1
|
Hambly BP, Sears C, Pendley BD, Thompson LL, Lindner E. A Potentially Versatile Enzyme Sensor Platform: Enzyme-Loaded, Tagged, Porous Polymeric Nanocapsules. ACS Sens 2024; 9:1199-1207. [PMID: 38372695 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Enzymes are essential to life and indispensable in a wide range of industries (food, pharmaceutical, medical, biosensing, etc.); however, a significant shortcoming of these fragile biological catalysts is their poor stability. To address this challenge, a variety of immobilization methods have been described to enhance the enzyme's stability. These immobilization methods generally are specific to an individual enzyme or optimal for a particular application. The aim of this study is to explore the utility of porous, indicator moiety-tagged, polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) for the encapsulation of enzymes and measurement of the enzyme's substrate. As a model enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOx) is used. The GOx enzyme-loaded, fluorophore-tagged NCs were synthesized by using self-assembled surfactant vesicle templates. To show that the biological activity of GOx is preserved during entrapment, the rate of the GOx enzyme catalyzed reaction was measured. To evaluate the protective features of the porous NCs, the encapsulated GOx enzyme activity was followed in the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. During the encapsulation of GOx and the purification of the GOx-loaded NCs, the GOx activity decayed less than 10%, and up to 30% of the encapsulated GOx activity could be retained for 3-5 days in the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. In support of the potentially unique advantages of the enzyme-loaded NCs, as a proof-of-concept example, the fluorophore-tagged, GOx-loaded NCs were used for the determination of glucose in the concentration range between 18 and 162 mg/dL and for imaging the distribution of glucose concentration in imaging experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Hambly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Chandler Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Bradford D Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Lauren L Thompson
- Integrated Microscopy Center, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhou Y, Wang P, Wan F, Zhu L, Wang Z, Fan G, Wang P, Luo H, Liao S, Yang Y, Chen S, Zhang J. Further Improvement Based on Traditional Nanocapsule Preparation Methods: A Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:3125. [PMID: 38133022 PMCID: PMC10745493 DOI: 10.3390/nano13243125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsule preparation technology, as an emerging technology with great development prospects, has uniqueness and superiority in various industries. In this paper, the preparation technology of nanocapsules was systematically divided into three categories: physical methods, chemical methods, and physicochemical methods. The technological innovation of different methods in recent years was reviewed, and the mechanisms of nanocapsules prepared via emulsion polymerization, interface polymerization, layer-by-layer self-assembly technology, nanoprecipitation, supercritical fluid, and nano spray drying was summarized in detail. Different from previous reviews, the renewal iteration of core-shell structural materials was highlighted, and relevant illustrations of their representative and latest research results were reviewed. With the continuous progress of nanocapsule technology, especially the continuous development of new wall materials and catalysts, new preparation technology, and new production equipment, nanocapsule technology will be used more widely in medicine, food, cosmetics, pesticides, petroleum products, and many other fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shangxing Chen
- National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, The Institute of Plant Natural Products and Forest Products Chemical Engineering, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (F.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (G.F.); (P.W.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ji Zhang
- National Forestry and Grassland Bureau Woody Spice (East China) Engineering Technology Research Center, The Institute of Plant Natural Products and Forest Products Chemical Engineering, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (Y.Z.); (P.W.); (F.W.); (L.Z.); (Z.W.); (G.F.); (P.W.); (H.L.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rijpkema SJ, van Egeraat R, Li W, Wilson DA. Photo-Cross-Linking Polymersome Nanoreactors with Size-Selective Permeability. Macromolecules 2022; 55:5744-5755. [PMID: 35847241 PMCID: PMC9281476 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J. Rijpkema
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Rik van Egeraat
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Li
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela A. Wilson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alam SB, Soligno G, Yang J, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Zheng H, Whitelam S, Chan EM. Dynamics of Polymer Nanocapsule Buckling and Collapse Revealed by In Situ Liquid-Phase TEM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:7168-7178. [PMID: 35621188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanocapsules are hollow nanoscale shells that have applications in drug delivery, batteries, self-healing materials, and as model systems for naturally occurring shell geometries. In many applications, nanocapsules are designed to release their cargo as they buckle and collapse, but the details of this transient buckling process have not been directly observed. Here, we use in situ liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy to record the electron-irradiation-induced buckling in spherical 60-187 nm polymer capsules with ∼3.5 nm walls. We observe in real time the release of aqueous cargo from these nanocapsules and their buckling into morphologies with single or multiple indentations. The in situ buckling of nanoscale capsules is compared to ex situ measurements of collapsed and micrometer-sized capsules and to Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. The shape and dynamics of the collapsing nanocapsules are consistent with MC simulations, which reveal that the excessive wrinkling of nanocapsules with ultrathin walls results from their large Föppl-von Kármán numbers around 105. Our experiments suggest design rules for nanocapsules with the desired buckling response based on parameters such as capsule radius, wall thickness, and collapse rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sardar B Alam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Giuseppe Soligno
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CC, The Netherlands
| | - Jiwoong Yang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stephen Whitelam
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Emory M Chan
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Galaverna RS, Fernandes LP, Menezes da Silva VH, de Siervo A, Pastre JC. Humins‐Like Solid Support for Palladium Immobilization: Highly Efficient and Recyclable Catalyst for Cross‐Coupling Reactions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renan S. Galaverna
- State University of Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Chemistry BRAZIL
| | - Lucas P. Fernandes
- State University of Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Chemistry BRAZIL
| | | | - Abner de Siervo
- State University of Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas Physics BRAZIL
| | - Julio Cezar Pastre
- University of Campinas Organic Chemistry Rua Monteiro Lobatos/n 13083-970 Campinas BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Oh XY, Sakar J, Cham N, Er GTK, Pan HM, Goto A. Self-catalyzed synthesis of a nano-capsule and its application as a heterogeneous RCMP catalyst and nano-reactor. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01086k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A nano-capsule synthesized via self-catalyzed RCMP and its use as a heterogeneous catalyst and a nano-reactor of RCMP to generate a multi-elemental particle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi Oh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| | - Jit Sakar
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| | - Ning Cham
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| | - Gerald Tze Kwang Er
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| | - Houwen Matthew Pan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| | - Atsushi Goto
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, 637459 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aşkun M, Sagdic K, Inci F, Öztürk B. Olefin Metathesis in Confined Spaces: The Encapsulation of Hoveyda-Grubbs Catalyst in Peanut, Square, and Capsule Shaped Hollow Silica Gels. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy01291j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, Hoveyda-Grubbs 2nd generation (HG2) catalyst was encapsulated in hollow mesoporous silica gels with various morphologies (peanut, square, and capsule) by reducing the pore size of the mesoporous...
Collapse
|
8
|
Sun Z, Li Y, Zheng SY, Mao S, He X, Wang X, Yang J. Zwitterionic Nanocapsules with Salt- and Thermo-Responsiveness for Controlled Encapsulation and Release. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47090-47099. [PMID: 34559520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent polymer nanocapsules that can not only encapsulate substances efficiently but also release them in a controllable manner hold great potential in many applications. To date, although intensive efforts have been made to develop intelligent polymer nanocapsules, how to construct the well-defined core/shell structure with high stability via a straightforward method remains a considerable challenge. In this work, the target novel zwitterionic nanocapsules (ZNCs) with a stable hollow structure were synthesized by inverse reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) miniemulsion interfacial polymerization. The shell gradually grew from the water/oil interface due to the interfacial polymerization, accompanied by the cross-linking of the polyzwitterionic networks, where the core/shell structure could be well-tuned by adjusting the precursor compositions. The resultant ZNCs exhibited a salt-/thermo-induced swelling behavior through the phase transition of the external zwitterionic polymers. To further investigate the functions of ZNCs, different substances, such as methyl orange and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were encapsulated into the ZNCs with a high encapsulation efficiency of 89.3 and 93.6%, respectively. Interestingly, the loaded substances can be controllably released in aqueous solution triggered by salt or temperature variations, and such responsiveness also can be utilized to bounce off the bacteria adhered on target surfaces. We believe that these designed salt- and thermo-responsive intelligent polymer nanocapsules with well-defined core/shell structures and antifouling surfaces should be a promising platform for biomedical and saline related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijuan Sun
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Si Yu Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Shihua Mao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin He
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang M, Xu Z, Shi Y, Cai F, Qiu J, Yang G, Hua Z, Chen T. TEMPO-Functionalized Nanoreactors from Bottlebrush Copolymers for the Selective Oxidation of Alcohols in Water. J Org Chem 2021; 86:8027-8035. [PMID: 34105963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric nanoreactors in water fabricated by the self-assembly of amphiphilic copolymers have attracted much attention due to their good catalytic performance without using organic solvents. However, the disassembly and instability of relevant nanostructures often compromise their potential applicability. Herein, the preparation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-containing nanoreactors by the self-assembly of amphiphilic bottlebrush copolymers has been demonstrated. First, a macromonomer having a norbornenyl polymerizable group was prepared by RAFT polymerization of hydrophobic and hydrophilic monomers. The macromonomer was further subjected to ring-opening metathesis polymerization to produce an amphiphilic bottlebrush copolymer. Further, TEMPO, as a catalyst, was introduced into the hydrophobic block through the activated ester strategy. Finally, TEMPO-functionalized polymeric nanoreactors were successfully obtained by self-assembly in water. The nanoreactors exhibited excellent catalytic activities in selective oxidation of alcohols in water. More importantly, the reaction kinetics showed that the turnover frequency is greatly increased compared to that of the similar nanoreactor prepared from liner copolymers under the same conditions. The outstanding catalytic activities of the nanoreactors from bottlebrush copolymers could be attributed to the more stable micellar structure using the substrate concentration effect. This work presents a new strategy to fabricate stable nanoreactors, paving the way for highly efficient organic reactions in aqueous solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhenkai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Zhejiang Cady Industry Co., Ltd., Industrial Garden Lianshi Town, Huzhou 313013, China
| | - Fang Cai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.,Zhejiang Cady Industry Co., Ltd., Industrial Garden Lianshi Town, Huzhou 313013, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Zan Hua
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education; Eco-Dyeing and Finishing Engineering Research Center, Ministry of Education; National Base for International Science and Technology Cooperation in Textiles and Consumer-Goods Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles-supported dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid as a highly efficient and green heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of substituted quinolines and 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthol derivatives. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
11
|
Hambly BP, Sears CK, Guzinski M, Perez F, Latonen RM, Bobacka J, Pendley BD, Lindner E. Multilayer and Surface Immobilization of EDOT-Decorated Nanocapsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:499-508. [PMID: 33372781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the feasibility of utilizing reagent-loaded, porous polymeric nanocapsules (NCs) for chemical and biochemical sensor design, the surfaces of the NCs were decorated with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) moieties. The pores in the capsule wall allow unhindered bidirectional diffusion of molecules smaller than the programmed pore sizes, while larger molecules are either entrapped inside or blocked from entering the interior of the nanocapsules. Here, we investigate two electrochemical deposition methods to covalently attach acrylate-based porous nanocapsules with 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene moieties on the nanocapsule surface, i.e., EDOT-decorated NCs to the surface of an existing PEDOT film: (1) galvanostatic or bilayer deposition with supporting EDOT in the deposition solution and (2) potentiostatic deposition without supporting EDOT in the deposition solution. The distribution of the covalently attached NCs in the PEDOT films was studied by variable angle FTIR-ATR and XPS depth profiling. The galvanostatic deposition of EDOT-decorated NCs over an existing PEDOT (tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) [PEDOT(TPFPhB)] film resulted in a bilayer structure, with an interface between the NC-free and NC-loaded layers, that could be traced with variable angle FTIR-ATR measurements. In contrast, the FTIR-ATR and XPS analyses of the films deposited potentiostatically from a solution without EDOT and containing only the EDOT-decorated NCs showed small amounts of NCs in the entire cross section of the films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley P Hambly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Chandler K Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Marcin Guzinski
- Vanderbilt Eye Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Felio Perez
- Material Science Lab, Integrated Microscopy Center, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Rose-Marie Latonen
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Johan Bobacka
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Laboratory of Molecular Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
| | - Bradford D Pendley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| | - Ernő Lindner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee 38152, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fabrication of Nanoreactors Based on End-Functionalized Polymethacrylate and Their Catalysis Application. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01599-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
13
|
Dergunov SA, Pinkhassik E. Bilayer-Templated Two-Dimensional RAFT Polymerization for Directed Assembly of Polymer Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18405-18411. [PMID: 32558032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Co-localization of monomers, crosslinkers, and chain-transfer agents (CTA) within self-assembled bilayers in an aqueous suspension enabled the successful directed assembly of nanocapsules using a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process without compromising the polymerization kinetics. This study uncovered substantial influence of the organized medium on the course of the reaction, including differential reactivity based on placement and mobility of monomers, crosslinkers, and CTAs within the bilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dergunov SA, Pinkhassik E. Bilayer‐Templated Two‐Dimensional RAFT Polymerization for Directed Assembly of Polymer Nanostructures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269 USA
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road Storrs CT 06269 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong Q, Zhou F, Jiang J, Xu WL, Behera D, Sengupta B, Yu M. Advanced Functional Hierarchical Nanoporous Structures with Tunable Microporous Coatings Formed via an Interfacial Reaction Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:26360-26366. [PMID: 32419448 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c05310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is challenging, but constructing hierarchical nanoporous structures with microporous coatings for various important applications, such as entrapment of homogeneous catalysts, size/shape selective catalysis, and so forth, is an urgent need. Moreover, microporous inorganic coatings are particularly desirable because of their excellent stability in organic solvents and at elevated temperatures and pressures. In this study, we design a novel liquid phase interfacial reaction process to form a defect-free, hybrid coating, which can be subsequently converted into microporous coatings, with tunable pore size, on nanoporous materials. As an example to entrap functional materials, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium (Pd(PPh3)4) was in situ synthesized in the mesoporous channels and encapsulated by the microporous coating shell. The encapsulated Pd(PPh3)4 catalyst exhibited negligible Pd leaching, providing a promising solution for the challenging catalyst separation problem in homogeneous catalysis. These results suggest that this novel strategy might be an effective way of forming microporous inorganic coatings on nanoporous materials for entrapping functional materials for wide applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaobei Dong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Fanglei Zhou
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Weiwei L Xu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Dinesh Behera
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Bratin Sengupta
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Miao Yu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang J, Wang T, Liu X, Lu Y, Geng J. Multiple-responsive supramolecular vesicle based on azobenzene-cyclodextrin host-guest interaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18572-18580. [PMID: 35518297 PMCID: PMC9053703 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02123g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple-responsive supramolecular vesicles have been successfully fabricated by the complexation between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and a pH/photo dual-responsive amphiphile 4-(4-(hexyloxy)phenylazo)benzoate sodium (HPB) with azobenzene and carboxylate groups. When mixing β-CD with HPB to reach a host/guest molar ratio of 1 : 1, the azobenzene group of HPB could be spontaneously included by β-CD molecules. Then, the formed inclusion complexes (HPB@β-CD) could self-assemble into vesicles, which was driven by the hydrophobic interaction of the alkyl chain of HPB and the hydrogen bonds between neighboring β-CDs. The reversible assembly/disassembly of the vesicles could be simply regulated under UV or visible light irradiation. The reversible phase transformation between vesicles and microbelts could also be realized by adjusting the pH values of the sample. Adding both competitive guest molecules (1-adamantane carboxylic acid sodium (ADA)) and α-amylase would result in the phase transformation from vesicles to micelles. Moreover, the vesicles would be destroyed when β-CD was continuously added until the ratio of host/guest reached 2 : 1. Such an interesting quintuple-responsive vesicle system reported here not only has potential applications in various fields such as controlled release or drug delivery, but also provides a reference for the design and construction of multiple responsive systems. A quintuple-responsive vesicle system was successfully fabricated by simply mixing HPB with an equal amount of β-CD.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 China
| | - Jingjing Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Taiyuan Normal University Jinzhong 030619 China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zyuzin MV, Ramos-Cabrer P, Carregal-Romero S. Encapsulation of Enzymes in Porous Capsules via Particle Templating. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2100:227-241. [PMID: 31939127 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0215-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The entrapment of enzymes in capsules is a smart strategy to concentrate them in confined spaces and control their exposure to outside environments. Enzymes can be caged in the interior of capsules during their formation (preloading) or postloaded within prefabricated and permeable hollow shells. On the other hand, enzymes can also be deposited within the shell or on the surface of the capsules. Each of these strategies has intrinsic limitations, and a common enemy is the undesired desorption of enzymes.Here, we describe the formation of enzyme-loaded polymeric capsules prepared with the Layer-by-Layer method and the template-assisted entrapment of enzymes through coprecipitation (preloading) within calcium carbonate particles, as an example of an efficient preloading strategy, and draw attention at the key parameters that influence this immobilization method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail V Zyuzin
- Faculty of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pedro Ramos-Cabrer
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Lab, CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Susana Carregal-Romero
- Molecular and Functional Biomarkers, CIC biomaGUNE, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Dergunov SA, Richter AG, Kim MD, Pingali SV, Urban VS, Pinkhassik E. Deciphering and Controlling Structural and Functional Parameters of the Shells in Vesicle-Templated Polymer Nanocapsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:13020-13030. [PMID: 31403799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle-templated nanocapsules are prepared by polymerization of hydrophobic acrylic monomers and cross-linkers in the hydrophobic interior of self-assembled bilayers. Understanding the mechanism of capsule formation and the influence of synthetic parameters on the structural features and functional performance of nanocapsules is critical for the rational design of functional nanodevices, an emerging trend of application of the nanocapsule platform. This study investigated the relationship between basic parameters of the formulation and synthesis of nanocapsules and structural and functional characteristics of the resulting structures. Variations in the monomer/surfactant ratio, temperature of polymerization, and the molar fraction of the free-radical initiators were investigated with a multipronged approach, including shell thickness measurements using small-angle neutron scattering, evaluation of the structural integrity of nanocapsules with scanning electron microscopy, and determination of the retention of entrapped molecules using absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the thickness of the shells did not correlate with the monomer/surfactant ratio, supporting the hypothesis of substantial stabilization of the surfactant bilayer with loaded monomers. Decreasing the temperature of polymerization had no effect on the spherical structure of nanocapsules but resulted in progressively lower retention of entrapped molecules, suggesting that a spherical skeleton of nanocapsule forms rapidly, followed by filling the gaps to create the structure without pinholes. Lower content of initiators resulted in slower reactions, outlining the baseline conditions for practical synthetic protocols. Taken together, these findings provide insights into the formation of nanocapsules and offer methods for controlling the properties of nanocapsules in viable synthetic methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Andrew George Richter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Valparaiso University , Valparaiso , Indiana 46383 , United States
| | - Mariya D Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831-6430 , United States
| | - Volker S Urban
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology , Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge , Tennessee 37831-6430 , United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry , University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd. , Storrs , Connecticut 06269-3060 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen T, Xu Z, Zhou L, Qiu J, Wang M, Wang J. Highly efficient polymer-based nanoreactors for selective oxidation of alcohols in water. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Zhu W, Chen Z, Pan Y, Dai R, Wu Y, Zhuang Z, Wang D, Peng Q, Chen C, Li Y. Functionalization of Hollow Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications: Nanoreactor Construction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1800426. [PMID: 30125990 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hollow nanomaterials have attracted a broad interest in multidisciplinary research due to their unique structure and preeminent properties. Owing to the high specific surface area, well-defined active site, delimited void space, and tunable mass transfer rate, hollow nanostructures can serve as excellent catalysts, supports, and reactors for a variety of catalytic applications, including photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous catalysis, etc. Based on state-of-the-art synthetic methods and characterization techniques, researchers focus on the purposeful functionalization of hollow nanomaterials for catalytic mechanism studies and intricate catalytic reactions. Herein, an overview of current reports with respect to the catalysis of functionalized hollow nanomaterials is given, and they are classified into five types of versatile strategies with a top-down perspective, including textual and composition modification, encapsulation, multishelled construction, anchored single atomic site, and surface molecular engineering. In the detailed case studies, the design and construction of hierarchical hollow catalysts are discussed. Moreover, since hollow structure offers more than two types of spatial-delimited sites, complicated catalytic reactions are elaborated. In summary, functionalized hollow nanomaterials provide an ideal model for the rational design and development of efficient catalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruoyun Dai
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhongbin Zhuang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dingsheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qing Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yadong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zeynizadeh B, Rahmani S, Eghbali E. Anchored sulfonic acid on silica-layered NiFe2O4: A magnetically reusable nanocatalyst for Hantzsch synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
22
|
Pan Y, Qiu W, Li Q, Zhu S, Lin C, Zeng W, Xiong X, Liu XY, Lin Y. Assembling Two‐Phase Enzymatic Cascade Pathways in Pickering Emulsion. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Pan
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wu Qiu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shuihong Zhu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Changxu Lin
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Wenbin Zeng
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xueqing Xiong
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiang Yang Liu
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- Department of PhysicsNational University of Singapore 2 Science Drive 3 117542 Singapore Singapore
| | - Youhui Lin
- Department of Physics, Research Institute for Biomimetics and Soft Matter Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory for Soft Functional Materials Research Jiujiang Research InstituteXiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang X, Hou Y, Ettelaie R, Guan R, Zhang M, Zhang Y, Yang H. Pickering Emulsion-Derived Liquid-Solid Hybrid Catalyst for Bridging Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:5220-5230. [PMID: 30776224 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a novel method to prepare a liquid-solid hybrid catalyst via interfacial growth of a porous silica crust around Pickering emulsion droplets, which allowed us to overcome the current limitations of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The inner micron-scaled liquid (for example, ionic liquids) pool of the resultant catalyst can host free homogeneous molecular catalysts or enzymes to create a true homogeneous catalysis environment. The porous silica crust of the hybrid catalyst has excellent stability, which makes it amenable to packing directly in fixed-bed reactors for continuous flow catalysis. As a proof of concept, the enzymatic kinetic resolution of racemic alcohols, CrIII(salen) complex-catalyzed asymmetric ring opening of epoxides and Pd-catalyzed Tsuji-Trost allylic substitution reactions were used to verify the generality and versatility of our strategy for bridging homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. The hybrid catalyst-based continuous flow system exhibited a 1.6∼16-fold enhancement in activity relative to homogeneous counterparts even over 1500 h, and the afforded enantioselectivities were completely equal to those obtained in the homogeneous counterpart systems. Interestingly, the catalytic efficiency can be tuned through rational engineering of the porous crust and the dimensions of the liquid pool, resulting in features of an innovatively designed catalyst. This contribution provides a new method to design efficient catalysts that can bridge the conceptual and technical gaps between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| | - Yiting Hou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| | - Rammile Ettelaie
- Food Colloids Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , United Kingdom
| | - Ruqun Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| | - Yabin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| | - Hengquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Shanxi University , Taiyuan 030006 , P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dergunov SA, Kim MD, Shmakov SN, Pinkhassik E. Building Functional Nanodevices with Vesicle-Templated Porous Polymer Nanocapsules. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:189-198. [PMID: 30561994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle-templated nanocapsules offer a unique combination of properties enabled by robust shells with single-nanometer thickness containing programmed uniform pores capable of fast and selective mass transfer. These capsules emerged as a versatile platform for creating functional devices, such as nanoreactors, nanosensors, and containers for the delivery of drugs and imaging agents. Nanocapsules are synthesized by a directed assembly method using self-assembled bilayers of vesicles as temporary scaffolds. In this approach, hydrophobic building blocks are loaded into the hydrophobic interior of vesicles formed from lipids or surfactants. Pore-forming templates are codissolved with the monomers and cross-linkers in the interior of the bilayer. The polymerization forms a cross-linked shell with embedded pore-forming templates. Removal of the surfactant scaffold and pore-forming templates leads to free-standing nanocapsules with shells containing uniform imprinted nanopores. Development of reliable and scalable synthetic methods for the modular construction of capsules with tunable properties has opened the opportunity to pursue practical applications of nanocapsules. In this Account, we discuss how unique properties of vesicle-templated nanocapsules translate into the creation of functional nanodevices. Specifically, we focus the conversation on applications aiming at the delivery of drugs and imaging agents, creation of fast-acting and selective nanoreactors, and fabrication of nanoprobes for sensing and imaging. We present a brief overview of the synthesis of nanocapsules with an emphasis on recent developments leading to robust synthetic methods including the synthesis under physiological conditions and creation of biodegradable nanocapsules. We then highlight unique properties of nanocapsules essential for practical applications, such as precise control of pore size and chemical environment, selective permeability, and ultrafast transport through the pores. We discuss new motifs for catch and release of small molecules with porous nanocapsules based on controlling the microenvironment inside the nanocapsules, regulating the charge on the orifice of nanopores in the shells, and reversible synergistic action of host and guest forming a supramolecular complex in nanocapsules. We demonstrate successful creation of fast-acting and selective nanoreactors by encapsulation of diverse homogeneous and nanoparticle catalysts. Due to unhindered flow of substrates and products through the nanopores, encapsulation did not compromise catalytic efficiency and, in fact, improved the stability of entrapped catalysts. We present robust nanoprobes based on nanocapsules with entrapped sensing agents and show how the encapsulation resulted in selective measurements with fast response times in challenging conditions, such as small volumes and complex mixtures. Throughout this Account, we highlight the advantages of encapsulation and discuss the opportunities for future design of nanodevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Mariya D. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Sergey N. Shmakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Weiss PS. Expanding ACS Nano and Our Coverage. ACS NANO 2018; 12:11715-11716. [PMID: 30995711 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
|
26
|
Dergunov SA. Facile Synthesis of Chiral Polymers with Defined Architecture via Cooperative Assembly of Confined Templates. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:1322-1327. [PMID: 35651254 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein is presented the synergistically self-assembled system as biomimetic polymerization media. This approach allows the facile synthesis of chiral amino acid-based polymers with high molecular weight and low dispersity inside of the bilayer of catanionic vesicles by using a conventional radical polymerization under moderate conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang B, Wang H, Zhang F, Sun T. Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Silicalite-1 Encapsulated Ag NPs and Its Catalytic Performance for 4-Nitrophenol Reduction. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:174. [PMID: 29881924 PMCID: PMC5992112 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2579-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A facile and efficient strategy is presented for the encapsulation of Ag NPs within hierarchical porous silicalite-1. The physicochemical properties of the resultant catalyst are characterized by TEM, XRD, FTIR, and N2 adsorption-desorption analytical techniques. It turns out that the Ag NPs are well distributed in MFI zeolite framework, which possesses hierarchical porous characteristics (1.75, 3.96 nm), and the specific surface area is as high as 243 m2 · g-1. More importantly, such catalyst can rapidly transform the 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in aqueous solution at room temperature, and a quantitative conversion is also obtained after being reused 10 times. The reasons can be attributed to the fast mass transfer, large surface area, and spatial confinement effect of the advanced support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Haojiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengwei Zhang
- Institute of Crystalline Materials, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tijian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001 People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Sienkiewicz N, Szmechtyk T, Strzelec K. Recycable complex catalysts immobilized on mercaptan-functionalized glass-polymer supports. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2335-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
De Martino MT, Abdelmohsen LKEA, Rutjes FPJT, van Hest JCM. Nanoreactors for green catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:716-733. [PMID: 29719570 PMCID: PMC5905268 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable and environmentally benign production are key drivers for developments in the chemical industrial sector, as protecting our planet has become a significant element that should be considered for every industrial breakthrough or technological advancement. As a result, the concept of green chemistry has been recently defined to guide chemists towards minimizing any harmful outcome of chemical processes in either industry or research. Towards greener reactions, scientists have developed various approaches in order to decrease environmental risks while attaining chemical sustainability and elegancy. Utilizing catalytic nanoreactors for greener reactions, for facilitating multistep synthetic pathways in one-pot procedures, is imperative with far-reaching implications in the field. This review is focused on the applications of some of the most used nanoreactors in catalysis, namely: (polymer) vesicles, micelles, dendrimers and nanogels. The ability and efficiency of catalytic nanoreactors to carry out organic reactions in water, to perform cascade reaction and their ability to be recycled will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Teresa De Martino
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C M van Hest
- Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sun P, Wu A, Sun N, Qiao X, Shi L, Zheng L. Multiple-Responsive Hierarchical Self-Assemblies of a Smart Supramolecular Complex: Regulation of Noncovalent Interactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:2791-2799. [PMID: 29397743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We herein report a smart amphiphilic supramolecular complex ([MimA-EDA-MimA]@[DBS]2) with stimuli-responsive self-assembly, constructed by 3-(3-formyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)-1-methylimidazolium chloride (MimACl), sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), and ethylenediamine (EDA). The self-assembly of [MimA-EDA-MimA]@[DBS]2 shows triple-sensitivities in response to pH, concentration, and salt. At a low pH, only micelles are formed, which can transform into vesicles spontaneously when the pH increases to 11.8. Vesicles can gradually fuse into vesicle clusters and elongated assemblies with increasing concentration of [MimA-EDA-MimA]@[DBS]2. Chainlike aggregates, ringlike aggregates, or giant vesicles can be formed by adding inorganic salts (i.e., NaCl and NaNO3), which could be derived from the membrane fusion of vesicles. The noncovalent interactions, including π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions, were found to be responsible for the topology evolution of assemblies. Thus, it provides an opportunity to construct smart materials through the regulation of the role of noncovalent interactions in self-assembly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aoli Wu
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Na Sun
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xuanxuan Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
| | - Lijuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coal Science and Technology of Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, Taiyuan University of Technology , Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Liqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education , Jinan 250100, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Jeong Y, Tonga GY, Duncan B, Yan B, Das R, Sahub C, Rotello VM. Solubilization of Hydrophobic Catalysts Using Nanoparticle Hosts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702198. [PMID: 29271047 PMCID: PMC5848072 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A modular strategy for the solubilization and protection of hydrophobic transition metal catalysts using the hydrophobic pockets of water soluble gold nanoparticles is reported. Besides preserving original catalyst activity, this encapsulation strategy provides a protective environment for the hydrophobic catalyst and brings reusability. This system provides a versatile platform for the encapsulation of different hydrophobic transition metal catalysts, allowing a wide range of catalysis in water while uniting the advantages of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in the same system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngdo Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Gulen Yesilbag Tonga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bradley Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Bo Yan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Riddha Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Chonticha Sahub
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. Supramolecular Chemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Vincent M. Rotello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Hofer CJ, Grass RN, Schneider EM, Hendriks L, Herzog AF, Zeltner M, Günther D, Stark WJ. Water dispersible surface-functionalized platinum/carbon nanorattles for size-selective catalysis. Chem Sci 2018; 9:362-367. [PMID: 29629105 PMCID: PMC5868313 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03785f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective dealloying of metal nanoparticles results in rattle-type hollow carbon nanoshells enclosing platinum nanoparticles, which are able to perform size-selective catalysis. Selective functionalization of the outer graphene-like carbon surface prevents agglomeration and leads to well dispersible nanocatalysts in aqueous solutions. The synthesis starts with the production of nanoparticles with a cobalt-platinum-alloy core surrounded by graphene-like carbon via reducing flame spray synthesis. After surface functionalization, simultaneous pore formation in the shell-wall and dissolution of the cobalt results in platinum encapsulated in hollow carbon nanospheres. Catalytic oxidation of differently sized sugars (glucose and maltoheptaose) reveales size-selective catalytic properties of these platinum nanorattles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne J Hofer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| | - Robert N Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| | - Elia M Schneider
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| | - Lyndsey Hendriks
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Antoine F Herzog
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| | - Martin Zeltner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| | - Detlef Günther
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering , ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland .
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shul'pin GB, Vinogradov MM, Shul'pina LS. Oxidative functionalization of C–H compounds induced by the extremely efficient osmium catalysts (a review). Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00659h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, osmium complexes have found applications not only in thecis-hydroxylation of olefins but also very efficient in the oxygenation of C–H compounds (saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols) by hydrogen peroxide as well as organic peroxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgiy B. Shul'pin
- Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
- Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - Mikhail M. Vinogradov
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Lidia S. Shul'pina
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds
- Russian Academy of Sciences
- Moscow
- Russia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jing L, Zhang X, Guan R, Yang H. Construction of a chiral macromolecular catalyst in hollow silica nanoreactors for efficient and recyclable asymmetric catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy02610b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy for immobilizing a Noyori–Ikariya catalyst is developed by constructing a macromolecular polymer in hollow silica nanoreactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Ruqun Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| | - Hengquan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chen LN, Li HQ, Yan MW, Yuan CF, Zhan WW, Jiang YQ, Xie ZX, Kuang Q, Zheng LS. Ternary Alloys Encapsulated within Different MOFs via a Self-Sacrificing Template Process: A Potential Platform for the Investigation of Size-Selective Catalytic Performances. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1700683. [PMID: 28675780 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional nanoparticles encapsulated within metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as an emerging class of composite materials attract increasing attention owing to their enhanced or even novel properties caused by the synergistic effect between the two functional materials. However, there is still no ideal composite structure as platform to systematically analyze and evaluate the relation between the enhanced catalytic performance of composites and the structure of MOF shells. In this work, taking RhCoNi ternary alloy nanoflowers, for example, first the RhCoNi@MOF composite catalysts sheathed with different structured MOFs via a facile self-sacrificing template process are successfully fabricated. The structure type of MOF shells is easily adjustable by using different organic molecules as etchant and coordination reagent (e.g., 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid or 2-methylimidazole), which can dissolve out the Co or Ni element in the alloy template in a targeted manner, thereby producing ZIF-67(Co) or MOF-74(Ni) shells accordingly. With the difference between the two MOF shells in the aperture sizes, the as-prepared two RhCoNi@MOF composites preform distinct size selectivity during the alkene hydrogenation. This work would help us to get more comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic role of MOFs behind the enhanced catalytic performance of nanoparticle@MOF composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hui-Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Meng-Wen Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chao-Fan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Wen-Wen Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Ya-Qi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhao-Xiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Qin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Lan-Sun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kim MD, Dergunov SA, Pinkhassik E. Controlling the Encapsulation of Charged Molecules in Vesicle-Templated Nanocontainers through Electrostatic Interactions with the Bilayer Scaffold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7732-7740. [PMID: 28679052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work addresses the challenge of creating hollow nanocapsules with a controlled quantity of encapsulated molecules. Such nanocontainers or nanorattle-like structures represent an attractive platform for building functional devices, including nanoreactors and nanosensors. By taking advantage of the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged cargo molecules and the surface of the templating bilayer of catanionic vesicles, formed by mixing single-tailed cationic and anionic surfactants, we were able to achieve a substantial increase in the local concentration of molecules inside the vesicle-templated nanocapsules. Control of electrostatic interactions through changes in the formulation of catanionic vesicles or the pH of the solution enabled fine tuning of the encapsulation efficiency in capturing ionic solutes. The ability to control the quantity of entrapped molecules greatly expands the application of nanocontainers in the creation of functional nanodevices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya D Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Richter AG, Dergunov SA, Kim MD, Shmakov SN, Pingali SV, Urban VS, Liu Y, Pinkhassik E. Unraveling the Single-Nanometer Thickness of Shells of Vesicle-Templated Polymer Nanocapsules. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3630-3636. [PMID: 28715200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vesicle-templated nanocapsules have emerged as a viable platform for diverse applications. Shell thickness is a critical structural parameter of nanocapsules, where the shell plays a crucial role providing mechanical stability and control of permeability. Here we used small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to determine the thickness of freestanding and surfactant-stabilized nanocapsules. Despite being at the edge of detectability, we were able to show the polymer shell thickness to be typically 1.0 ± 0.1 nm, which places vesicle-templated nanocapsules among the thinnest materials ever created. The extreme thinness of the shells has implications for several areas: mass-transport through nanopores is relatively unimpeded; pore-forming molecules are not limited to those spanning the entire bilayer; the internal volume of the capsules is maximized; and insight has been gained on how polymerization occurs in the confined geometry of a bilayer scaffold, being predominantly located at the phase-separated layer of monomers and cross-linkers between the surfactant leaflets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Richter
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Valparaiso University , Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, United States
| | - Sergey A Dergunov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Mariya D Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Sergey N Shmakov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6430, United States
| | - Volker S Urban
- Center for Structural Molecular Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , P.O. Box 2008 MS-6430, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6430, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Delaware , Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Center for Neutron Science, National Institute of Standards and Technology , 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Eugene Pinkhassik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut , 55 North Eagleville Rd, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|