1
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Su C, Ding C, Yang Z, Cao C, Qiu Y, Zhu D, Kuang C, Liu X. Sub-diffraction optical beam lithography based on a center-non-zero depletion laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:109-112. [PMID: 38134164 DOI: 10.1364/ol.504691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Photoinhibition (PI) mechanisms have been introduced in nanofabrication which allows breaking the diffraction limit by large factors. Donut-shaped laser is usually selected as a depletion beam to reduce linewidth, but the parasitic process has made the results of the experiment less than expected. As a result, the linewidth is difficult to achieve below 50 nm with 780 nm femtosecond and 532 nm continuous-wave lasers. Here, we propose a new, to the best of our knowledge, method based on a center-non-zero (CNZ) depletion laser to further reduce linewidth. By constructing a smaller zone of action under the condition of keeping the maximum depletion intensity constant, a minimum linewidth of 30 nm (λ / 26) was achieved. Two ways to construct CNZ spots were discussed and experimented, and the results show the advantages of our method to reduce the parasitic process to further improve the writing resolution.
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2
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Islam S, Sangermano M, Klar TA. STED-Inspired Cationic Photoinhibition Lithography. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:18736-18744. [PMID: 37752901 PMCID: PMC10518867 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing by two-photon lithography has been enhanced substantially during the past two decades by techniques borrowed from stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy. However, STED-inspired lithography was so far limited to radical polymerizations, mostly to acrylates and methacrylates. Cationic polymers did not derive benefits from this technique. Specifically, epoxide polymerization, which plays a paramount role in semiconductor clean-room technology, has not yet been reported with a second, depleting laser focus in the outer rim of the point spread function. We now found that using a thioxanthone as a sensitizer and sulfonium or iodonium salts as photoinitiators enables at least partial optical on/off switching of two-photon polymerization and, in the case of the sulfonium salt, allows for writing epoxy lines with widths shrunk by approx. two-thirds compared to lines written with two-photon polymerization alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Islam
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico
Di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
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3
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Lu H, Ye H, Zhang M, Liu Z, Zou H, You L. Photoswitchable dynamic conjugate addition-elimination reactions as a tool for light-mediated click and clip chemistry. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4015. [PMID: 37419874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Phototriggered click and clip reactions can endow chemical processes with high spatiotemporal resolution and sustainability, but are challenging with a limited scope. Herein we report photoswitchable reversible covalent conjugate addition-elimination reactions toward light-addressed modular covalent connection and disconnection. By coupling between photochromic dithienylethene switch and Michael acceptors, the reactivity of Michael reactions was tuned through closed-ring and open-ring forms of dithienylethene, allowing switching on and off dynamic exchange of a wide scope of thiol and amine nucleophiles. The breaking of antiaromaticity in transition states and enol intermediates of addition-elimination reactions provides the driving force for photoinduced change in kinetic barriers. To showcase the versatile application, light-mediated modification of solid surfaces, regulation of amphiphilic assemblies, and creation/degradation of covalent polymers on demand were achieved. The manipulation of dynamic click/clip reactions with light should set the stage for future endeavors, including responsive assemblies, biological delivery, and intelligent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Hebo Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Meilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zimu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hanxun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lei You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, 350002, Fuzhou, Fujian, China.
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4
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Lemma ED, Tabone R, Richler K, Schneider AK, Bizzarri C, Weth F, Niemeyer CM, Bastmeyer M. Selective Positioning of Different Cell Types on 3D Scaffolds via DNA Hybridization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 36787205 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) microscaffolds for cell biology have shown their potential in mimicking physiological environments and simulating complex multicellular constructs. However, controlling the localization of cells precisely on microfabricated structures is still complex and usually limited to two-dimensional assays. Indeed, the implementation of an efficient method to selectively target different cell types to specific regions of a 3D microscaffold would represent a decisive step toward cell-by-cell assembly of complex cellular arrangements. Here, we use two-photon lithography (2PL) to fabricate 3D microarchitectures with functional photoresists. UV-mediated click reactions are used to functionalize their surfaces with single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides, using sequential repetition to decorate different scaffold regions with individual DNA addresses. Various immortalized cell lines and stem cells modified by grafting complementary oligonucleotides onto the phospholipid membranes can then be immobilized onto complementary regions of the 3D structures by selective hybridization. This allows controlled cocultures to be established with spatially separated arrays of eukaryotic cells in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roberta Tabone
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Richler
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Schneider
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Claudia Bizzarri
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Franco Weth
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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5
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Xie F, Song S, Liang L, Li X, Cao Y. Sub-100 nm pixel pitch via STED photolithography with a nanoprinting-at-expansion/employments-at-recovery strategy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2892-2901. [PMID: 36785292 DOI: 10.1364/oe.476511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Featured with its extraordinary super-resolution capability, the advent of stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography has allowed for vastly reduced minimum feature size of a single pixel down to the deep sub-diffraction scale so as to produce unprecedented nanofeatures. However, the anticipated sub-diffraction pixel pitch down below 100 nm remains out of reach due to redundant polymerization of adjacent exposures at a short distance, so called memory effect. In this work, a nanoprinting-at-expansion/employments-at-recovery strategy is applied in the dual-beam STED lithography technique to surmount the memory effect and break adjacent-exposure limit imposed on minimizing the pixel pitch. The implementation of a femtosecond laser at a wavelength of 532 nm, the same as the inhibition laser beam, working as the initiation laser beam, can drastically reduce the saturated inhibition laser intensity by 74% for abating redundant polymerization subjected to multiple exposures in realizing nanoscale pixel pitch. The adjacent-exposure zone can be separated by isotropically expanding an elastic PDMS substrate for further diminishing redundant polymerization. Applying stretching ratio of 30%, a minimum super-resolved nanodots pixel pitch of 96 nm was achieved with single-dot size of 34 nm on both planar and hierarchical substrate, which offers a record-close distance for printing adjacent pixels. With its nanometer discernibility, this method holds great promise for future versatile utilization in advanced nanoimprinting, high density data storage, etc.
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6
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Hobich J, Blasco E, Wegener M, Mutlu H, Barner‐Kowollik C. Synergistic, Orthogonal, and Antagonistic Photochemistry for Light‐Induced 3D Printing. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hobich
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute Heidelberg University im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials Heidelberg University im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Martin Wegener
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory (SML) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann‐von‐Helmholtz‐Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein‐Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Centre for Materials Science Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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7
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Josef V, Hampel F, Dube H. Heterocyclic Hemithioindigos: Highly Advantageous Properties as Molecular Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202210855. [PMID: 36040861 PMCID: PMC9826360 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A survey of heterocyclic hemithioindigo photoswitches is presented identifying a number of structural motives with outstanding property profiles. The highly sought-after combination of pronounced color change, quantitative switching in both directions, exceptional high quantum yields, and tunable high thermal stability of metastable states can be realized with 4-imidazole, 2-pyrrole, and 3-indole-based derivatives. In the former, an unusual preorganization using isomer selective chalcogen- and hydrogen bonding allows to precisely control geometry changes and tautomerism upon switching. Heterocyclic hemithioindigos thus represent highly promising photoswitches with advanced capabilities that will be of great value to anyone interested in establishing defined and reversible control at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Josef
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-NürnbergDepartment of Chemistry and PharmacyNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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8
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Microspheres from light-a sustainable materials platform. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5132. [PMID: 36050324 PMCID: PMC9434521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32429-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the demand for highly specialized polymeric materials via milder, safer, and sustainable processes, we herein introduce a powerful, purely light driven platform for microsphere synthesis – including facile synthesis by sunlight. Our light-induced step-growth precipitation polymerization produces monodisperse particles (0.4–2.4 μm) at ambient temperature without any initiator, surfactant, additive or heating, constituting an unconventional approach compared to the classically thermally driven synthesis of particles. The microspheres are formed via the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of a photoactive monomer (2-methylisophthaldialdehyde, MIA) and a suitable electron deficient dienophile (bismaleimide). The particles are stable in the dry state as well as in solution and their surface can be further functionalized to produce fluorescent particles or alter their hydrophilicity. The simplicity and versatility of our approach introduces a fresh opportunity for particle synthesis, opening access to a yet unknown material class. Photopolymerization provides a safe and mild fabrication pathway towards polymeric particles but the implementation of photochemistry from solution to dispersed media to produce particles is far from trivial. Here, the authors demonstrate an additive-free step-growth photopolymerization with sunlight, exploiting the photoinduced Diels-Alder to fabricate micrometer sized polymeric particles.
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9
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Gernhardt M, Truong VX, Barner-Kowollik C. Visible-Light-Degradable 3D Microstructures in Aqueous Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203474. [PMID: 35918791 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The additive manufacturing technique direct laser writing (DLW), also known as two-photon laser lithography, is becoming increasingly established as a technique capable of fabricating functional 3D microstructures. Recently, there has been an increasing effort to impart microstructures fabricated using DLW with advanced functionalities by introducing responsive chemical entities into the underpinning photoresists. Herein, a novel photoresist based on the photochemistry of the bimane group is introduced that can be degraded upon exposure to very mild conditions, requiring only water and visible light (λmax = 415-435 nm) irradiation. The degradation of the microstructures is tracked and quantified using AFM measurements of their height. The influence of the writing parameters as well as the degradation conditions is investigated, unambiguously evidencing effective visible light degradation in aqueous environments. Finally, the utility of the photodegradable resist system is demonstrated by incorporating it into multimaterial 3D microstructures, serving as a model for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Gernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Vinh X Truong
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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10
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Josef V, Hampel F, Dube H. Heterocyclic Hemithioindigos: Highly Advantageous Properties as Molecular Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202210855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Josef
- FAU: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Frank Hampel
- FAU: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Henry Dube
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Chemistry and Pharmacy Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10 91058 Erlangen GERMANY
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11
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Li Y, Bakar RA, Roth PJ. Photochemistry of Azide‐functional Polymers: Soluble Sulfoximine Polymers through Selective Nitrene–Sulfoxide Addition. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuman Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH United Kingdom
| | - Rohani Abu Bakar
- Department of Physics University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH UK
| | - Peter J. Roth
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of Surrey Guildford Surrey GU2 7XH United Kingdom
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12
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Cao C, Qiu Y, Guan L, Wei Z, Yang Z, Zhan L, Zhu D, Ding C, Shen X, Xia X, Kuang C, Liu X. Dip-In Photoresist for Photoinhibited Two-Photon Lithography to Realize High-Precision Direct Laser Writing on Wafer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31332-31342. [PMID: 35786857 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For decades, photoinhibited two-photon lithography (PI-TPL) has been continually developed and applied into versatile nanofabrication. However, ultrahigh precision fabrication on wafer by PI-TPL remains challenging, due to the lack of a refractive index (n) matched photoresist (Rim-P) with effective photoinhibition capacity for dip-in mode. In this paper, various Rim-P are developed and then screened for their applications in PI-TPL. In addition, different lithography methods (in terms of oil-mode and dip-in mode) are analyzed by use of optical simulations combined with experiments. Remarkably, one type of Rim-P (n = 1.518) shows effective photoinhibition capacity, which represents an outstanding breakthrough in the field of PI-TPL. In contrast to photoresist with an unsuitable refractive index, optical aberrations are almost completely eliminated in the dip-in mode by using the Rim-P. Consequently, features with a minimum critical dimension as small as 39 nm are successfully achieved on wafer by dip-in PI-TPL, which paves the way for subdiffraction silicon-based chip manufacturing by PI-TPL. Moreover, through a combination of the Rim-P and dip-in mode, the ability to achieve tall and high-precision three-dimensional nanostructures is no longer problematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Cao
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yiwei Qiu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lingling Guan
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhenyao Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Lanxin Zhan
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaoming Shen
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xianmeng Xia
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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13
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Ramugade SH, Ghanavatkar CW, Mathew E, Aswathy P, Joe IH, Sekar N. NLOphoric Azo Dyes Studied Using Z‐Scan. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202201124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supriya H. Ramugade
- Department of Dyestuff Technology Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai 400 019 India
| | | | - Elizabeth Mathew
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - P. Aswathy
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - Isaac H. Joe
- Centre for Molecular and Biophysics Research Department of Physics Mar Ivanios College Thiruananthapuram Kerala 695015 India
| | - Nagaiyan Sekar
- Department of Dyestuff Technology Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga Mumbai 400 019 India
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14
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Huang Y, Yu X, Gan H, Jiang L, Gong H. Degradation and chlorination mechanism of fumaric acid based on SO 4•-: an experimental and theoretical study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:48471-48480. [PMID: 33907958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12756-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that chloride ions could affect the oxidation kinetics and mechanism of contaminant based on SO4•- in the wastewater. Here, the degradation of an organic acid, fumaric acid (FA), was investigated in the presence of chloride (0-300 mM) by the Fe(II)/peroxymonosulfate (Fe(II)/PMS) system. A negative impact of chloride was observed on the rates of FA degradation. The degree of inhibitory effect was higher in Fe(II)/PMS addition order. Some chlorinated byproducts were identified during the FA oxidation process in the presence of Cl- by the ultraperformance liquid chromatography and quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-QTOF-MS). With the increasing content of Cl-, an accumulation of adsorbable organic halogen (AOX), an increase in acute toxicity, and an inhibition of mineralization were observed. According to the results of kinetic modeling, the production and transformation of oxidative species were dependent on Cl- dosage and reaction time. SO4•- was supposed to be the main radical for FA degradation with Cl- concentration below 5 mM, whereas Cl2•- was primarily responsible for the depletion of FA at [Cl-] > 5 mM. A possible degradation pathway of FA was discussed. This study reveals the potential environmental risk of organic acid and is necessary to explore useful strategies for ameliorating the treatment of chloride-rich wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xubiao Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihui Gan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Hancheng Gong
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, People's Republic of China
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15
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Fairbanks BD, Macdougall LJ, Mavila S, Sinha J, Kirkpatrick BE, Anseth KS, Bowman CN. Photoclick Chemistry: A Bright Idea. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6915-6990. [PMID: 33835796 PMCID: PMC9883840 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
At its basic conceptualization, photoclick chemistry embodies a collection of click reactions that are performed via the application of light. The emergence of this concept has had diverse impact over a broad range of chemical and biological research due to the spatiotemporal control, high selectivity, and excellent product yields afforded by the combination of light and click chemistry. While the reactions designated as "photoclick" have many important features in common, each has its own particular combination of advantages and shortcomings. A more extensive realization of the potential of this chemistry requires a broader understanding of the physical and chemical characteristics of the specific reactions. This review discusses the features of the most frequently employed photoclick reactions reported in the literature: photomediated azide-alkyne cycloadditions, other 1,3-dipolarcycloadditions, Diels-Alder and inverse electron demand Diels-Alder additions, radical alternating addition chain transfer additions, and nucleophilic additions. Applications of these reactions in a variety of chemical syntheses, materials chemistry, and biological contexts are surveyed, with particular attention paid to the respective strengths and limitations of each reaction and how that reaction benefits from its combination with light. Finally, challenges to broader employment of these reactions are discussed, along with strategies and opportunities to mitigate such obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Fairbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Laura J Macdougall
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sudheendran Mavila
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Jasmine Sinha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Bruce E Kirkpatrick
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Coorado 80045, United States
| | - Kristi S Anseth
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- The BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher N Bowman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
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16
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Abstract
The merging of click chemistry with discrete photochemical processes has led to the creation of a new class of click reactions, collectively known as photoclick chemistry. These light-triggered click reactions allow the synthesis of diverse organic structures in a rapid and precise manner under mild conditions. Because light offers unparalleled spatiotemporal control over the generation of the reactive intermediates, photoclick chemistry has become an indispensable tool for a wide range of spatially addressable applications including surface functionalization, polymer conjugation and cross-linking, and biomolecular labeling in the native cellular environment. Over the past decade, a growing number of photoclick reactions have been developed, especially those based on the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions and Diels-Alder reactions owing to their excellent reaction kinetics, selectivity, and biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advances in the development of photoclick reactions and their applications in chemical biology and materials science. A particular emphasis is placed on the historical contexts and mechanistic insights into each of the selected reactions. The in-depth discussion presented here should stimulate further development of the field, including the design of new photoactivation modalities, the continuous expansion of λ-orthogonal tandem photoclick chemistry, and the innovative use of these unique tools in bioconjugation and nanomaterial synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangam Srikanth Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
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17
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Villabona M, Wiedbrauk S, Feist F, Guirado G, Hernando J, Barner-Kowollik C. Dual-Wavelength Gated oxo-Diels-Alder Photoligation. Org Lett 2021; 23:2405-2410. [PMID: 33620229 PMCID: PMC8483443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The control of chemical functionalization with orthogonal light stimuli paves the way toward manipulating materials with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. To reach this goal, we herein introduce a photochemical reaction system that enables two-color control of covalent ligation via an oxo-Diels-Alder cycloaddition between two separate light-responsive molecular entities: a UV-activated photocaged diene based on ortho-quinodimethanes and a carbonyl dienophile appended to a diarylethene photoswitch, whose reactivity can be modulated upon illumination with UV and visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Villabona
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sandra Wiedbrauk
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Australia (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Australia (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Guirado
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Jordi Hernando
- Department de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici C/n, Campus UAB, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Australia (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
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18
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Menzel JP, Noble BB, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Predicting wavelength-dependent photochemical reactivity and selectivity. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1691. [PMID: 33727558 PMCID: PMC7966369 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21797-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting the conversion and selectivity of a photochemical experiment is a conceptually different challenge compared to thermally induced reactivity. Photochemical transformations do not currently have the same level of generalized analytical treatment due to the nature of light interaction with a photoreactive substrate. Herein, we bridge this critical gap by introducing a framework for the quantitative prediction of the time-dependent progress of photoreactions via common LEDs. A wavelength and concentration dependent reaction quantum yield map of a model photoligation, i.e., the reaction of thioether o-methylbenzaldehydes via o-quinodimethanes with N-ethylmaleimide, is initially determined with a tunable laser system. Combined with experimental parameters, the data are employed to predict LED-light induced conversion through a wavelength-resolved numerical simulation. The model is validated with experiments at varied wavelengths. Importantly, a second algorithm allows the assessment of competing photoreactions and enables the facile design of λ-orthogonal ligation systems based on substituted o-methylbenzaldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Menzel
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin B Noble
- School of Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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19
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Lamon S, Wu Y, Zhang Q, Liu X, Gu M. Nanoscale optical writing through upconversion resonance energy transfer. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe2209. [PMID: 33627427 PMCID: PMC7904262 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale optical writing using far-field super-resolution methods provides an unprecedented approach for high-capacity data storage. However, current nanoscale optical writing methods typically rely on photoinitiation and photoinhibition with high beam intensity, high energy consumption, and short device life span. We demonstrate a simple and broadly applicable method based on resonance energy transfer from lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles to graphene oxide for nanoscale optical writing. The transfer of high-energy quanta from upconversion nanoparticles induces a localized chemical reduction in graphene oxide flakes for optical writing, with a lateral feature size of ~50 nm (1/20th of the wavelength) under an inhibition intensity of 11.25 MW cm-2 Upconversion resonance energy transfer may enable next-generation optical data storage with high capacity and low energy consumption, while offering a powerful tool for energy-efficient nanofabrication of flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lamon
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Q Zhang
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - M Gu
- Centre for Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
- Laboratory of Artificial-Intelligence Nanophotonics, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3001, Australia
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20
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Alves J, Krappitz T, Feist F, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Combining Photodeprotection and Ligation into a Dual-Color Gated Reaction System. Chemistry 2020; 26:16985-16989. [PMID: 32839970 PMCID: PMC7894288 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report a photochemical reaction system which requires activation by two colors of light. Specifically, a dual wavelength gated system is established by fusing the visible light mediated deprotection of a dithioacetal with the UV light activated Diels–Alder reaction of an o‐methylbenzaldehyde with n‐ethylmaleimide. Critically, both light sources are required to achieve the Diels–Alder adduct, irradiation with visible or UV light alone does not lead to the target product. The introduced dual gated photochemical system is particularly interesting for application in light driven 3D printing, where two color wavelength activated photoresists may become reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Tim Krappitz
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Florian Feist
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.,Institute of Nanotechnology, INT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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21
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Jung K, Corrigan N, Ciftci M, Xu J, Seo SE, Hawker CJ, Boyer C. Designing with Light: Advanced 2D, 3D, and 4D Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1903850. [PMID: 31788850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent achievements and future opportunities for the design of 2D, 3D, and 4D materials using photochemical reactions are summarized. Light is an attractive stimulus for material design due to its outstanding spatiotemporal control, and its ability to mediate rapid polymerization under moderate reaction temperatures. These features have been significantly enhanced by major advances in light generation/manipulation with light-emitting diodes and optical fiber technologies which now allows for a broad range of cost-effective fabrication protocols. This combination is driving the preparation of sophisticated 2D, 3D, and 4D materials at the nano-, micro-, and macrosize scales. Looking ahead, future challenges and opportunities that will significantly impact the field and help shape the future of light as a versatile and tunable design tool are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Nathaniel Corrigan
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mustafa Ciftci
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Science, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, 16310, Turkey
| | - Jiangtao Xu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Soyoung E Seo
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Craig J Hawker
- Materials Research Laboratory and Departments of Materials, Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
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22
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Feist F, Rodrigues LL, Walden SL, Krappitz TW, Dargaville TR, Weil T, Goldmann AS, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Light-induced Ligation of o-Quinodimethanes with Gated Fluorescence Self-reporting. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:7744-7748. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Feist
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
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23
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Alves J, Wiedbrauk S, Gräfe D, Walden SL, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. It's a Trap: Thiol-Michael Chemistry on a DASA Photoswitch. Chemistry 2020; 26:809-813. [PMID: 31797435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Donor-acceptor Stenhouse adducts (DASA) are popular photoswitches capable of toggling between two isomers depending on the light and temperature of the system. The cyclized polar form is accessed by visible-light irradiation, whereas the linear nonpolar form is recovered in the dark. Upon the formation of the cyclized form, the DASA contains a double bond featuring a β-carbon prone to nucleophilic attack. Here, an isomer selective thiol-Michael reaction between the cyclized DASA and a base-activated thiol is introduced. The thiol-Michael addition was carried out with an alkyl (1-butanethiol) and an aromatic thiol (p-bromothiophenol) as reaction partners, both in the presence of a base. Under optimized conditions, the reaction proceeds preferentially in the presence of light and base. The current study demonstrates that DASAs can be selectively trapped in their cyclized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Alves
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sandra Wiedbrauk
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - David Gräfe
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Sarah L Walden
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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24
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Tuten BT, Wiedbrauk S, Barner-Kowollik C. Contemporary catalyst-free photochemistry in synthetic macromolecular science. Prog Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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25
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26
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He X, Li T, Zhang J, Wang Z. STED Direct Laser Writing of 45 nm Width Nanowire. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E726. [PMID: 31661815 PMCID: PMC6915467 DOI: 10.3390/mi10110726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controlled fabrication of 45 nm width nanowire using simulated emission depletion (STED) direct laser writing with a rod-shape effective focus spot is presented. In conventional STED direct laser writing, normally a donut-shaped depletion focus is used, and the minimum linewidth is restricted to 55 nm. In this work, we push this limit to sub-50 nm dimension with a rod-shape effective focus spot, which is the combination of a Gaussian excitation focus and twin-oval depletion focus. Effects of photoinitiator type, excitation laser power, and depletion laser power on the width of the nanowire are explored, respectively. Single nanowire with 45 nm width is obtained, which is λ/18 of excitation wavelength and the minimum linewidth in pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) photoresist. Our result accelerates the progress of achievable linewidth reduction in STED direct laser writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong He
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Tianlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
- Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Jia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Micro-systems and Micro-structures Manufacturing, Ministry of Education, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China.
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China.
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27
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Vijayamohanan H, Kenath GS, Palermo EF, Ullal CK. Super-resolution interference lithography enabled by non-equilibrium kinetics of photochromic monolayers. RSC Adv 2019; 9:28841-28850. [PMID: 35529644 PMCID: PMC9071233 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Highly parallelized optical super-resolution lithography techniques are key for realizing bulk volume nanopatterning in materials. The majority of demonstrated STED-inspired lithography schemes are serial writing techniques. Here we use a recently developed model spirothiopyran monolayer photoresist to study the non-equilibrium kinetics of STED-inspired lithography systems to achieve large area interference lithography with super-resolved feature dimensions. The linewidth is predicted to increase with exposure time and the contrast is predicted to go through a maximum, resulting in a narrow window of optimum exposure. Experimental results are found to match with high quantitative accuracy. The low photoinhibition saturation threshold of the spirothiopyran renders it especially conducive for parallelized large area nanopatterning. Lines with 56 and 92 nm FWHM were obtained using serial and parallel patterning, respectively. Functionalization of surfaces with heterobifunctional PEGs enables diverse patterning of any desired chemical functionality on these monolayers. These results provide important insight prior to realizing a highly parallelized volume nanofabrication technique. The non-equilibrium kinetics of spirothiopyran monolayers are studied to enable large area interference lithography with feature dimensions that circumvent the diffraction barrier.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal S. Kenath
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
| | - Chaitanya K. Ullal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy NY 12180
- USA
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28
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Murtezi E, Puthukodan S, Jacak J, Klar TA. Biofunctionalization of Sub-Diffractionally Patterned Polymer Structures by Photobleaching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:31850-31854. [PMID: 30204400 PMCID: PMC6171978 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanolithography allows nanofabrication below the diffraction limit. Recently, it was applied to nanoanchors for protein fixation down to the single molecule level. We now combined STED nanolithography with laser-assisted protein adsorption by photobleaching (LAPAP) for optical and selective attachment of proteins to subdiffractional structures. In turn, STED was used for imaging of fluorescently tagged streptavidin to reveal protein binding to STED-lithographically patterned acrylate structures via LAPAP. Protein localization down to 56 nm spots was achieved using all-optical methods at visible wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eljesa Murtezi
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straβe 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Sujitha Puthukodan
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straβe 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straβe 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- University
of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Campus Linz, Garnisonsstraβe 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straβe 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
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29
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Feist F, Menzel JP, Weil T, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Visible Light-Induced Ligation via o-Quinodimethane Thioethers. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11848-11854. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Feist
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Jan P. Menzel
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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30
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Saha K, Chandrasekaran V, Heber O, Iron MA, Rappaport ML, Zajfman D. Ultraslow isomerization in photoexcited gas-phase carbon cluster [Formula: see text]. Nat Commun 2018; 9:912. [PMID: 29500438 PMCID: PMC5834543 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03197-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Isomerization and carbon chemistry in the gas phase are key processes in many scientific studies. Here we report on the isomerization process from linear [Formula: see text] to its monocyclic isomer. [Formula: see text] ions were trapped in an electrostatic ion beam trap and then excited with a laser pulse of precise energy. The neutral products formed upon photoexcitation were measured as a function of time after the laser pulse. It was found using a statistical model that, although the system is excited above its isomerization barrier energy, the actual isomerization from linear to monocyclic conformation takes place on a very long time scale of up to hundreds of microseconds. This finding may indicate a general phenomenon that can affect the interstellar medium chemistry of large molecule formation as well as other gas phase processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Saha
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - V. Chandrasekaran
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 India
| | - O. Heber
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - M. A. Iron
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - M. L. Rappaport
- Department of Physics Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - D. Zajfman
- Department of Particle Physics and Astrophysics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
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31
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Konrad W, Bloesser FR, Wetzel KS, Boukis AC, Meier MAR, Barner‐Kowollik C. A Combined Photochemical and Multicomponent Reaction Approach to Precision Oligomers. Chemistry 2018; 24:3413-3419. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Konrad
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen Karlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street, QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
| | - Fabian R. Bloesser
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen Karlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street, QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Katharina S. Wetzel
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Andreas C. Boukis
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Michael A. R. Meier
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Institut für Organische Chemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Strasse am Forum 7 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Christopher Barner‐Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Engesserstrasse 18 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen Karlsruhe Institute of, Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering Queensland University of Technology (QUT) 2 George Street, QLD 4000 Brisbane Australia
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Laun J, De Smet Y, Van de Reydt E, Krivcov A, Trouillet V, Welle A, Möbius H, Barner-Kowollik C, Junkers T. 2D laser lithography on silicon substrates via photoinduced copper-mediated radical polymerization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:751-754. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc08444g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A 2D laser lithography protocol for controlled grafting of polymer brushes in a single-step is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Laun
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Yana De Smet
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Emma Van de Reydt
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
| | - Alexander Krivcov
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern
- 66482 Zweibrücken
- Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
| | - Alexander Welle
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF)
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces
| | - Hildegard Möbius
- University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern
- 66482 Zweibrücken
- Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Polymer Reaction Design Group
- Institute for Materials Research (IMO)
- Universiteit Hasselt
- 3500 Hasselt
- Belgium
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Houck HA, Du Prez FE, Barner-Kowollik C. Controlling thermal reactivity with different colors of light. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1869. [PMID: 29187733 PMCID: PMC5707371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02022-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to switch between thermally and photochemically activated reaction channels with an external stimulus constitutes a key frontier within the realm of chemical reaction control. Here, we demonstrate that the reactivity of triazolinediones, powerful coupling agents in biomedical and polymer research, can be effectively modulated by an external photonic field. Specifically, we show that their visible light-induced photopolymerization leads to a quantitative photodeactivation, thereby providing a well-defined off-switch of their thermal reactivity. Based on this photodeactivation, we pioneer a reaction manifold using light as a gate to switch between a UV-induced Diels-Alder reaction with photocaged dienes and a thermal addition reaction with alkenes. Critically, the modulation of the reactivity by light is reversible and the individually addressable reaction pathways can be repeatedly accessed. Our approach thus enables a step change in photochemically controlled reactivity, not only in small molecule ligations, yet importantly in controlled surface and photoresist design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes A Houck
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Filip E Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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