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Kumar S, Tripathi A, Chakraborty I, Ghangrekar MM. Engineered nanomaterials for carbon capture and bioenergy production in microbial electrochemical technologies: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 389:129809. [PMID: 37797801 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The mounting threat of global warming, fuelled by industrialization and anthropogenic activities, is undeniable. In 2017, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary greenhouse gas, exceeded 410 ppm for the first time. Shockingly, on April 28, 2023, this figure surged even higher, reaching an alarming 425 ppm. Even though extensive research has been conducted on developing efficient carbon capture and storage technologies, most suffer from high costs, short lifespans, and significant environmental impacts. Recently, the use of engineered nanomaterials (ENM), particularly in microbial electrochemical technologies (METs), has gained momentum owing to their appropriate physicochemical properties and catalytic activity. By implementing ENM, the MET variants like microbial electrosynthesis (MES) and photosynthetic microbial fuel cells (pMFC) can enhance carbon capture efficiency with simultaneous bioenergy production and wastewater treatment. This review provides an overview of ENMs' role in carbon capture within MES and pMFC, highlighting advancements and charting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- P. K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Akash Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Indrajit Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Makarand M Ghangrekar
- P. K. Sinha Centre for Bioenergy and Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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2
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Wang T, Wei X, Sun Y, Hu Y, Li J, Zhang X, Yin S, Shi Y, Zhu Y. Copper nanoparticles induce the formation of fatty liver in Takifugu fasciatus triggered by the PERK-EIF2α- SREBP-1c pathway. NANOIMPACT 2021; 21:100280. [PMID: 35559772 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2020.100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs), a new pollutant in water environments, were widely used in various industrial and commercial applications. This study indicated that the presence of CuNPs exposure under environmental related concentration is an inducing factor that contributes to the fatty liver formation in Takifugu fasciatus. Furthermore, we explored the fatty liver formation mechanism. The results shown, (1) the cloned genes related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) (GRP78, IRE-1α, PERK, and ATF-6α) were highly expressed in the liver of T. fasciatus. (2) after 30-days exposure, CuNPs accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver and induced the appearance of ERS, then activated unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathway. Furthermore, the SREBP-1c pathway that plays a key role in lipid synthesis was activated. (3) by using 4-PBA and GSK inhibitors to respectively stimulate ERS and PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) through in vitro experiments, we confirmed that CuNPs induced the fatty liver formation in T. fasciatus triggered by the PERK-EIF2α pathway by activating the SREBP-1c pathway to promote fatty liver formation. This study provides a new perspective for identifying the pathogens of fatty liver formation, and adds to the knowledge of the ecological safety data service of CuNPs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Xiaozhen Wei
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Yiru Sun
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222005, China.
| | - Yonghai Shi
- Shanghai Fisheries Research Institute, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhu
- Jiangsu Zhongyang Group Company Limited, Haian, Jiangsu 226600, China
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3
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Jia J, Wang Z, Yue T, Su G, Teng C, Yan B. Crossing Biological Barriers by Engineered Nanoparticles. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1055-1060. [PMID: 32223181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) may cause toxicity if they cross various biological barriers and are accumulated in vital organs. Which factors affect barrier crossing efficiency of ENPs are crucial to understand. Here, we present strong data showing that various nanoparticles crossed biological barriers to enter vital animal organs and cause toxicity. We also point out that physicochemical properties of ENPs, modifications of ENPs in biofluid, and physiological and pathological conditions of the body all affect barrier crossing efficiency. We also summarized our limited understanding of the related mechanisms. On the basis of this summary, major research gaps and direction of further efforts are then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zengjin Wang
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tongtao Yue
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, College of Chemical Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Gaoxing Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Chuanfeng Teng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Schaak RE. Beyond Guano-Doped Graphene. ACS NANO 2020; 14:2555-2556. [PMID: 32207911 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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5
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Mondal P, Chatterjee S, Sarkar P, Bhaumik A, Mukhopadhyay C. Preparation of DABCO‐Based Acidic‐Ionic‐Liquid‐Supported ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Application for Ecofriendly Synthesis of
N
‐Aryl Polyhydroquinoline Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Mondal
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calcutta 92 APC Road Kolkata- 700009 India
| | - Sauvik Chatterjee
- Department of Materials ScienceIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
| | - Piyali Sarkar
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Calcutta 92 APC Road Kolkata- 700009 India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- Department of Materials ScienceIndian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur Kolkata 700 032 India
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Ray P, Nair G, Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Golovko MY, Banerjee SK, Reindl KM, Mallik S, Quadir M. Microenvironment-sensing, nanocarrier-mediated delivery of combination chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:407-420. [PMID: 30915617 PMCID: PMC6732147 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00514-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited effectiveness of Raf and MEK inhibitors has impelled the interest to use the inhibitors of Extra-cellular Receptor Kinase (ERK) pathway in combination with Gemcitabine (GEM) in pancreatic cancer. However, off-target abundance of ERK receptors, challenging physico-chemical properties, and dose-limiting toxicity of the inhibitor has presented critical challenges towards fabricating this combination amenable for clinical translation. Herein we report a pharmaceutical nanoformulation of GEM and an ERK inhibitor (SCH 772984) co-stabilized within a pH-sensing nanocarrier (NC, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 161 ± 5.0 nm). The NCs were modularly derived from a triblock, self-assembling copolymer, and were chemically conjugated with GEM and encapsulated with SCH772984 at a loading content of 20.2% and 18.3%, respectively. Through pH-mediated unfolding of the individual blocks of the copolymer, the NCs were able to control the release of encapsulated drugs, traffic through cellular membranes, engage target receptors, suppress proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells, and accumulate at disease sites. Collectively our studies showed the feasibility of co-delivery of a combination chemotherapy consisting of GEM and an ERK inhibitor from a NC platform, which can sense and respond to tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ray
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Gauthami Nair
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Mikhail Y Golovko
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, 64128, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Katie M Reindl
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Department of Biology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Sanku Mallik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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Wang X, Liu S, Cao S, Han F, Wang H, Chen H. Tandem Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer: From Vesicles to Stacked Bowls. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, P. R. China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Shida Cao
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Fei Han
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- Institute of Advanced Synthesis and School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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8
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Ray P, Ferraro M, Haag R, Quadir M. Dendritic Polyglycerol-Derived Nano-Architectures as Delivery Platforms of Gemcitabine for Pancreatic Cancer. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900073. [PMID: 31183964 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic polyglycerol-co-polycaprolactone (PG-co-PCL)-derived block copolymers are synthesized and explored as nanoscale drug delivery platforms for a chemotherapeutic agent, gemcitabine (GEM), which is the cornerstone of therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Current treatment strategies with GEM result in suboptimal therapeutic outcome owing to microenvironmental resistance and rapid metabolic degradation of GEM. To address these challenges, physicochemical and cell-biological properties of both covalently conjugated and non-covalently stabilized variants of GEM-containing PG-co-PCL architectures have been evaluated. Self-assembly behavior, drug loading and release capacity, cytotoxicity, and cellular uptake properties of these constructs in monolayer and in spheroid cultures of PDAC cells are investigated. To realize the covalently conjugated carrier systems, GEM, in conjunction with a tertiary amine, is attached to the polycarbonate block grafted from the PG-co-PCL core. It is observed that pH-dependent ionization properties of these amine side-chains direct the formation of self-assembly of block copolymers in the form of nanoparticles. For non-covalent encapsulation, a facile "solvent-shifting" technique is adopted. Fabrication techniques are found to control colloidal and cellular properties of GEM-loaded nanoconstructs. The feasibility and potential of these newly developed architectures for designing carrier systems for GEM to achieve augmented prognosis for pancreatic cancer are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Ray
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Magda Ferraro
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
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Abstract
The field of nanomedicine has made substantial strides in the areas of therapeutic and diagnostic development. For example, nanoparticle-modified drug compounds and imaging agents have resulted in markedly enhanced treatment outcomes and contrast efficiency. In recent years, investigational nanomedicine platforms have also been taken into the clinic, with regulatory approval for Abraxane® and other products being awarded. As the nanomedicine field has continued to evolve, multifunctional approaches have been explored to simultaneously integrate therapeutic and diagnostic agents onto a single particle, or deliver multiple nanomedicine-functionalized therapies in unison. Similar to the objectives of conventional combination therapy, these strategies may further improve treatment outcomes through targeted, multi-agent delivery that preserves drug synergy. Also, similar to conventional/unmodified combination therapy, nanomedicine-based drug delivery is often explored at fixed doses. A persistent challenge in all forms of drug administration is that drug synergy is time-dependent, dose-dependent and patient-specific at any given point of treatment. To overcome this challenge, the evolution towards nanomedicine-mediated co-delivery of multiple therapies has made the potential of interfacing artificial intelligence (AI) with nanomedicine to sustain optimization in combinatorial nanotherapy a reality. Specifically, optimizing drug and dose parameters in combinatorial nanomedicine administration is a specific area where AI can actionably realize the full potential of nanomedicine. To this end, this review will examine the role that AI can have in substantially improving nanomedicine-based treatment outcomes, particularly in the context of combination nanotherapy for both N-of-1 and population-optimized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Ho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NUS Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Chitemere RP, Stafslien S, Rasulev B, Webster DC, Quadir M. Soysome: A Surfactant-Free, Fully Biobased, Self-Assembled Platform for Nanoscale Drug Delivery Applications. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:1830-1841. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruvimbo P. Chitemere
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Shane Stafslien
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Bakhtiyor Rasulev
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Dean C. Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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High-content analysis for mitophagy response to nanoparticles: A potential sensitive biomarker for nanosafety assessment. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 15:59-69. [PMID: 30244083 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy, a selective autophagy of mitochondria, clears up damaged mitochondria to maintain cell homeostasis. We performed high-content analysis (HCA) to detect the increase of PINK1, an essential protein controlling mitophagy, in hepatic cells treated with several nanoparticles (NPs). PINK1 immunofluorescence-based HCA was more sensitive than assays and detections for cell viability and mitochondrial functions. Of which, superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)-NPs or graphene oxide-quantum dots (GO-QDs) was selected as representatives for positive or negative inducer of mitophagy. SPIO-NPs, but not GO-QDs, activated PINK1-dependent mitophagy as demonstrated by recruitment of PARKIN to mitochondria and degradation of injured mitochondria. SPIO-NPs caused the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, decrease in ATP, and increase in mitochondrial reactive oxide species and Ca2+. Blocking mitophagy with PARKIN siRNA aggravated the cytotoxicity of SPIO-NPs. Taken together, PINK1 immunofluorescence-based HCA is considered to be an early, sensitive, and reliable approach to evaluate the bioimpacts of NPs.
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de Bettencourt-Dias A, Hahm JI. Women in Nanotechnology: Toward Better Materials through a Better Understanding of Low-Dimensional Systems. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7417-7420. [PMID: 30080391 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Carbon nanotube scaffolds as emerging nanoplatform for myocardial tissue regeneration: A review of recent developments and therapeutic implications. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:496-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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Al-Hada NM, Mohamed Kamari H, Abdullah CAC, Saion E, Shaari AH, Talib ZA, Matori KA. Down-top nanofabrication of binary (CdO) x (ZnO) 1-x nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8309-8323. [PMID: 29200844 PMCID: PMC5702176 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s150405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, binary oxide (cadmium oxide [CdO])x (zinc oxide [ZnO])1-x nanoparticles (NPs) at different concentrations of precursor in calcination temperature were prepared using thermal treatment technique. Cadmium and zinc nitrates (source of cadmium and zinc) with polyvinylpyrrolidone (capping agent) have been used to prepare (CdO)x (ZnO)1-x NPs samples. The sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. XRD patterns analysis revealed that NPs were formed after calcination, which showed a cubic and hexagonal crystalline structure of (CdO)x (ZnO)1-x NPs. The phase analysis using EDX spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of Cd and Zn as the original compounds of prepared (CdO)x (ZnO)1-x NP samples. The average particle size of the samples increased from 14 to 33 nm as the concentration of precursor increased from x=0.20 to x=0.80, as observed by TEM results. The surface composition and valance state of the prepared product NPs were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses. Diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra were used to determine the optical band gap through the Kubelka-Munk equation; the energy band gap was found to decrease for CdO from 2.92 to 2.82 eV and for ZnO from 3.22 to 3.11 eV with increasing x value. Additionally, photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed that the intensity in PL increased with an increase in particle size. In addition, the antibacterial activity of binary oxide NP was carried out in vitro against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Gram (-ve), Salmonella choleraesuis ATCC 10708, and Bacillus subtilis UPMC 1175 Gram (+ve). This study indicated that the zone of inhibition of 21 mm has good antibacterial activity toward the Gram-positive B. subtilis UPMC 1175.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Khamirul Amin Matori
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science
- Materials Synthesis and Characterization Laboratory (MSCL), Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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