes occurring as film thickness is increased from monolayer to tens of nanometers for supramolecular assembly of two prototypical benzenecarboxylic acids - terephthalic acid (TPA) and trimesic acid (TMA) - on graphene. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding in these molecules is similar and both form well-ordered monolayers on graphene, but their structural transitions with film thickness are very different. While the structure of TPA thin films varies continuously towards the 3D lattice, TMA retains its planar monolayer structure up to a critical thickness, after which a transition to a polycrystalline film occurs. These distinctive structural evolutions can be rationalized in terms of the topological differences in the 3D crystallography of the two molecules. The templated 2D structure of TPA can smoothly map to its 3D structure through continuous molecular tilting within the unit cell, whilst the 3D structure of TMA is topologically distinct from its 2D form, so that only an abrupt transition is possible. The concept of topological protection of the 2D structure gives a new tool for the molecular design of nanostructured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P L Laker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Alexander J Marsden
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and National Graphene Institute, School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Oreste De Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università della Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy
| | - Ada Della Pia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Luís M A Perdigão
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
| | | | - Neil R Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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17
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Korolkov VV, Baldoni M, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Besley E, Beton PH. Supramolecular heterostructures formed by sequential epitaxial deposition of two-dimensional hydrogen-bonded arrays. Nat Chem 2017; 9:1191-1197. [PMID: 29168478 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) supramolecular arrays provide a route to the spatial control of the chemical functionality of a surface, but their deposition is in almost all cases limited to a monolayer termination. Here we investigated the sequential deposition of one 2D array on another to form a supramolecular heterostructure and realize the growth-normal to the underlying substrate-of distinct ordered layers, each of which is stabilized by in-plane hydrogen bonding. For heterostructures formed by depositing terephthalic acid or trimesic acid on cyanuric acid/melamine, we have determined, using atomic force microscopy under ambient conditions, a clear epitaxial arrangement despite the intrinsically distinct symmetries and/or lattice constants of each layer. Structures calculated using classical molecular dynamics are in excellent agreement with the orientation, registry and dimensions of the epitaxial layers. Calculations confirm that van der Waals interactions provide the dominant contribution to the adsorption energy and registry of the layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir V Korolkov
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matteo Baldoni
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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18
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Mali KS, Pearce N, De Feyter S, Champness NR. Frontiers of supramolecular chemistry at solid surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:2520-2542. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00113d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry on solid surfaces represents an exciting field of research that continues to develop in new and unexpected directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal S. Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | | | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven – University of Leuven
- B3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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19
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Sghaier T, Le Liepvre S, Fiorini C, Douillard L, Charra F. Optical absorption signature of a self-assembled dye monolayer on graphene. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 7:862-868. [PMID: 27547603 PMCID: PMC4979869 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.7.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A well-organized monolayer of alkylated perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic-3,4,9,10-diimide (PTCDI) has been formed onto CVD graphene transferred on a transparent substrate. Its structure has been probed by scanning tunnelling microscopy and its optical properties by polarized transmission spectroscopy at varying incidence. The results show that the transition dipoles of adsorbed PTCDI are all oriented parallel to the substrate. The maximum absorption is consistent with the measured surface density of molecules and their absorption cross section. The spectrum presents mainly a large red-shift of the absorption line compared with the free molecules dispersed in solution, whereas the relative strengths of the vibronic structures are preserved. These changes are attributed to non-resonant interactions with the graphene layer and the neighbouring molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessnim Sghaier
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA/Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Le Liepvre
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA/Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Céline Fiorini
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA/Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Ludovic Douillard
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA/Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Charra
- SPEC, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, CEA/Saclay 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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